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R. Osgood and company","r2_key":"document/7d/7dd83c9a71cdd7577320601d60b463bec549fbcb469ce1843f912581e8c50225.txt","record_kind":"document","sha256":"7dd83c9a71cdd7577320601d60b463bec549fbcb469ce1843f912581e8c50225","slug":"old-landmarks-and-historic-personages-of-boston","status":"published","summary":"Samuel Adams Drake, 1873. Drake's street-by-street survey of Boston. The archive holds it principally as an ATTESTOR of vernacular usage: it names, in its own words and on the page, what Bostonians called places that no authority ever named.","text_extract":"h \n\n\nBO STON \n\\ STO-NE \n\n\nMV>« \n\n\n^.-^'^37^.3 \n\n\n\\ ->V \n\n\nft \n\n\n1- -r • \n\n\n^rcscntcb to \nof )I|e \n\nPutliersttg of \"Toronto \nH \n\nThe bequest of \nRev. H.C. Scadding, D.Dl \n\nto the library \nof the University of Toronto \n\n1901 \n\n\nBEQVESr OF \n\nREV. CANON SCADDING, 0. 0. \n\nTORONTO, 1901. \n\n\nOLD LANDMARKS \n\n\nAND \n\n\nHISTORIC PERSONAGES \n\n\nOF BOSTON. \n\n\nBy SAMUEL ADAMS DEAKE. \n\n\nProfugclB lUttiStmUli, \n\n\nBOSTON\": \nJAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, \n\nLate Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co. \n\n1873. \n\n\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, \n\nBY JAMES R. OSGOOD & CO., \n\nin the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. \n\n\nUniversity Press: Welch, Bigklow, & Co., \n\nCambridge. \n\n\n^ \n\n\nPREFACE \n\n\nTHE author has had a twofold object in presenting \nthis work for the acceptance of the public. \n\nBesides the preservation of the old landmarks, now so \nrapidly disappearing before the era of improvement, there \nis a very general desire to know where the actors lived \nwho have given Boston such prominence in the history \nof our country. \n\nThe plan has been adopted, in viewing old localities, to \ntell for what they have been famous, and to briefly charac- \nterize or give some conspicuous traits and public services \nof the personages mentioned. \n\nIn view of the limits prescribed for this volume it has \nbeen foimd necessary to condense from the abundant ma- \nterial in the author's possession, but it is believed the \nmore important features have been given. \n\nWhile the numerous local publications have been care- \nfully examined, the author has in all cases preferred orig- \ninal authorities in the work of compilation, and has en- \ndeavored to give credit where it is due. The beaten track \nhas been avoided as far as possible, and preference given \nto such topics as have either escaped mention altogether, \nor received but little notice from former writers. \n\nIn a work so largely statistical it would be a surprise if \nerrors did not exist, but unwearied pains have been taken \nto avoid them and to render the work as free from this \nobjection as possible. \n\n\nVI PREFACE. \n\nThe author believes that antiquarian subjects need not \nof necessity be either dry or uninteresting, and has aimed \nto make these pages agreeable to the general reader, — \na class he is happy to say in which a growing interest \nin the early history of the founders of New England is \nevident. \n\nMany persons have laid the author under obligations \nby the loan of documents or by communicating valuable \ninformation. He would express liis deep sense of the \nfavors and assistance rendered him by that eminent and \nthoroughly unselfish antiquarian, John Ward Dean, and \nalso by Miss E. S. Quincy and John H. Dexter. Among \nthe many persons consulted, who have kindly contributed \nin various ways to the success of this work, are Captain \nGeorge H. Preble, U. S. N., Isaac Story, Lemuel Shaw, \nGeorge Mountfort, William H. Montague, J. Win- \ngate Thornton, Rowland Ellis, and Timothy Dodd, \nEsqrs., the latter of whom, at the advanced age of ninety- \nthree, still retains a clear recollection of Boston as it \nexisted three quarters of a century ago. \n\nBoston, Mass., October 22, 1872. \n\n\nEXPLAKATOEY NOTE. \n\n\nAFTEE these pages had passed through the press, the most \nvital part of Eoston, commercially, was laid in ashes by \nthe conflagration of N'ovember 9 and 10, 1872, which claims \nthe sad eminence of being the greatest of the fires with \nwhich the town or city has from time to time been scourged. \nIn a few short hours millions in reality took to themselves \nwings and were dissolved in the vapor that rose above the \ndesert of blackened ruins, and was mournfully regarded at \ntheir homes in the vicinity by half a million spectators. \n\nThe district destroyed is mainly comprehended in Chapters \nIX. and XIII., and it becomes necessary to instruct the reader \nwho peruses these chapters that he should substitute the phrase \n\" here Hes \" for \" here stands,\" where particular localities are \ndesignated. \n\nAlthough the fire has swept away many of the edifices by \nwhich we indicated the habitations of the old residents, it is \nbeHeved that these descriptions will not lessen the value of the \nwork, now that they include not only the buUdings lately \nstanding, but constitute in effect a chart of the whole region \ndestroyed as it existed previous to this disaster. \n\nAmid the fearful devastation which has taken place, we can- \nnot restrain a mental thanksgiving that those two monuments \nso dear to every Bostonian, the Old South and the Old State \nHouse, were spared, and we venture to express the hope that \nsteeple and tower may long continue to stand in the midst \nof regenerated Boston. \n\n\nco:t^TE:^TS. \n\n\nINTEODUCTION. \n\nMyles Standish. — William Blackstone. — ShaAvmut. — Settlement by \nWinthrop's Company. — Trimountain. — Boston. — Physical Features. \n\n— Area. — Settlement by Indians. — Character of first Buildings. — \nFirst Location of the Settlers. — Geogi-apliical Divisions. — Wood and \nWater. — Dress. — Manners and Customs. — Slavery. — Curious old \nLaws. — Government of the Town. — Allotment of Lands. — Intoler- \nance of the Times. — The Pulpit a Means of Intelligence. — Accounts \nby various Writers. — Tovrai Records. • — General Gro%vth and Progress. \n\n— Population. — Wards. — Paving the Streets. — Lighting the Streets. \n\n— Supply of Water. — Enlargement of Boston. — Communication with \nMainland. — FeiTies. — Bridges. — Coaches, Public and Private. — \nRailways \n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. \n\nHistory of the Chapel. — Establishment of the Church of England. — \nChapel Burial-Ground. — Boston Athenseum. — Academy of Arts and \nSciences. — Historical Society. — The Museum. — The Old Comer. — \nRoyal Custom House. — Washington. — H. G. Otis. — Daniel Webster. \n\n— Tremont Street. — Howard Street. — Pemberton Hill. — Endicott. — \nCaptain Southack. — Theodore Lyman, Senior. — John Cotton. — Sir \nHenry Vane. — Samuel Sewall. — Gardiner Greene. — Earl Percy. — \nBellingham. — Faneuil. — Phillips. — Davenport. — Oxenbridge. — \nBeacon Street. — School Street. — Latin School. — Franklin Statue. \n\n— City Hall. — Otis. — Warren. — Mascarene. — Cromwell's Head. — \nThe Old Comer Bookstore. — Anne Hutchinson. — The French Church. \n\n— Catholic Church. — Second Universalist. — Province Street. — Chap- \nman Place. — James Lovell. — The Wendells 28 \n\n\nX CONTEXTS. \n\nCHAPTER II. \n\nFROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. \n\nHanover Street. —General \"Warren. — The Orange-Tree. — Concert Hall. \n\n— Brattle Street. — Samuel Gore. — John Smibert. — Nathaniel Smi- \nbert. — Colonel Trumbull. — The Adelphi. — ScoUay's Buildings and \nSquare. — Queen Street Writing School. — Master James Carter. — \nComhill. — Brattle Street Parsonage. — Old Prison. — Captain Kidd. \n\n— Court Houses. — Franklin Avenue. — Kneeland. — Franklin. — \nEdes and Gill. — Green and Russell. — First Book and Newspaper \nprinted in Boston. — Rufus Choate. — Governor Leverett. — John A. \nAndrew. — Henry Dunster. — Town Pump. — Old Brick. — General \nKnox. — Count Runiford. — John Winslow 68 \n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. \n\nCaptain Keayne. — Coggan, first Shopkeeper. — Old Comhill. — Old \nState House. — First Church. — Stocks and Whipping-Post. — John \nWilson. — Wilson's Lane. — United States Bank. — Royal Exchange \nTavern. — WiUiam SheafFe. — Royal Custom House. — Exchange Cof- \nfee House. — \"Columbian Centinel.\" — Benjamin Russell. — Louis \nPhilippe. — Louis Napoleon. — Congress Street. — Governors Dummer \nand Belcher. — First United States Custom House. — Post-Office. — \nBimch of Grapes. — General Lincoln. — General Dearborn. — First \nCirculating Library. — British Coffee House. — Merchants' Row. — \nFirst Lin. — Lord Ley. — Miantonimoh. — Kilby Street. — Oliver's \nDock. — Liberty Square. — The Stamp Office. — Broad Street. — Com- \nmodore Downes. — Broad Street Riot. — India Street and Wharf. — \nAdmiral Vernon. — Crown Coffee House. — Butler's Row. — The \nCustom House. — Retrospective \"View of State Street. — Long \"Wharf. — \nTheBarricado.— T \"Wharf. —Embarkation for Bunker HiU . . 88 \n\nCHAPTER IV. \n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. \n\nOld Comhill. — Paul Revere. — Amos and Abbott Lawrence. — Boyls- \nton's Alley. — Barracks of the 29th. — Blue Anchor. — Brattle Street \nChurch. — General Gage. — Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. — John \nAdams. — Headquarters of Stage-Coaches. — Dock Square. — The \nConduit. — Town Dock described. — Quincy Market. — Origin of Mar- \nkets in Boston. — The Triangular Warehouse. — Roebuck Passage. — \nainton Street. — The Old Market Museum. — Old Cocked Hat. — \nFaneuil Hall. — D'Estaing. — Lafayette. — Jackson. — Prince de Join- \nville. — Jerome Bonaparte. — Lord Ashburton. — The Portraits. — \nCom Court. — Hancock House. — Talleyrand. — State Custom House. \n— The Conscription Riot , .118 \n\n\nCONTEXTS. Xl \n\nCHAPTER y. \n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. \n\nThe North End. — Boston Stone. — Painters' Arms. — Louis Philippe. \n\nUnion, Elm, and Portland Streets. — Benjamin Franklin's Residence. \n\n— The Blue-Ball. — Lyman Beecher's Church. — Benjamin Hallowell. \n\n— Green Dragon. — Pope Day. — St. Andrew's Lodge. — Mill Pond. — \nCauseway. — Mill Creek. — North Street. — Sir D. Ochterlouy. — East- \nem Stage House. — Cross Street. — The Old Stone House. — New Brick \nChurch. — The Red Lyon. — Nicholas Upshall. — Edward Randolph. — \nNorth Square. —Sir H. Frankland. — Major Shaw. — Pitcairn. —Old \nNorth Church. — Cotton, Samuel, and Increase Mather. — Governor \nHutchinson. — General Boyd. — Fleet Street. — King's Head Tavern. \n\n— Bethel Church. — Father Taylor. — Hancock's Wharf. — Swinging \nSigns. — First Universalist Church. — First Methodist. — New North. \n\n— Ship Tavern. — Noah's Ark. — Salutation Tavern. — The Boston \nCaucus. — The North Battery. — Ti-ucks and Truckmen . . .143 \n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. \n\nEarly Ship-Building. — Boston Shipyards. — Massachusetts Frigate. — \nNew England Naval Flag. — First Seventy-Four. — Hartt's Naval \nYard. — The Constitution. — Her Laimch, Historj', and Exploits. — \nAnecdotes of Hull, Bainbridge, and Decatur. — Old Ironsides Rebuilt. \n\n— Josiah Barker. — Nicholson. — Preble. — Stewart. — Other Distin- \nguished Officers. — Escape from the British Fleet. — Anecdote of Dr. \nBentley. — Action with the Guerriere. — The Java. — Cyane and Le- \nvant. — Relics of Old Ironsides. — Affair of the Fignre-Head. — Cap- . \ntain Dewey. — The Frigate Boston. — Capture of Le Berceau. — The \nArgus 178 \n\n\nCHAPTER VII. \n\nCOPP's HILL AND THE VICINITY. \n\nCopp's Hill. — British Works. — Ancient Arch. — Wm. Gray. — Old \nFerry. — Reminiscences of Bunker Hill. — Tlie Cemetery. — Curious \nStones, Epitaphs, etc. — Old Funeral Customs. — Cliarter Street. — \nSir William Phips. — John Foster Williams. — John Hull. — Colonial \nMint. — Christ Church. — Revere's Night Ride. — The Chimes. — The \nVaults, — Legends of. — Major Pitcairn. — Love Lane. — North Latin \nSchool. — Prince Street. — Salem Church. — North End Heroes. — \nCaptain Manly. — Massachusetts Spy. — First Baptist Church. — Sec- \nond Baptist Church. — Draft Riot, 1863 198 \n\n\nXii CONTENTS. \n\nCHAPTER VIII. \n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. \n\nMarlborough Street. — Governor Winthrop . — Old South. —Warren's \nOrations. — Tea-Party Meeting. — British Occupation. — Phillis \nWheatley. — Sprmg Lane. — Heart and Crown. — Boston Evening \nPost. —Province House. — Samuel Shute. — William Burnet.— Wil- \nliam Shirley. — Thomas Pownall. — Francis Bernard. —General Gage. \n■ — Le.xington E.xpedition. — Sir William Howe. — Council of War. — \nCourt Dress and Manners. — Governor Strong. —Blue Bell and In- \ndian Queen. —Lieutenant-Governor Cushmg. — Josiah Quincy, Jr. — \nMayor Quincy \"25 \n\nCHAPTER IX. \n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH BOUND FORT HILL. \n\nBirthplace of Franklin. — James Boutineau. — Bowdoin Block. — \nHawley Street. —Devonshire and Franklin Streets. —Joseph Barrell. \n\n— The Tontine. — Boston Library. — Cathedral of the Holy Cross. — \nBishop Cheverus. — Federal Street Theatre. — Some Account of Early \nTheatricals in Boston. — Kean, Finn, Macready, etc. — John How- \nard PajTie. — Federal Street Church. — The Federal Convention. — \nMadam Scott. — Kobert Treat Paine. — Thomas Paine. — Congress \nStreet. — Quaker Qiurch and Burying-Groimd. — Sketch of the So- \nciety of Friends m Boston. — Merchants' Hall. — Governor Shirley's \nFuneral. — Fire of 1760. —Pearl Street. —The Ropewalks. — The \nGrays. — Conflicts between the Rope-Makers and the Regulars. — \nPearl Street House. — Spurzheim. — Washington Allston. — Theophi- \nlus Parsons. — T. H. Perkins. — Governor Oliver. — Quincy Mansion. \n\n— Governor Gore. — Liverpool Wharf. — Tea Party and Incidents of. \n\n— The Sconce. — Governor Andros Deposed. — Sun Tavern. — Fort \nHill 251 \n\nCHAPTER X. \n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. \n\nLong Acre. — Tremont House. — Mr. Clay. — President Jackson. — \nCharles Dickens. — Little House-Lot. — Tremont Theatre. — The Ca- \ndets. — Adino Paddock. — Paddock's Mall. — Granary Burying- \nGround. — The Granary. — Almshouse. — Workhouse. — Bridewell. \n\n— Park Street Church. — Manufactory House. — Linen-Spinning In- \ntroduced. — Elisha Brown. — Massachusetts Bank. — Incident of the \nLexington Expedition. — The Common. — Its Origin. — The Great \nMall. — Fences. — Winter Street. — Governor Bernard. — John Mc- \nLean. — Samuel Adams. — St. Paul's. — Masonic Temple. — Margaret \nFuller. — Washington Gardens. — The Haymarket. -^ West Street. — \n\n\nCONTENTS. xiii \n\nThe Gun-House. — Colonnade Row. — Massachusetts Medical College. \n\n— Haymarket Theatre. — Boylston Street. — John Quincy Adams. \n\n— General Moreau. — Charles Francis Adams 289 \n\nCHAPTER XI. . \n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON CONTINUED. \n\nCommon Burying-Ground. — Joshua Bates. — Public Garden. — Eope- \nwalks. —Topography of the Common. — British Troops on. —Descrip- \ntion of their Camps. — The Light Horse. — Powder House. — Old \n\nElm. — Witchcraft and Quaker Executions. — The Duel in 1728. \n\nMill-Dam. — Mexican Vohmteers. — Beacon Street. — Prescott. — \nCopley. — John Phillips. —Wendell Phillips. —Robert C. Winthrop. \n\n— Hancock Mansion. — Governor Hancock. — General Clinton. \n\nState House. — Public Statues, etc. —The Beacon. — The Monument. \n\n— Lafayette's Residence. — George Ticknor. — Malbone. — Samuel \nDexter. — Incidents of Lafayette's Visit in 1824. — Josiah Quincy, \n\nJr. — Historical Resume. — Repeal of the Stamp Act .... 323 \n\n, CHAPTER XII. \n\nVALLEY ACRE, THE BOWLING GREEN, AND WEST BOSTON. \n\nGovernor Bowdoin. — General Burgoyne. — Boston Society in 1782. — \nDavid Hinckley's Stone Houses. — James Lloyd. — Lafayette. — Dan- \niel Davis. — Admiral Davis. — Historic Genealogical Society. — Valley \nAcre. — Uriah Cotting. — Governor Eustis. — Anecdote of Governor \nBrooks. — Millerite Tabernacle. — Howard ' Athensum. — Bowling • \nGreen. —Old Boston Physicians. —Charles Bulfinch. — New Fields. \n\n— Peter Chardon. —Mrs. Pelham. — Peter Pelham. - Thomas Melvill. \n-Dr. William Jenks. — Captain Gooch. —West Cliurch. — Leverett \nStreet Jail. —Poor Debtors. — Almshouse. — Massachusetts General \nHospital. — Medical College. — National and Eagle Theatres . . 361 \n\nCHAPTER XIII. \n\nFROM CHURCH GREEN TO LIBERTY TREE. \n\nChurch Green. — New South Church. — Dr. Kirkland. —American Head- \nquarters. — General Heath. — Anecdote of General Gates. — Jerome \nBonaparte. — Sir William Pepperell. — Nathaniel Bowditch. — George \nBancroft. — Trinity Church. — Seven Star Inn and Lane. — Peter \nFaneuil. —Governor Sullivan. — Small-Pox Parties. —Duke of Kent. \n\n— Sir Edmund Andros. — Lamb Tavern. — White Horse Tavern. — \nColonel Daniel Messinger. — Lion Tavern. — Handel and Haydn So- \nciety. — Lion Theatre. — Curious Statement about Rats , . .380 \n\n\nxiv CONTENTS. \n\nCHAPTER XIV. \n\nLIBERTY TREE AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. \n\nLiberty Tree. — Its History. — Hanover Square. — Liberty Hall. — \nHanging in Effigy. — Auclimuty's Lane. — The Old Suffolk Bench and \nBar. — Boylston Market. — Cliarles Matthews. — James E. Murdoch. \n\n— Peggy Moore's. — Washington Bank. — Beach Street Museum. — \nEssex Street. — Rainsford's Lane. — Harrison Avenue. — Admiral Sir \nIsaac Coffin. — GeneralJohn Coffin. — Anecdote of Admiral Coffin. — \nSir Thomas Aston Coffin. —Henry Bass. — Old Distill-Houses. — \nManufacture of Rum. — Gilbert Stuart, — Anecdotes of. — First Glass \nWorks. — Disappearance of Trees. — Early planting of Trees. — Sir \nRoger Hale Sheaffe. — South Cove. — Hollis Street. — Colonel John \nCrane. — General Ebenezer Stevens. — Mather Byles, — Anecdotes of. \n\n— Hollis Street Church. — Fire of 1787 596 \n\nCHAPTER XV. \n\nTHE NECK AND THE FORTIFICATIONS. \n\nThe Neck described. — Measures to protect the Road. — Paving the \nNeck. — Henry T. Tuckerman. — Old Houses vs. Modern. — Massa- \nchusetts Mint. — The Gallows. — Anecdote of Warren. — Executions. \n\n— Early Fortifications. — The British Works and Armament. — Amer- \nican Works. — George Tavern. — Washington's Staff. — His Personal \nTraits. — Washington House. — Washington Hotel. — Anecdotes of \nGeorge Tavern. — Scarcity of Powder. — Continental Flags. — Entry \nof Washington's Army. — Entry of Rochambeau's Army. — Paul \nJones . . ■ 418 \n\n\nINDEX 439 \n\n\nILLUSTRATIONS. \n\n\nPage \n\nAmerica in Distresi? \"^'^^ \n\nAncient House in Dock Square • • 1^3 \n\nAncient Mill 1^^ \n\nAncient Sliip ^'° \n\nBeacon, The 349 \n\nBlue Ball, The 146 \n\nBoston Stone 1^3 \n\nBoston Theatre and Franklin Street 257 \n\nBrattle Street Church 123 \n\nBritish Lines on Boston Neck, 1775 425 \n\nCavalier H \n\nChrist Church 213 \n\nColonial Currency, One Penny . . 237 \n\nColonial Currency, Two Pence 237 \n\nColonial Currency, Three Pence 238 \n\nColonial Stamp, Half-Penny 239 \n\nColonial Stamp, Two Pence 240 \n\nColonial Stamp, Three Pence 240 \n\nColonial Stamp, Foiu- Pence 240 \n\nColony Seal 242 \n\nConstitution's Figure-Head carried in the War of 1812 .... 182 \nConstitution hauled up on the Ways 192 \n\nEndicott cutting out the Cross 48 \n\nExchange Coffee-House . . • 98 \n\nFaneuil Hall before its Enlargement 134 \n\nFaneuil Hall with Quincy Market 13G \n\nFaneuil Hall Lottery Ticket 343 \n\nFaneuil, Peter, Autograph 387 \n\nFirst Baptist Church in 1853 151 \n\nFranklin's Birthplace 252 \n\nFrankland's Mansion 164 \n\nGage, General, Autograph 243 \n\nGlasgow Frigate 208 \n\n\nXVI ILLUSTRATIONS. \n\nGranary Burying-Ground 297 \n\nGreat Mall, Haymarket and Theatre Frontispiece \n\nHancock House 339 \n\nHollis Street Church 415 \n\nIndian Wigwam 8 \n\nJulien House 270 \n\nKing's Chapel in 1872 29 \n\nLafayette's Residence 353 \n\nLiberty Tree 397 \n\nLinen Spinning- Wheel . '. 302 \n\nMassachusetts Cent of 1787 422 \n\nMassachusetts General Hospital 377 \n\nMather Tomb 204 \n\nMonument (Beacon Hill) 350 \n\nNew Brick Church . 156 \n\nNew England Flag 179 \n\nNew North Church 173 \n\nNew South Church 380 \n\nOld Brick Church 84 \n\nOld Corner Bookstore 62 \n\nOld Coixrt-House 59 \n\nOld Elm, The 330 \n\nOld Federal Street Church 263 \n\nOld King's Chapel 31 \n\nOld Loom 322 \n\nOld Printing-Press 79 \n\nOld South 227 \n\nOld State House in 1791 89 \n\nOld Trinity Church 386 \n\nParliamentary Stamp Half-Penny . . .81 \n\nParliamentary Stamp Shilling 81 \n\nPark Street Church 301 \n\nPillory, The -. 93 \n\nPine-Tree Shilling, 1652 211 \n\nProvince House 235 \n\nRepeal Obelisk 358 \n\nRevere's Picture of Boston in 1768 119 \n\nSaint Paul's Church 310 \n\nSears Estate 335 \n\nShirley, Governor, Arms 36 \n\nShirley, Governor, Portrait 28 \n\nShip of the Time of the Pilgrims 180 \n\n\nILLUSTRATIONS. xvii \n\nSign of Tliree Doves . o . . 147 \n\nSix-Penny Piece 212 \n\nSpeaker's Desk and Winslow's Chair 347 \n\nSt. Botolpli's Church Q \n\nStocks, The 92 \n\nTea Chest 282 \n\nThree-Penny Piece 212 \n\nTriangular Warehouse 131 \n\nTrimouutain 3 \n\nTrinity Church in 1872 . . . 387 \n\nTrophy of Indian Weapons 1 \n\nUnited States Bank 95 \n\nWashington's Lodgings 42 \n\nWest Churcli 374 \n\nWindow of Brattle Street Church, with Ball 124 \n\nWinthrop fording the River 25 \n\nWoollen Spinning- Wheel 302 \n\n\nINTEODUCTION, \n\n\nMyles Stanrlish. — William Blackstone. — Shawmut. — Settlement by Win- \nthrop's Company. — Trimountain. — Boston. — Physical Features. — Area. \n— Settlement by Indians. — Character of first Buildings. — First Location \nof the Settlers. — Geographical Divisions. — Wood and Water. — Dress. — \nManners and Customs. — Slavery. — Curious old Laws. — Government of \nthe Town. — Allotment of Lands. — Intolerance of the Times. — The \nPulpit a Means of Intelligence. — Accounts by various Writers. — To\\vn \nKecords. — General Growth and Progress. — Population. — Wards. — \nPaving the Streets. — Lighting the Streets. — Supply of Water. — En- \nlargement of Boston. — Communication with Mainland. — Ferries. — \nBridges. — Coaches, i^ublic and private. — Railways. \n\n\nA!N\" old Boston divine says, \" It would be no unprofitable \nthing for you to pass over the several streets and caU to \nmind who lived here so many years ago.\" \"We learn from the \npoet Gay how to prepare for our rambles through the town : — \n\n\" How to walk clean by day, and safe by night ; \nHow jostling crowds with prudence to decline, \nWhen to assert the wall and when resign.\" \n\nTo see or not to see is the problem presented to him who \nwalks the streets of town or village. What to one is a heap \nof ruins or a blank wall may to another become the abode of \nthe greatest of our ancestors or the key to a remote period. A \nmound of earth becomes a battlement ; a graveyard, a collection \nof scattered pages whereon we read the history of the times. \n\nFacts are proverbially dry, and we shall trouble the reader \nas little as possible with musty records or tedious chronology ; \n\n1 A \n\n\n2 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON, \n\nbut before we set out to explore and reconstruct, a brief glance \nat the material progress of Boston seems desirable. \n\nFor a hundred years Boston must be considered as little \nmore than a sea-shore village, straggling up its thicket-grown \nhUlsides. The Indian camp-fire, the axe of Blackstone, the \nmattock and spade of Winthrop's band, — each have their story \nand their lesson. We shall pass each period in rapid review. \n\nWhether Myles Standish, \"broad in the shoulders, deep- \nchested, with muscles and sinews of iron,\" was the first white \nman who stood on the beach of the peninsula is a matter merely \nof conjecture. Certain it is that in 1621 this redoubtable \nPuritan soldier, with ten companions, sailed from Plymouth and \nlanded somewhere in what is now Boston Bay. They crossed \nthe bay, \" which is very large, and hath at least fifty islands in \nit \" ; and, after exploring the shores, decided \" that better har- \nbors for shipping there cannot be than here.\" They landed, \nhobnobbed with Obbatinewat, lord of the soil, feasted upon \nlobsters and boiled codfish, and departed, leaving no visible \ntraces for us to pursue. This expedition was undertaken to \nsecure the friendship of the \" Massachusetts \" Indians, — a \nresult fully accomplished by Standish. \n\nThe Indians told the Englishmen that two large rivers flowed \ninto the bay, of which, however, they saw but one. This cir- \ncumstance, indefinite as it is, justifies the opinion that Stan- \ndish's party landed at Sha-wmut, the Indian name for our penin- \nsula. If they had landed at Charlestown and ascended the \nheights there, as is supposed by some \"writers, they could hardly \nhave escaped seeing both the Mystic and Charles, while at \nShawmut they Avoidd probably have seen only the latter river. \n\nIn William Blackstone, Episcopalian, we have the first white \nsettler of the peninsula. The date of his settlement has been \nsupposed to have been about 162G, although there is nothing \nconclusive on this point known to the writer. Here he was, \nhowever, in 1628, when we find him taxed by the Plymouth \nColony tAvelve shillings, on account of the expenses incurred \nby the colony in the capture of Thomas Morton at Mount \nWoUaston.* \n\n* Belknap's American Biography. \n\n\nINTEODUCTION. \n\n\nTRIMODNTAIN. \n\n\nThe place where Blackstone located his dwelling has given \nrise to much controversy, but can be fixed with some degree \nof certainty. Like a sen- \nsible man,Blackstone chose \nthe sunny southwest slope \nof Beacon Hill for his res- \nidence. The records show \nthat in April, 1633, \"it is \nagreed that Wilham Black- \nstone shall have fifty acres \nset out for him near his \nhouse in Boston to enjoy \nforever.\" In the following \nyear Blackstone sold the \ntown aU of his allotment \nexcept six acres, on part of \nwhich his house then stood ; the sale also inchiding all his right \nin and to the peninsula, — a right thus, in some form, recog- \nnized by Winthrop and his associates. The price paid for the \nwhole peninsula of Boston was £ 30, assessed upon the inhabi- \ntants of the town, some paying six shillings, and some more, \naccording to their circumstances and condition. \n\nThe Charlestown records locate Blackstone as \" dwelling on \nthe other side of Charles Eiver, alone, to a place by the Indians \ncalled Shawmut,* Avhere he only had a cottage at a place not \nfar off the place called Blackstone's Point \" ; this is also con- \nfirmed by Edward Johnson in 1630, in his \"Wonder \"Work- \ning Providence.\" After the purchase by the town of Black- \nstone's forty-four acres, they laid out the \" training field, which \nwas ever since used for that purpose and the feeding of cattle.\" \nThis was the origin of Boston Common. Two landmarks ex- \nisted to fix the site of Blackstone's house, namely, the orchard \nplanted by him, — the first in New England, — and his sj)ring. \nThe orchard is represented on the early maps ; is mentioned in \n1765 as stiU bearing fruit ; and is named in the deeds of sub> \n\n\n* Perhaps an abbreviation of \" Mushauwomuk,\" as given in Grindal Rawson's \n\" Confessions of Faith,\" printed in 1699. Probably meaning unclaimed land. \n\n\n4 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nsequent possessors. The spring, which must have determined \nto some extent the location of the house, was probably near the \njunction of Beacon Street with Charles, although others existed \nin the neighborhood. The six acres which Mr. Blackstone re- \nserved have been traced through Eichard Pepys, an original pos- \nsessor by a sufficiently clear connection, — supplied where broken \nby depositions, — to the Mount Vernon proprietors. Copley, the \ncelebrated painter, was once an owner of Blackstone's six acres, \nwhich were bounded by the Common on the south and the \n\nriver on the west. \n\nBlackstone was as singidar a character as can be found in \nthe annals of Boston. He is supposed to have come over with \nEobert Gorges in 1623. But what induced him to withdraw \nto such a distance from the settlements remains a mystery. By \na coincidence, his namesake. Sir William Blackstone, the great \ncommentator of the laws of England, wrote at a later period the \nfollowing lines : — \n\n\" As by some t jTant's stem command, \nA wretch forsakes Lis native land, \nIn foreign climes condemned to roam, \nAn endless exile from liis home. \" \n\nThe nature of Blackstone's claim to the peninsula is doubt- \nful, though we have seen it recognized by Winthrop's com- \npany. Mather grumblingly alludes to it thus in his Magnalia : \n\" There were also some godly Episcopalians ; among whom has \nbeen reckoned Mr. Blackstone ; who, by happening to sleep \nfirst in an old hovel u.pon a point of land there, laid claim to \nall the ground whereupon there now stands the ]\\Ietropolis of \nthe whole English America, until the inhabitants gave him \nsatisfaction.\" This concedes only a squatter's title to Black- \nstone. He seems to have had a kind heart, capable of feeling \nfor the sufferings of his felloAv-men, for, hearing of the vicissi- \ntudes of Winthrop's infant settlement at Charlestown by disease \nand death, he invites them over to ShaAvmut in 1630. Water, \nthe great desideratum of a settlement, was very scarce at \nCharlestown, and Blackstone \" came and acquainted the Gov- \nernor of an excellent spring there, withal inviting him and \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 5 \n\nsoliciting him thither.\" If seclusion was Blackstone's object, \nit gave way to his interest in the welfare of his fellow-colonists. \nUpon Blackstone's advice the Charlestown settlers acted, \nand many removed to Shawmut by the end of August, 1630. \nIn the first boat-load that went over was Anne Pollard, who \nhved to be nearly, if not quite, one hundred and five years \nold. She herself related, when more than one hundred years \nof age, that she \"came over in one of the first ships that \narrived in Charlestown ; that in a day or two after her arrival, \non account of the water there being bad, a number of the young \npeople, including herself, took the ship's boat to cross over to \nBoston ; that as the boat dreAV up towards the shore, she (being \nthen a romping girl) declared she would be the first to land, \nand accordingly, before any one, jumped from the bow of the \nboat on to the beach.\" According to this statement, which is \nbased upon good authority, Anne PoUard was the first white \nfemale that trod upon the soil of Boston. Hudson's Point, now \nthe head of Charlestown bridge, but formerly the site of the \nold ferry, was probably the place where Anne first left the \nimpress of her foot. Her portrait, at the age of one hundred \nand three years, is in the possession of the Massachusetts His- \ntorical Society, and her deposition, at the age of eighty-nine \nyears, was used to substantiate the location of Blackstone's \nhouse. In it she says that Mr. Blackstone, after his removal \nfrom Boston, frequently resorted to her husband's house, and \nthat she never heard any controversy about the land, between \nher husband, Pepys, or Blackstone, but that it was always \nreputed to belong to the latter. \n\nBlackstone, in 1634, removed to Piehoboth, not liking, we \nmay conclude, the close proximity of his Puritan neighbors, of \nwhom he is reported to have said, that he left England because \nof his dislike to the Lords Bishops, but now he would not be \nunder the Lords Bretliren. \n\nIn 1659 Blackstone was married to Mary Stevenson of \nBoston, widow, by Governor Endicott. He died in 1 675, a short \ntime before the breaking out of King Philip's War, during which \nhis plantation was ravaged by the Indians, and his dwelling \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\ndestroyed, with his papers and books, — a circumstance that has \nprevented, perhaps, the veil being hfted that slirouds his early \nhistory. It is said no trace of his grave exists ; but he left \nhis name to a noble river, and the city which he founded per- \npetuates it by a public square and street. \n\nThe settlers at Charlestown called Shawmut Trimountain, not, \nsays Shaw, on account of the three principal hills, — subse- \nquently Copp's, Beacon, and Fort, — but from the three peaks of \nBeacon Hill, which was then considered quite a liigh mountain, \nand is so spoken of by \"Wood, one of the early writers about \nBoston ; the reader will know that Beacon and its two outlying \nspurs of Cotton (Pemberton) and Mt. Vernon are meant. \n\nOn the 7th of September, 1630 (old style), at a court \nheld in Charlestown, it was ordered that Trimountain be called \n\nBoston. Many of the set- \ntlers had already taken up \ntheir residence there, and \n\" thither the frame of the \ngovernor's house was car- \nried, and people began to \nbuild their houses against \nwinter.\" Clinging to the \nold associations of their \nnative land, the settlers \nnamed their new home for \nold Boston in Lincolnshire, \nEngland, Avhence a num- \nber of members of the com- \npany had emigrated. The \nname itself owes its origin \nto Botolph, a pious old \nSaxon of the seventh cen- \ntury, afterwards canonized \nST. BOTOLPH's, BOSTON, ENGLAND. as tlio tutclar salut of mar- \n\niners, and shows an ingenuity of corruption for which England \nis famed. Reciprocal courtesies have been exchanged between \nEnglish Boston and her namesake. The former presented her \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 7 \n\ncharter in a frame of tlie wood of old Saint Botolph's church, \nwhich hangs in our City Hall, while Edward Everett, in the \nname of the descendants and admirers of John Cotton, gave \n$ 2,000 for the restoration of a chapel in St. Botolph's, and the \nerection therein of a monument to the memory of that much \nvenerated divine, who had been vicar of St. Botolph's and \nafterwards minister of the First Church of Christ in Boston, \nNew England. \n\nBoston had three striking topographical features. First, its \npeninsular character, united by a narrow isthmus to the main \nland ; next, its three hills, of which the most westerly (Beacon) \nwas the highest, all washed at their base by the sea ; and lastly, \ncorresponding to her hills, were three coves, of which the most \neasterly, enclosed by the headlands of Copp's and Fort Hill, \nbecame the Town Cove and Dock. Of the other coves, the one \nlying to the south of the Town Cove was embraced between \nthe point of land near the foot of South Street, formerly known \nas Windmill Point, and the head of the bridge to South Boston ; \nthis bight of water was the South Cove. A third inlet on the \nnorthwest of the peninsula, lying between the two points of \nland from which now extend bridges to Charlestown and East \nCambridge, became subsequently the Mill Pond, by the build- \ning of a causeway, on substantially the present line of Causeway \nStreet. Only the most salient features are here given ; other \ninteresting peculiarities will be alluded to in their places. \n\nAt high tides the sea swept across the narrow neck, and \nthere is every reason to believe also covered the low ground now \ntraversed by Blackstone Street. This would make, for the time \nbeing, two islands of Boston. The early names given to the \nstreets on the water front described the sea margin, as Fore \n(North) Beach, and Back (now Salem) Streets. \n\nIn process of time these distinctive characteristics have all \n\"changed. Boston can no longer be called a peninsula ; one of \nits summits. Fort Hill, has to-day no existence, while the others \nhave been so shorn of their proportions and altitude as to pre- \nsent a very different view from any quarter of approach ; as for \nthe three coves, they have been converted into terra firma. \n\n\n8 \n\n\nLANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nThe area of original Boston has been variously estimated. \nBy Shaw, at 700 acres ; Dr. Morse, the geographer, placed it in \n1800 at 700 acres, admitting that some accounts fix it as high \nas 1,000 acres, while Dr. Shurtleff says less than 1,000 acres. \n\nThere is good authority, however, for computing the original \npeninsida at not more than 625 acres of firm ground. To \nthis has been added, by the filling of the Mill Pond, 50 acres ; \nthe South Cove, 75 acres (up to 1837) ; and by the filling of the \nTown Cove or Dock, and the building of new streets on the \nwater front, enough had been reclaimed by 1852 to amount to \n600 acres, — nearly the original area. Since that time the \nBack Bay improvement, which covers 680 acres, and Atlantic \nAvenue, which follows the old Barricado line, have added as \nmuch more to the ancient territory, so that we may safely \nconsider her original limits trebled, without reference to what \nhas been acquired by annexation. \n\nAt the time of the English settlement hostilities existed be- \ntween the Massachusetts and the eastern Indians ; the natives, \n\nwho seldom neg- \nlected to provide \nfor retreat in case \nof defeat, chose \nrather to locate \ntheir villages far- \nther inland, at \n^lystic and else- \nwhere. \n\nThere is evi- \ndence, however, \nthat Shawmut was \neither inhabited by \nthe Indians at a very early period, or used as a place of sepul- \nture by them. Dr. Mather related that three hundred skull- \nbones had been dug up on Cotton (Pemberton) HiU Avhen he \nwas a youth, and tradition long ascribed to this locality a sort \nof Golgotha. To support this view there was found in April \n1733, says the New England Journal, a number of skuUs and \n\n\nINDIAN WIGWAM. \n\n\nINTRODUCTIOiSr. 9 \n\nlarger human bones by workmen digging in a garden near Dr. \nCooper's house on Cotton Hill. These remains were considered, \nat the time, to be those of the natives. Boston has been \nthoroughly excavated without finding any further material to \nconfirm this belief. \n\nThe character of the first buildings was extremely rude. \nThey Avere of wood, with thatched roofs, and chimneys built \nof i^ieces of wood placed crosswise, the interstices and outside \ncovered with clay. Such was the economy of the times, that \nGovernor Winthrop reproved his deputy, in 1632, \"that he \ndid not well to bestow so much cost about wainscotting and \nadorning his house in the beginning of a plantation, both in \nregard of the public charges, and for example.\" The answer \nwas, that it was for the warmth of his house, and the charge \nwas little, being but clapboards nailed to the walls in the form \nof wainscot.* \n\nIt is comparatively recent that Boston began to be a city of \nbrick and stone. A few solidly built structures were scattered \nhere and there over a wide area ; but the mass were of wood, in \nspite of some attempts made by the town to induce a safer and \nmore durable style of architecture. A lady, entering Boston in \n1795, remarks : \"The ranges of wooden buildings all situated \nwith one end towards the street, and the numerous chaises we \nmet, drawn by one horse, the driver being placed on a low seat \nin front, appeared to me very singular.\" Another writer ob- \nserves of the town in 1805 : \"The houses were most of them \nwood, seldom enlivened by paint, and closely resembling the old- \nfashioned, dark-looking edifices still to be seen in Newport, E. I.\" \nAt this time there was but one brick house in the whole of \nTremont Street, and it was not until 1793 that the first block \nof brick buildings was erected in what is now FrankHn Street. \nIn 1803 the inflammable character of the town was thus \ndescribed : — \n\n\"A pjTe of shapeless structures crowds the spot, \nWhere taste, and all but cheapness is forgot. \nOne little spark the funeral pile may fire, \nAnd Boston, blazing, see itself expire.\" \n\n* Winthrop's Journal, p. 88. \n\n\n10 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\"Winthrop's company located chiefly within the space com- \nprised between what are now Milk, Bromfield, Tremont, and \nHanover Streets and the water. Pemberton Hill was also a \nfavorite locality, as we shall have occasion to note. The North \nEnd, by removals and accessions, soon became also settled; \nthat portion of the town lying north of Union Street being \nthus designated, Avhile all south of that boundary was called \nthe South End. A third geogi-aphical division, embracing the \ndistrict lying to the west and north of Beacon Hill, and west \nand south of the Mill Pond, was known as New Boston, and \nalso as West Boston, and finally as the West End. These \nnames have been retained, but the boundaries of all but the \nNorth End have been considered movable, and would be diffi- \ncrdt to follow. \n\nThe first settlers found Boston thinly wooded, whatever its \noriginal condition may have been. The timber lay mainly \nalong the Neck, with clumps of trees here and there. The great \nelm on the Common is doubtless one of native growth, and be- \nfore the Ee volution of 1776 there was another almost equally \nlarge near the corner of what is now West and Tremont Streets. \nTraditions exist of the Indians having planted on the penin- \nsula, clearing away the wood, as is their custom, by burning. \nThere are old houses now standing at the North End, the tim- \nbers of which, some of them a foot square, are said to have been \ncut near Copp's Hill. \n\nWater was abundant and good. Besides the spring or \nsprings near Blackstone's house, mention is made in the early \nrecords of the \"great spring\" in what is now Spring Lane. \nThe latter was filled up, but people now living have seen it \nbubbling out of the ground after heavy spring rains. Opinions \nare divided as to which spring Blackstone had reference, when \nhe invited the thirsty Charlestown company to Shawmut, but \nthe fact of Governor Winthrop having located by the side of \nthe \" great spring,\" and Isaac Johnson in the immediate vicin- \nity, are significant. Other springs existed, or were found in \ncourse of time on the Neck and elsewhere. \n\nThe settlement of Boston opens in. the reign of Charles the \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 11 \n\nFirst, and the dress, as well as the manners and customs of the \npeople bear the impress of that time, with the distinction, that \nthe religious sentiments of the settlers entered largely into both \nquestions. The short cloak, doublet, and silk stockings were \nworn by people of condition, but the colors were subdued and \nsober, and the rapier, which King Charles's gallants were so \nready to draw, was not much worn abroad, except on state \noccasions. Some, like Winthrop, wore the stiff, plaited ruff, \ncontaining a furlong of linen, and making the modern beholder \nsympathize with the pillory the unfor- \ntunate head is placed in, while others \nwore the broad falling collar in which \nwe always see the great Protector. High- \ncrowned felt hats were worn out of doors, \nwhile the velvet skull-cap was the favor- \nite headdress within. \n\nMyles Standish, whom we single out \nas a type of the Puritan soldier of those \ndays, is described by Longfellow as \" clad \nin doublet and hose, with boots of Cor- \ndovan leather \" ; glancing complacently \nat his arms on the wall, \"cutlass and \ncorslet of steel, and his trusty sword of \nDamascus,\" with its curved point and cavalier. \n\nArabic inscription. The manner of wearing the hair became \nvery early an apple of discord. Those of the straitest sect, and \nit may be of the straightest hair, cut their locks in the short \nfashion of the roundheads ; Avhile others, to whom nature had, \nperhaps, been more lavish in this respect, wore their hair long. \nThe wearing of veils by ladies when abroad was the subject \nof a crusade by Eev. John Cotton, though championed by \nEndicott. \n\nIn 1750 cocked-hats, wigs, and red cloaks were usually \nworn by gentlemen. Except among military men, boots were \nrarely seen. In winter, round coats were worn, made stiff with \nbuckram, and coming down to the knees in front. Boys wore \nwigs and cocked-hats until about 1790. Powder was worn by \ngentlemen until after 1800. \n\n\n12 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe- toilets of ladies were elaborate, especially the hair, which \nwas arranged on crape cushions so as to stand up high. Some- \ntimes ladies were dressed the day before a party, and slept in \neasy-chairs to keep their hair in condition. Hoops were indis- \npensable in full dress until after 1790. The usual dinner hour \nwas two o'clock. Drinking punch iu the forenoon, in pubHc \nhouses, was the common practice. Wine was httle used, con- \nvivial parties drinking punch or toddy. \n\nThe bearing of the townspeople in public was grave and \naustere. How could it be otherwise under the operation of \nsuch ordinances as the following. \" ISTo strangers were permitted \nto live Avithin the town without giving bonds to save the town \nharmless from all damage and charge for entertaining them.\" \n\" For galloping through the streets, except upon days of mili- \ntary exercise or any extraordinary case require,\" was two \nshillings fine. Football was prohibited in the streets. \"No \nperson shall take any tobacco publicly, under penalty of one \nshilling.\" \"For entertaining foreigners,\" or receiving \"in- \nmates, servants, or journeymen coming for help in physic or \nsurgery, without leave of the selectmen,\" was twenty shillings \nfine a week. The selectmen had authority, under the colony, \nto order parents to bind their children as apprentices, or put \nthem out to service, and, if they refused, the town took the \nchildren from the charge of the parents. \n\nSobriety was strictly inculcated, though the sale of liquors \nwas licensed. It is on record that, September 15, 1641, there \nwas a training of twelve hundred men at Boston for two daj^s, \nbut no one drunk, nor an oath sworn. Officers were appointed, \nwith long wands, to correct the inattentive or slumbering at \nchurch. To be absent from meeting was criminal, while to \nspeak ill of the minister was to incur severe punisliment. An \ninstance is mentioned of a man being fined for kissing Ms wife \nin his own grounds ; and do not the following instructions to \nthe watch smack strongly of Dogberry's famous charge 1 The \nnumber being eight, they are \" to walk two by two together ; \na youth joined with an older and more sober person.\" \" If \nafter ten o'clock they see lights, to inquire if there be warrant- \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 13 \n\nable canse ; and if they hear any noise or disorder, wisely to \ndemand the reason ; if they are dancing and singing vainly, to \nadmonish them to cease; if they do not discontinue, after \nmoderate admonition, then the constable to take their names \nand acquaint the authorities therewith.\" \" If they find young \nmen and maidens, not of known fidelity, walking after ten \no'clock, modestly to demand the cause; and if they appear \nill-minded, to watch them narrowly, command them to go to \ntheir lodgings, and if they refuse, then to secure them till \nmorning.\" \n\nNegro slavery appears in Boston as early as 1638, when at \nleast three were held by Maverick on Noddle's Island. In \nthis year the ship Desire brought negroes here from the West \nIndies. In 1680, according to Judge Sewall, there were not \nabove two hundred African slaves in the colony. An effort \nis on record in 1702 to put a stop to negroes being slaves, \nand to encourage the use of wliite servants, the representa- \ntives of the town being instructed to this purpose. Slavery \nseems, however, to have steadily increased in the colony, the \ntraffic proving profitable, until at length it was as common to \nsee negroes offered for sale in the public prints, as it ever was \nin the Southern colonies. In 1767 the town again moved, \nthrough its representatives for the abolition of slavery, to no \neffect. A Tory writer asserts that there were at tliis time \ntwo thousand slaves in Boston. During the troubles of 1768 \nthe British officers were charged with inciting the slaves to \ninsurrection, and blacks were held in servitude until after the \nRevolution. \n\nBut this was not all. It is but little known that white \nslavery was tolerated in the colony, and that the miserable \ndependents of feudal power were sold into servitude in England \nand transported to this country. Prisoners of war were thus \ndisposed of under the great Cromwell, some of the captives of \nDunbar having been shipped over seas to America. A ship- \nload of Scotch prisoners was consigned 1651 to Thomas Kem- \nble of Charlestown, the same who was afterwards resident of \nBoston. They were generally sold for a specific term of ser- \n\n\n14 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nvice, and used chiefly as farm laborers. Many were sent to \nNorth Carolina, and indeed but few of the colonies were with- \nout them. \n\nAmong the early customs was that of the watchmen crying \nthe time of night and giving an account of the weather as they \nAvent their rounds, a practice which prevailed for a hundred \nyears. The British sentinels later gave the cry of \" All 's well ! \" \nas they paced their beats. The ringing of the nine-o'clock bell \nwas first ordered in 1649. The watchman's rattle was intro- \nduced about the time Boston became a city. \n\nThe government of the town was vested in nine selectmen, \nand is first found on the records, November, 1643 ; but not until \nNovember 29, 1645, is the official statement recorded that John \nWinthrop and nine others were chosen selectmen. Tins con- \ntinued to be the form of government until the city was incor- \nporated, Feburary 23, 1822. The first city government was \norganized on the first of May following, and John Phillips was \nthe first, Josiah Quincy the second, and Harrison Gray Otis \nthe tliird mayor. Steps were taken as early as 1708 to petition \nthe General Court to have the town incorporated into a city or \nborough, and again in 1784, but without success. \n\nIn 1632 the Colonial legislature declared it to be \" the fittest \nplace for public meetings of any place in the Bay,\" since wliich \ntime it has remained the capital of ]\\Iassachusetts. Boston at \nfirst included within its government the islands of the harbor, — \nMuddy Eiver (Brookline), Winnisimet (Chelsea), Mount Wol- \nlaston (Braintree), Eandolph, and Quincy. She is now striving \nto recover portions of her ancient territory. \n\nFor a long time the allotment of lands was the principal \nbusiness of the town officers. In the limits of the peninsula \nthe rule was, \" two acres to plant on, and for every able youth \none acre within the neck and Noddle's Island \" (East Boston). \nIn 1635 it was agreed, \" no new allotments should be granted \nunto any new-comer, but such as may be likely to be received \nmembers of the congregation.\" The town regulated the price \nof cattle, commodities, victuals, and the wages of laborers, and \nnone other were to be given or taken. \n\n\nINTEODUCTION. 15 \n\nThe spirit of intolerance which the fathers of Boston exhib- \nited towards the Quakers, Anabaptists, Episcopalians, and \nother sects illustrates their view of religious liberty. Well \ndid Dryden say : — \n\n\" Of all the tjTannies on human kind, \nThe worst is that wliich persecutes the mind ; \nLet us but weigh at what offence we strike, \n'T is but because we cannot think alilce ; \nIn pimishing of this we overthrow \nThe laws of nations, and of nature too.\" \n\nIt was an offence to harbor a Quaker ; to attend a Quaker \nmeeting was a fine of ten shillings, to preach, £ 5. When the \nBaptists first attempted to enter their meeting-house in Still- \nman Street, they found the doors nailed up, and when they \nproceeded to worship in the open air, they were arrested and \nimprisoned. No one coidd be found to sell land for an Episco- \npal church, nor could they find a place to hold services in imtil \nAndros obtained the Old South for them by force. The crimi- \nnal law decreed banishment to such as broached or maintained \n''damnable heresies,\" by which was meant such as did not \nagree with the views of the congregation. \n\nThe excessive severity of the following deserves notice. \n\" Any one denying the Scripture to be the word of God should \npay not exceeding <£ 50 to be severely whipped, not exceeding \nforty strokes, unless he publicly recants, in which case he shall \nnot pay above £ 10, or be whipped in case he pay not the fine.\" \nThe repetition of tliis offence was to be punished by banish- \nment or death, as the court might determine. 'T is death \nfor any child of sound understanding to curse or strike his \nparents, unless in his own defence.\" \n\nThere is a grim humor in the following decisions. In 1640 \none Edward Palmer, for asking an excessive price for a pair of \nstocks, which he was hired to frame, had the privilege of sit- \nting an hour in them himself. \" Captain Stone is sentenced \nto pay £ 100, and prohibited coming within the patent with- \nout the governor's leave, upon pain of death, for calling Mr. \nLudlow (a magistrate) a \" Jicsfass.\" We infer the punishment \nmust have been inflicted more for the joke than the offence. \n\n\n16 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\" Catherine, wife of William Cornish, was found suspicious of in- \ncontinency, and seriously admonished to take heed.\" \" Sergeant \nPerkins ordered to carry forty turfs to the fort for being drunk.\" \nAccording to E'eal, the principal festival days were that of \ntlie annual election of magistrates at Boston, and Commence- \nment at Cambridge. Business was then laid aside, and the \npeople were as cheerful among their friends and neighbors as \nthe EngUsh are at Christmas. \n\n\" They haA^e a greater veneration for the evening of Saturday than \nfor that of the Lord's Daj^ itself ; so that all business is laid aside \nby sunset or six o'clock on Saturday night. The Sabbath itself is \nkept with great strictness ; nobody being to be seen in the streets \nin time of Divine ser^dce, except the constables, who are appointed \nto search all public houses ; but in the evening they allow them- \nselves great liberty and freedom.\" \n\nThis custom has prevailed up to a comparatively late period. \n\nIn those days the pulpit took the lead in matters temporal \nas well as of theology. Public questions were discussed in \nthe pulpit, and news from a distance, of moment to the col- \nony, was disseminated tlirough it ; the first newspaper was not \nattempted in Boston until 1690, and then only a single \nnumber was published. The whole field was open to the \npreacher, who might either confine himself to doctrinal points \nor preach a crusade against the savages. The attire of the \nladies, the fashion of the hair, the drinking of healths, after- \nwards abolished by law, Were all within the jurisdiction of \nthe teacher of the people; the constituted authorities might \nmake the laws, but the minister expounded them. The official \nproclamations were then, as now, affixed to the meeting-house \ndoor, which thus stood to the community as a vehicle of public \nintelligence. \n\nMany intelligent travellers, both English and French, have \nrecorded their impressions of Boston. Wood, who is accounted \nthe earliest of these writers, says : — \n\n\" This harbor is made by a great company of islands, whose high \ncliffs shoulder out the boisterous seas ; yet may easily deceive any \nmiskilful pilot, presenting many fair openings and broad sounds \n\n\nINTRODUCTIOjST, ' 17 \n\nwhich afford too shallow water for ships, though navigalale for boats \nand pinnaces. It is a safe and pleasant harbor within, having but \none common and safe entrance, and that not very broad, there \nscarce being room for three ships to come in board and board at a \ntime ; but being once in, there is room for the anchorage of five \nhmidred ships.\" \n\n\" Boston is two miles N. E. of Roxbury. His situation is very- \npleasant, being a peninsula hemmed in on the south side by the \nbay of Roxbury, and on the north side with Charles River, the \nmarshes on the back side being not half a quarter of a mile over ; \nso that a little fencing will secure their cattle from the wolves ; it \nbeing a neck, and bare of wood, they are not troubled with these \ngreat annoyances, wolves, rattlesnakes, and mosquitoes. This neck \nof land is not above four miles in compass, in form almost square, \nhaving on the south side a great broad hill, whereon is planted a fort \nwhich can command any ship as she sails into the harbor.* On the \nnorth side is another hill equal in bigness, whereon stands a wind- \nmill.t To the northwest is a high mountain, with three little rising \nhiUs on the top of it, wherefore it is called the Tramoimt. J This town, \nalthough it be neither the greatest nor the richest, yet is the most \nnoted and frequented, being the centre of the plantations where the \nmonthly courts are kept.\" \n\nJohn Jossleyn arrived at Boston July, 1663. He says : — \n\n\" It is in longitude 315 degrees, and 42 degrees 30 minutes of \nnorth latitude. The buildings are handsome, joining one to the \nother as in London, with many large streets, most of them paved \nwith pebble ; in the high street, toward the Common, there are fair \nbuildings, some of stone ; the town is not divided into parishes, yet \nthey have three fair meeting-houses.\" \n\nEdward Johnson says ; — \n\n\" The form of this town is like a heart, naturally situated for forti- \nfications, ha\\'ing two hills on the frontier part thereof next the sea, \nthe one well fortified on the superficies thereof, with store of great \nartillery well mounted. The other hath a very strong battery built \nof whole timber, and fiUed with earth ; betwixt these two strong \narms lies a cove or bay, on which the chief part of this town is \nbuilt, overtopped with a third hill ; all these, like overtopping \ntowers, keep a constant watch to see the approach of foreign \ndangers, being furnished with a beacon and loud babbling guns to \n\n* Fort HiU. + Copp's Hill. Beacon Hill. \n\nB \n\n\n18 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ngive notice to all the sister towns. The chief edifice of this city-like \ntown is crowded on the sea-banks, and wharfed out with great labor \nand cost ; the buildings beautiful and large, some faiiiy set forth \nwith brick, tile, stone, and slate, and orderly placed with seemly \nstreets, whose continual enlargement presageth some sumptuous city.\" \n\nM. I'Abbe Eobin, who accompanied the army of Count Eo- \nchambeau, published a small work in 1781, in which a good \ndescription of Boston is given. Says M. I'Abbe : — \n\n\" The high, regular buildings, intermingled with steeples, appeared \nto us more like a long-established town of the Continent than a \nrecent colony. A fine mole, or pier, projects into the harbor about \ntwo thousand feet, and shops and warehouses line its whole length. \nIt communicates at right angles with the principal street of the \ntown, which is long and %vide, curving round towards the water ; \non this street are many fine houses of two and three stories. The \nappearance of the buildings seems strange to European eyes ; being \nbuilt entirely of wood, they have not the dull and heavy appear- \nance which belongs to those of our continental cities ; they are regu- \nlar and well-lighted, with frames well joined, and the outside cov- \nered with slight, thinly planed boards, overlaj^ping each other some- \nwhat like the tiles upon our roofs. The exterior is painted generally \nof a grayish color, which gives an agreeable aspect to the view.\" \n\n]\\r. I'Abbe states that codfish was the principal article of \ncommerce with the Eostonians ; that they preferred Maderia, \nMalaga, or Oporto to French \"wines, but their ordinary beverage \nwas rum, distilled from molasses. Some credit attaches to this \nstatement, when we remember that Boston had haK a dozen \nstiU-houses in 1722, and a score when the Abbe was writing. \n\" Piety,\" continues the acute Frenchman, \" is not the only \nmotive which brings a crowd of ladies into their church. \nThey show themselves there clothed in silk, and sometimes \ndecked with superb feathers. Their hair is raised upon sup- \nports, in imitation of those worn by the French ladies some \nyears since. They have less grace, less freedom, than the \nFrench ladies, but more dignity.\" \n\n\" Their slioon of velvet, and their nuiilis ! \nIn kirk they are not content of stuilis, \nTlic sermon when they sit to heir, \nBut carries cusheons like vain fulis ; \nAnd all for newfangleness of geir.\" \n\n\nINTRODUCTION, 19 \n\nThe Abbe, alluding to tlie strict observance of the Sabbath, \nnaively says : \"A countryman of mine, lodging at the same \ninn with me, took it into liis head one Sunday to play a little \nupon his flute ; but the neighborhood became so incensed that \nour landlord was obliged to acquaint him of their uneasiness.\" \nAnother French writer remarked of N\"ewport, which he thought \nBoston resembled, \" This is the only place I ever visited where \nthey build old houses.\" M. le Compte Segur and the Mar- \nquis Chastellux have written about Boston, but there is little \nto add to what is abeady given. \n\nThe first volume of the Town Eecords begins September, \n1634, and the first entries are said to be in the handwriting of \nGovernor Wintlirop. An unknown number of leaves have been \ntorn out or destroyed, and, as the first business of the town \nwas the allotment of land to the inhabitants, the loss is ir- \nreparable, and has proved such to those who have had occasion \nto trace the titles of property. The city authorities should see \nthat this volume, the sole repository of many facts in the early \nhistory of Boston, should be printed at once, and thus pre- \nserved from destruction. Several later volumes of the records \nare missing, and for many years, while William Cooper was \nTown Clerk, no record was made of the births or deaths. A \nmanuscript volume, called the \" Book of Possessions,\" is in the \nCity Clerk's office, compiled, it is thought, as early as 1634, by \norder of the General Court. There are two hundred and forty- \nfive names in this \" Doomsday Book,\" as it has been termed, \nbut all of them were not original settlers. \n\nThe general growth and progress of the New England \nmetropolis has been steady and remarkable. The early settlers \nhaving built wholly of wood, were not long exempt from de- \nstructive fires. In 1654 occurred what was known as \"the \ngreat fire,\" but its locahty is not given. This was succeeded \nby another in 1676, at the ISTorth End, which consumed forty- \nfive dwellings, the North Church, and several warehouses, \nwithin the space enclosed by Eichmond, Hanover, and Clark \nStreets. After this fire a fire-engine was imported from Eng- \nland, but another great fire in 1678, near the Town Dock, \n\n\n20 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\ndestroyed eighty dwelling-houses and seventy warehouses, en- \ntailing a loss of £ 200,000. \n\nWith extraordinary energy these losses were repaired, and \nthe townspeople, admonished by their disasters, built their \nhouses with more regard to safety, — many building of stone \nand brick, — wliile more efficient means were obtauied for con- \ntrolling the devouring element. The town was divided into \nfour quarters, patroled by a watch detailed from the foot-com- \npanies. Six hand-engines, four barrels of powder, and two \ncrooks were assigned each quarter. This appears to have been \nthe beginning of a fire department. \n\nThe fii'st fire-engine made in Boston was built by David \nWheeler, a blacksmith in Newbury, now Wasliington Street. \nIt was tried at a fire August 21, 1765, and found to perform \nextremely well. \n\nThe data from which to estimate the population of the to-nm \nin the first decade of its settlement is very meagi'e. In 1639 \nthe Bay mustered a thousand soldiers in Boston, but they \nwere of course drawn from all the towns. For the first seventy \nyears after its settlement Boston did not probably contain OA'^er \nseven thousand people. In 1717 it was reckoned at only \ntwelve thousand. A himdred years after the settlement it con- \ntained fifteen thousand, with seventeen hundred dweUings ; in \n1752 there were seventeen thousand five hundred, — a decrease \nof five hundred in the previous ten years, accounted for by \nthe wars mth the Indians and French, in which Boston sus- \ntained severe losses. In 1765 the number of people had \nfallen below sixteen thousand, with sixteen hundred and \nseventy-six houses. During the siege in 1775-76 the town \nwas nearly depopulated, but few remaining who could get \naway. An enumeration made in July, 1775, before the last \npermission was given to leave the town, showed only six thou- \nsand five hundred and seventy-three inhabitants, the troops \nwith their women and children numbering thirteen thousand \nsix hundred. At the peace of 1783 there were only about \ntwelve thousand inhabitants. By the first census of 1791 the \nnumber of people was a little over eighteen thousand, vdth \ntwo thousand three hundred and seventy-six houses. \n\n\nINTEODUCTION. 21 \n\nFrom tliis period the increase has been steady and rapid. \nIn 1800 there \\yere twenty-five thousand; 1820, forty-three \nthousand; 1840, eighty-five thousand; 1860, one hundred and \nseventy-seven thousand, and in 1870, the latest census, two \nhundred and fifty thousand. \n\nThe division of the town into eight wards is mentioned as \nearly as the great fire of 1678-79. In 1715 these wards were \nnamed !N\"orth, Fleet, Bridge, Creek, King's, Change, Pond, and \nSouth. In 1735 the niunber of wards was increased to twelve, \ncorresponding mth the number of companies in the Boston \nregiment, one of which was attached to each ward for service \nat fires. Besides the mihtary there was also a civil division, \nan overseer of the poor, a fireward, a constable, and a scavenger, \nbelonging to each Avard. In 1792 the number of military \nwards was nine, the regiment having been reduced to that num- \nber of companies ; the civil division continued to be tAvelve. \nThe first four of these wards, and the greater part of the fifth, \nwere in the I^Torth End; the seventh was at the \"West End; \nwhile the rest, with a part of the fifth, were in the South End, \nas it was then bounded. The present number is sixteen, just \ndouble the original number. \n\nThe paving of the public thoroughfares seems to have begun \nat a very early period. Jossleyn, describing Boston in 1663, \nsays most of the streets \" are paved with pebble,\" meaning the \nsmooth round stones from the beach. It was not the practice \nat first to pave the whole width of a street, but only a strip in \nthe middle ; the ISTeck was so paved. In the same manner the \nsidewalks were paved with cobble-stones, bricks, or flags, of \nonly width enough for a single passenger ; in some instances, \nwhere flag-stones were used, the remaining space was fiUed with \ncobble-stones. It is probable that the first pacing was done in \na fragmentary way before 1700, but in 1703-04 the town voted \n£100 for this purpose, \"as the selectmen shall judge most \nneedful, having particular regard to the highway nigh old Mrs. \nStoddard's house.\" An order for paving 42 rods of Orange \nStreet was made in 1715. From this time sums were regu- \nlarly voted,and the foundation laid for the most cleanly city in \nAmerica. \n\n\n22 LANDilARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nAs to sidewalks, a lady who came to Boston in 1795 from \nNew York, and was much struck with the quaint appearance \nof the town, writes : — \n\n\" There were no brick sidewalks, except in a part of the Main \nStreet (TVashington) near the Old South, then called Cornhill. \nThe streets were paved with pebbles ; and, except when driven on \none side by carts and carriages, every one walked in the middle \nof the street, where the pavement was the smoothest.\" * \n\nIt is not believed that there was a sidewalk in Boston until \nafter the Kevolution. At this time State Street was Avithout \nany, the pavement reaching across the street from house to \nhouse. \n\nIt is probable that those inhabitants whose business or \npleasure took them from home after dark must for a long time \nhaA-e lighted their own way through the devious lanes and by- \nways of the town. We can imagine the feelings of a pair of \nfond lovers who, taking an evening stroll, are bid by the cap- \ntain of the watch to \" Stand ! \" while he throws the rays of a \ndark lantern itpon the faces of the shrinking swain and his mis- \ntress. Yet, although street-lamps were said to have been used \nas early as 177-1, until 1792 there seems to have been no action \non the town's part towards lighting the streets, when we read \nthat the \"gentlemen selectmen propose to light the town,\" \nearly in January of that year, \" and to continue the same until \nthe sum subscribed is expended.\" Those gentlemen that pro- \nposed to furnish lamps were requested to have them \" fixed \" \nby a certain day, so that the lamplighter may have time to \nprepare them for lighting. To the public spirit of the citizens, \nthen, is due the first shedding of light upon the gloomy ways \nof the toA^-n. Gas Avas not used to illuminate the streets until \n1834, though the Avorks at Copp's Hill were erected in 1828. \nIn December of that year gas was first used in the city. \n\nThe springs Avhich supplied the older inhabitants gave \nplace to AveUs, and these in their turn gaA-e Avay to the de- \nmand for an abundant supply of pure AA-ater for the whole town. \n\n* Quincy Memoir. \n\n\nINTKODUCTION. 23 \n\nWells had to be sunk a depth varying from fifteen feet on the \nlow ground to one hundred and twenty feet on the elevated \nportions, and the water was usually brackish and more or less \nimpregmated with salt. Water was therefore introduced from \nJamaica Pond, in West Eoxbury, by a company incorporated in \n1795. The pipes used were logs, of which about forty miles \nwere laid. The trenches were only tliree to three and a half \nfeet in depth, which did not prevent freezing in severe weather, \nwhile the smallness of the pipe, — four-inch mains, — rendered \nthe supply limited. \n\nUnder the administration of Mayor Quincy the subject of \na new supply of water was agitated. In 1825 a great fire \noccurred in Kilby Street, destroying fifty stores, and the want \nof water as a means for the subduing of fires became evident. \nTwenty years were spent in controversy before action was \ntaken, but in August, 1846, ground was broken at Lake Cochit- \nuate by John Quincy Adams and Josiah Quincy, Jr. In Octo- \nber, 1848, the work was completed, but the growth of Boston \nhas rendered this source insufficient in less than twenty years, \nand the waters of Sudbury Eiver are to be made tributary. \n\nBoston has enlarged her territory by the annexation of Dor- \nchester Neck (South Boston), in 1804 ; Washington Village in \n1855 ; Eoxbury, in 1868 ; and Dorchester, in 1870. East Bos- \nton (Noddle's Island), though forming a part of Boston since \n1637, had neither streets nor local regulations until the incor- \nporation of the East Boston Company ; public ofiicers first set \nfoot upon the island in 1833. There was then but one house \nin the whole of that now populous ward, comprising six hun- \ndi'ed and sixty acres. South Boston, when annexed, had only \nten families on an area of five hundred and seventy acres, and \nbut nineteen voters. There being at this time no bridge, the \ninhabitants were obliged to come to Boston via the Neck. \nThe building of a bridge was the condition of annexation. \nSouth Boston was taken from the territory of Dorchester. \nEoxbury, itself a city, brought a large accession to Boston, to \nwhich it had long been joined in fact. Dorchester, settled a \nfew months earlier than Boston, has become a ward of the \n\n\n24 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nmetropolis. Tliese two towns brought an increase to the popu- \nlation of about forty thousand, and a territory of nearly seven \nthousand acres. \n\nCommunication between Boston and the surrounding towns \nwas at first wholly by the Neck. The people of Chelsea thus \nhad a circuit of at least a dozen miles, and a day's journey \nbefore them, to go to town and return. There was a ferry es- \ntablished at Charlestown and Winnisimmet (Chelsea) as early \nas 1635, — five years after the settlement of Boston. \"We find \nby the records that Thomas Marshall \" was chosen by generaU \nconsent for y* keeping of a Ferry from y^ Mylne Point vnto \nCharlestown and Wynneseemitt, for a single p'son sixpence, and \nfor two, sixpence ; and for every one above y'^ number of two, \ntwo pence apiece.\" Ships' boats were first used, then scows, \nand this continued to be the only means of transit until 1786. \nFour years previous to this the Marquis Chastellux states that \nhe was one hour making the voyage from \"Winnisimmet in a \nscow fiUed with cattle, sheep, etc. Seven tacks were required \nto bring them safely to land. \n\nAbridge to Cambridge was agitated as long ago as 1739. \nThe obstruction to the passage of ferry-boats by ice was a \nserious inconvenience. Charles Eiver Bridge, from the Old \nFerry landing to Charlestown, was the first constructed. The \nfirst pier was laid on the 14th June, 1785, and the bridge \nthrown open for travel in little more than a year. This was \nconsidered at the time the greatest enterprise ever undertaken \nin America, and its \" successful completion was celebrated by a \npublic procession, consisting of both branches of the Legislature, \nthe proprietors and artisans of the bridge, military and civic so- \ncieties. Salutes were fired from the Castle, Copp's and Breed's \nHill. This was only eleven years after the battle of Bunker \nHill. John Hancock was first president of the corporation. \n\n\"West Boston Bridge, to Cambridge, was opened in November, \n1793. Dover Street, or Boston South Bridge, was next opened \nin the summer of 1805. Cragie's, or, as it used to be called, \nCanal Bridge, from the Middlesex Canal, was next completed \nin August, 1809, from what was then known as Barton's Point, \n\n\nINTKODUCTION. \n\n\n25 \n\n\non the Boston side, to Lechmere's Point in Cambridge. By a \nbridge thrown across from Lechmere's Point to Charlestown, \nthe long detour around Charlestown Neck was avoided. The \n\"Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, as it was long called, was \nopened with great ceremony July, 1821. The South Boston \nBridge, from what was respectively Windmill and Wheeler's \nPoint, at the foot of Federal Street, to South Boston, was com- \npleted in 1828, and shortened the journey into Boston, by \nway of the ISTeck, about a mile. Warren Bridge met with \ngreat opposition from the proprietors of Charles River Bridge, \nbut was opened as a public highway \nDecember, 1828. This completes \nthe list of the older avenues of tra- \nvel to the mainland ; but we have \nnow a magnificient iron structure \nto South Boston, recently erected, \nwhile the numerous railway bridges \nspanning the river enable the city \nto stretch its Briareus-like arms in \nevery direction for traffic. \n\nCoaches are first mentioned as \nbeing in use in Boston in 1668-69. \nCaptain Anthony Howard appears \nto have owned one in 1687, for he \nwas fined twenty shillings that year \n\" for setting a coach-house two feet \ninto J\" streete at y« K End of y\" Towne.\" * In 1798 there \nwere 98 chaises and 47 coaches, chariots, phaetons, &c. in all \nBoston. In October, 1631, Governor Winthrop went on foot \nto Lynn and Salem, and until there were roads it is obvious \nthere was little use for wheeled vehicles, even for such as \ncould afford them. In 1750 there were only a few carriages, \nand these, chariots and coaches. Four-wheeled chaises were \nin use in families of distinction. The first public coach or \nhack used in Boston was set up in 1712 by Jonathan WardeU, \nat the sign of the Orange Tree, head of Hanover Street. One \n\n\nWINTHBOP FORDING THE EIVEB. \n\n\n* To'wn Kecords. \n\n\n2 \n\n\n26 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nwas also set up by Adino Paddock, in 1762, who called it the \n\" Burling Coach,\" from its London prototype. Paddock was \na coachmaker by trade ; we shall have occasion to notice him \nin these pages. The next pubhc veliicle was a small post- \nchaise, drawn by a pair of gray horses, and stood at the head \nof State Street, about 1790. Gentlemen and ladies who at- \ntended balls and parties in those times had to walk, unless \nthey could get a cast in a friend's carriage. \n\nCoaches for public conveyance were first established in 1763, \nwhen one was put on the route between Boston and Ports- \nmouth, IsT. H. Bartholemew Stavers was the \"undertaker,\" \nand his head-quarters were at the sign of the Lighthouse, at the \nIS'orth End. The \" Portsmouth Flying Stage Coach,\"' as he \nstyled his carriage, carried six inside passengers, each paying \nthirteen shillings and sixpence sterling, to Portsmouth. The \nstage and horses were kept at Charlestown, to save the trouble \nof ferriage, and set out every Friday morning, putting up at \nthe inns along the road. Eeturning, the stage left Portsmouth \nevery Tuesday morning. Stavers gave notice \"that as this \nwas a convenient and genteel way of travelling, and greatly \ncheaper than hiring carriages or horses, he hoped ladies and \ngentlemen would encourage the same.\" * A stage was put on \nthe route to Marblehead in 1769, by Edward Wade. His car- \nriage was a post-chaise, suited for ladies and gentlemen, and he \nliimself might be \" spoken with at the widow Trefry's in Fish \n(Xorth) Street.\" \n\nRailways were early under discussion by the people of \nBoston, but no decisive steps were taken until 1825. The first \nroad chartered in the State was the Experiment Eaihoad at \nQuincy. I^ext came the Lowell, incorporated in 1830, fol- \nlowed by the Worcester, Providence, and others. The Lowell \nwas the first opened for public travel, in June, 1835, closely \nfollowed by the Worcester in July of the same year ; the Prov- \nidence was also opened in 1835, with a single track. The \nMaine was opened from Wilmington to Andover in 1836 ; to \nSouth Berwick, 1843. The Eastern comes next, m 1838, in \n\n* Drake, p. 664 \n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 27 \n\nwhich year it was opened to Salem. George Peabody was the \nfirst president. The Old Colony hegan operating in ISTovemher, \n1845, the Fitchburg in 1845, and the Hartford and Erie in \n1849, under the name of the Norfolk County Eoad. It is a \ncurious fact, that every one of the eight railway stations in \nBoston stands on ground reclaimed from the sea. \n\nWe have taken the reader through the settlement, physical \nfeatures, and successive phases of the growth of the Old Town, \nand now that we are about to commence our rambles together, \nwe warn him to be prepared for changes that will make it diflS.- \ncult and often impossible to fix localities accurately. For \nfifty years our men of progress have been pulling down the old \nand building up the new city. Few of its original features are \nleft except, in the iN'orth End. \n\n\nCHAPTER I. \nking's chapel and the neighbobhood. \n\n\nHistory of the Chapel. — Establishment of the Church of England. — Chapel \nBurial-Ground. — Boston Athenaeiim. — Academy of Arts and Sciences. — \nHistorical Society. — The Museum. — The Old Comer. — Royal Custom \nHouse. — Washington. — H. G. Otis. —Daniel Webster. — Tremont Street. \n— Howard Street. — Pemberton Hill. — Endicott. — Captain Southack. — \nTheodore LjTnan, Senior. — John Cotton. — Sir Henry Vane. — Samuel \nSewall. — Gardiner Greene. — Earl Percy. — BellLngham. — Faneuil. — \nPhillips. — Davenport. — Oxenbridge. — Beacon Street. — School Street. — \nLatin School. —Franklin Statue. —City Hall. —Otis. — Warren. — Mas- \ncarene. — Cromwell's Head. — The Old Comer Bookstore.— : Anne Hutchin- \nson. — The French Church. — Catholic Church. — Second UniversaUst. — \nProvince Street. — Chapman Place. — James Lovell. — Wendell. \n\nWE choose King's Chapel for our point of departnre, as \nwell from its central position as from the fact that \nits vicinage is probably the oldest ground built upon in Bos- \nton, Blackstone's lot alone excepted. \n\nThe exterior of Eling's Chapel \ndoes not present any remarkable \narchitectural features. It has an \nair of solidity and massiveness \nthat seems to bespeak the inten- \ntion of its builders that it should \nremain where it was placed. \nThis purpose is likely to be set \nat naught by the proposed re- \nmoval of the Chapel northward- \nly, to widen School Street. So \nimprobable an idea never entered \nthe heads of the founders ; but \nwe make nothing nowadays of \ntaking up blocks of brick or stone bodily, and moving them \nwhither we list. \n\n\nGOVERNOR SHIRLEY. \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. \n\n\n29 \n\n\nKing's Chapel is the fifth in the order of Boston churches. \nThe architect was Peter Harrison, of Newport, R. I., and the plan \nembraced a steeple, which Mr. Harrison thought essential to his \ngeneral design, and would have a \" beautiful effect.\" For want \n\n\nking's chapel as it appears in 1872. \n\nof funds, however, the steeple was never built. Governor \nShirley laid the corner-stone on the 11th of August, 1749, and \nafter giving the workmen £ 20 (old tenor) to drink his health, \nwent into the old church, which was still standing, where a \nservice appropriate to the occasion was held by Eev. Mr. Caner, \nthe rector. \n\nMr. Harrison had been requested to present drawings with \nboth a double and single tier of windows. Two rows were \nadopted, the lower ones giving that prince of punsters, Mather \nByles, an opportunity of saying that he had heard of the \ncanons of the church, but had never seen the port-holes before. \n\nThe stone for the chapel came from Braintree, and was taken \n\n\n30 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nfrom the surface of the ground, no quarries \"being then opened. \nThe rough appearance of the stone is due to the limited knowl- \nedge of the art of dressing it which then prevailed. \n\nGreenwood's httle work on King's Chapel gives the follow- \ning facts. It was first erected of wood in the year 1688, en- \nlarged in 1710, and, heing found in the year 1741 in a state of \nconsiderable decay, it was proposed to rebuild it of stone. A \nsubscription for this purpose was set on foot, and Peter Faneuil \n(of Faneuil Hall memory) was chosen treasurer of the building- \nfund. The buUdiug was to be of stone, and was to cost \n£ 25,000 (old tenor). It was not to be commenced until \n£ 10,000 were subscribed. \n\nAmong the first siibscribers were Governor WiUiam Shirley, \nSir Charles Henry Frankland, and Peter Faneuil. The Gov- \nernor gave £100; Sir H. Frankland, £50; Faneuil, £200 \nsterling. Faneuil died in 1742, and the matter was for some \ntime laid aside, but was revived by Mr. Caner in 1747. A \nnew subscription was drawn up. Governor Shirley increased \nhis gift to £200, and Sir H. Frankland to £150 sterling. \nFor the subscription of Peter Faneuil the society Avas obliged \nto sue his brother Benjamin, who was also his executor, and \nrecovered it after a vexatious suit at law. \n\nThe new chapel was built so as to enclose the old church, in \nwhich services continued to be held, in spite of its ruinous con- \ndition, until March, 1753, when the society was obliged to \nremove to Trinity. The congregation having appHed for the \nuse of the Old South on Christmas day, a verbal answer was \nreturned granting the request on condition \"that the house \nshould not be decorated with spruce,\" etc. \n\nEfforts to obtaia money to complete the chapel were made \nin every direction. Among others. Captain Thomas Coram, \nfounder of the Foundling Hospital in London, who had re- \nsided in this country, was apphed to by a gentleman then in \nLondon ; but no sooner had he mentioned the object of his visit \nthan he was obhged to listen to a burst of passionate reproaches \nfor some alleged slight the vestry of King's Chapel had formerly \nput upon him. The old gentleman finally told his visitor, with \n\n\nIQNG S CHAPEL AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. \n\n\n3i \n\n\nan oath, \" that if the twelve Apostles were to apply to him in \nbehalf of the church, he would persist in refusing to do it.\" \n\nThe portico was not completed until 1789. In that year \nGeneral \"Washington was in Boston, and attended an oratorio \nin the chapel, which had for its object the completion of the \nportico. The general was \ndressed in a black velvet suit, \nand gave five guineas towards \nthis purpose. \n\nThe old building, which \ngave place to the present one, \nhad an apology for a tower, \non the top of which was a \ncrown, and above this a cock \nfor a vane. A gallery was \nadded after the enlargement \nin 1710, and the pulpit was \non the north side. Opposite old king's chapel. \n\nwas a pew for the governors, and near it another for officers \nof the British army and navy. In the west gallery was the \nfirst organ ever used in Boston, given to the society by Thomas \nBrattle. A bell was purchased in 1689, and a clock was do- \nnated in 1714 by the gentlemen of the British Society. The \nwalls and piUars were hung with the escutcheons of the King, \nSir Edmund Andros, Governors Dudley, Shute, Burnet, Bel- \ncher, and Shirley, and formed a most striking contrast with the \nbare walls of the Puritan churches of the town. In the pulpit, \naccording to the custom of the times, Avas an hour-glass to mark \nthe length of the sermons, while the east end was adorned with \nan altar-piece, the Ten Commandments, Lord's Prayer, etc. The \nemblems of heraldry have disappeared. It was the usage of the \nchurch to place the royal governors at the head of the vestry. \n\nAs you enter the chapel, at your left hand is the monument \nof WiUiam Vassall, erected by Florentine Vassall, of Jamaica, in \n1766. To the right is a beautiful monumental tablet dedicated \nto the memory of the young men of the chapel who fell in the \nlate civil war. \n\n\n32 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nOn the School Street side are miiral tablets to William \nSullivan, John Lowell, Thomas ISTewton, — one of the original \nfounders, — and Frances Shirley, wife of Governor William \nShirley. Within the chancel are busts of Greenwood and \nFreeman, rectors ; while the burial-ground side contains tablets \nto Charles Apthorp and Samuel Appleton. Over the vestry \nare the names of Charles Pelham and William Price, patrons \nof the church. These are about the only monumental marbles \nto be seen in our city churches, though others have mural tab- \nlets. The Vassal monument is a beautiful specimen of the art \nin the last century, and was executed by Tyler, a London sculp- \ntor. These add interest to the church, and reflect in a modest \nway the glories of old St. Paul's and of Westminster Abbey. \n\nThe first bell was cracked, while tolling for evening service, \nMay 8, 1814. The wits seized upon the accident with avidity, \nand commemorated it in the following effusion (Paul Eevere re- \ncast the bell, and some churchman answered the innuendo) : — \n\n\"The Chapel church, \" The church still lives, \nLeft in the lurch, The priest survives, \n\nMust surely fall ; With mind the same. \n\nFor church and people Revere refounds, \n\nAnd bell and steeple The bell resoimds, \n\nAre crazy all. And all is well again.\" \n\nThe present organ of King's Chapel was procured from Eng- \nland in 1756, and paid for by private subscription. It cost \n£ 500 sterhng, and was said to have been selected by the im- \nmortal Handel liimself, though the great maestro was then \nblind. Over this organ a crown and a couple of gilt mitres \nwere said to have been placed in times gone by. \n\nIn the year 1775, when Boston was in a state of siege, the \nBritish military and naval officers worshipped in King's Chapel, \nas they had in fact done during the previous years the town \nwas in occupation of the British soldiers. The burial of three \nsoldiers of the Sixty-fifth Eegiment are the last-recorded inter- \nments in the Chapel cemetery previous to the evacuation of the \ntown ia March. The rector, Dr. Caner, went to HaUfax with \nthe king's troops, taking with him the church registers, plate, \nand vestments. The service, which had in part been presented \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighboehood. 33 \n\nby the King, amounted to two thousand eight hundred ounces \nof silver. It was never recovered. \n\nWhen the society of King's Chapel were ready to rebuild, in \n1748, they desired an enlargement of the ground for their site \na few feet northwardly, also a piece of ground at the east side, \non part of which then stood the Latin School. After a good \ndeal of negotiation between the town and the church committee, \nthe church erected a new school-house on the opposite side of \nthe street on land belonging to Colonel Saltonstall, where the \nLatin School remained up to a comparatively recent time. The \nremoval of the old school-house was viewed Avith no favorable \neye by the townspeople, and Joseph Green, a Harvard graduate \nof 1726, and a noted wit, expressed the popidar feeling thus: — \n\n\" A fig for your learning ! I tell you tlie to^vn, \nTo make the church larger, must pull the school down. \n' Unhappily spoken ! ' exclaims Master Birch ; \n'Then learning, it seems, stops the growth of the church.'\" \n\nAfter the departure of the royal troops, the popular furor \nagainst everything savoring of their late allegiance to the \nthrone found expression in the removal of the royal emblems \nfrom public buildings, changing the names of streets and every- \nthing that bore any allusion to the obnoxious idea of kingly \nauthority. King's Chapel was therefore newly baptized Stone \nChapel, a name that has in turn been discarded for the old, \nhigh-sounding title of yore. In the reign of Queen Anne the \nchurch was called \" Queens Chappell.\" \n\nThe establishment of the Church of England in Boston was \nattended with great opposition. The Puritans, who had fled \nfrom the persecutions of that church in the old country, had \nno idea of admitting it among them in the new. In 1646 a \npetition praying for the privilege of Ejjiscopal worsliip, addressed \nto the General Court at Boston, caused the petitioners to be \nfined for seditious expressions, and the seizure of their papers. \nCharles II., after his accession, wrote to the colony requiring, \namong other things, that the laws should be \" reviewed \" so as \nto permit the Episcopal form of worship, the use of the Book \nof Common Prayer, etc. The chief people and elders of the \n\n\n34 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ncolony looked upon the efforts of the profligate Charles II. in \nbehalf of religious liberty as they would upon the quoting of \nScripture by Ms Satanic Majesty, and paid little heed to the \nmandate of the merry monarch of whom his favorite Rochester \nwrote, — \n\n\" Here lies our sovereign Lord the King, \nWhose word no man relied on ; \n^ Who never said a foolish thing, \nAnd never did a wise one.\" \n\nThe King, when over liis bottle, commanded Eochester to \nwrite him a suitable epitaph, \" something appropriate and \nwitty.\" The Earl, seizing his pen, wrote as above, and for his \nkeen effusion remained some time in disgrace. \n\nIn 1686, in the reign of James II., the first Episcopal services \nwere held in the Old Town House, which then stood on the \nsite of the Old State House. Rev. Robert Ratchff was the \nfirst Episcopal clergyman, and came over in the Rose frigate in \nMay, 1686. The town, however, continued to refuse the use \nof any of the meeting-houses, and the society were unable to \nbuy land on Cotton (now Pemberton) HiU to build on. Edward \nRandolph — the first officer of customs that Boston had, a man \nspecially hated for his successful efforts to have the king revoke \nthe colonial charter — may be considered as cliiefly instrumental \nin setting up the EpiscopaHans in Boston. Randolph was also \nat this time one of his Majesty's council for N'ew England. \n\nSir Edmund Andros, who arrived in Boston in December, \n\n1686, after having several conferences with the ministers on \nthe subject of using one of the meeting-houses for Episcopal \nservices, sent Randolph, on \"Wednesday, the 22d of March, \n\n1687, to demand the keys of the South Meeting-house, now \nOld South. On Good Friday, which was the following Friday, \nthe sexton opened the doors by command of Andros \" to open \nand ring the bell for those of the Church of England.\" \n\nBut time, which makes all things even, gave the Old South \nSociety a signal revenge for what they considered httle less than \nsacrilege. King's Chapel, abandoned by its rector and con- \ngregation when the town was evacuated, remained closed until \nthe autumn of 1777, when it was occupied by the Old South \n\n\niaNG*S CHAPEL AND THE NEIGHBOEHOOD, 35 \n\nSociety, whose house had been converted into a British ridings \nschool. This society used the Chapel about five years. \n\nKing's Chapel stands as a monument to mark the resting- \nplace of Isaac Johnson, the second white inhabitant of Boston. \nThe locahty of the grave is unknown, and is likely to remain \nso, owing to the many changes, both past and prospective, in \nthe old biu'ial-ground. Johnson, under whose direction the \nsettlement of Boston mainly proceeded in its incipient steps, \nselected for himself the square enclosed by Tremont, Court, \nWashington, and School Streets. So says tradition on the \nauthority of Chief Justice Sewall. Johnson died in September, \n1630, and was buried at his own request at the southwest \nend of his lot. This solitary grave was the nucleus around \nwhich gathered the remains of the first settlers, and constituted \nthe first place of sepulture in the town. The old church of \n1688 was erected on the burying-ground, it is conjectured by \nauthority of Andros ; the town would not have permitted the \nuse of the pubHc burying-ground for this purpose. \n\nJohnson's history has a touch of romance. He married \nLady Arabella, daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. She left her \nnative land and a life of ease to follow her husband to the \nwilds of America. She died very soon after her arrival, in \nSalem, and was j)robably buried there ; but the location of her \ngrave, like that of her husband, who so soon followed her, is \nunknown. Johnson's death was said to have been hastened by \nthe loss of his amiable and beautifid wife. It was to the \nmemory of the Lady Arabella that Mrs. Sigourney wrote, — \n\n\" Yet still she hath a monument \nTo strike the pensive eye, \nThe tender memories of the land \nWherein her ashes lie.\" \n\nIt is a popular belief that the Chapel Burying-Ground, or \n\" Old Burying-Place,\" as it was first called, contains the mortal \nremains only of such as were of the Episcopal faith ; but this \nis -very far from being the case. The dust of Governor Win- \nthrop, of John Cotton, Davenport, Oxenbridge, and Bridge, \npastors of the First Church, and of other Puritans of the stern- \n\n\n36 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF -BOSTON. \n\n\nSHIRLEY AEMS. \n\n\nest type, lie under the shadow of a detested Episcopal edifice. \nBesides these, the remains of Governor Shirley and of Lady \n\nAndros repose here. Here may be \nseen on the tombstones the arms and \nescutcheons of the deceased, carry- \ning us back to the days of heraldry. \nUnder the Chapel are vaults for the \nreception of the dead. \n\nAs we look through the iron gate \ninto the enclosure, the curious ar- \nrangement of the gravestones strikes \nus. In the centre the headstones form \na sort of hollow square, as if to repel \nfurther aggression upon the territory of the dead, while at \nthe sides and walls the same plan is observed. This peculiar \narrangement was the chef doeuvre of a former Superintendent \nof Burials ; many stones were removed from their original posi- \ntions, and now give effect to the proverb, \" to lie like a tomb- \nstone.\" What would the future or even present seeker after \nthe grave of an ancestor do in such a case of perplexity? \nDoubtful, in a certain sense, of the legend \" Here lies,\" he would \nrestrain his emotion, fearing that the tear of affection might \nfall on the ashes of a stranger. \n\nKing's Chapel Burying-Ground is by no means exempt from \nthe ghostly legends that usually attach to cemeteries. One is \nrecorded of a negro-woman, whose coffin the careless carpenter \nhaving made too short, severed the head from the body, and, \nclapping it between the feet, nailed down the lid to conceal his \nblunder. Another is related of a person who was asserted to \nhave been buried alive. A hue-and-cry was raised, the corpse \nwas exhumed in the presence of a mob which had gathered, \nand it needed the assurance of the doctors who examined the \nremains to set the affair at rest. The mob, disappointed of its \nexpected sensation, proposed to bury the old woman who had \nraised the uproar, but did not execute the threat.* Interments \nceased here in 1796. \n\n\nDealings with the Dead, \n\n\nKikg's chapel and the neighboehood. 37 \n\niS^ext northerly from the burying-groimd once stood an old \nwooden building covered with rough cast. It was the residence \nof some of the rectors of King's Chapel, and of Dr. Caner, the \nlast one. This budding was occupied by the Boston Athenaeum \nin 1810, and was taken down about forty years ago, to give place \nto the stone building occupied later as a Savings Bank and by \nthe Historical Society. The Athenaeum, now so conspicuous \namong literary institutions, owes its origin to the Anthology \nClub, an association of gentlemen for literary purposes. They \nconducted a periodical called the Monthly Anthology, and ia \nit published proposals in 1806 for subscriptions for a public \nreading-room. Success foUowing this effort, it was determined \nto add a library, and trustees were appointed for the manage- \nment. The rooms were first opened in Joy's Buildings, on the \nwest corner of Congress and Water Streets ; then in ScoUay's \nBuilding in Tremont Street; and later, in the location first \n\nmentioned. \n\nThe Boston Athenaeum became incorporated in February, \n1807, and occupied three rooms in the old rough-cast building. \nThe first was the news or reading room ; the second, the library \nof the Athenseum and American Academy ; the third, the pri- \nvate library of John Quincy Adams, which became afterwards \nthe property of the Athenaeum. \n\nMr. Shaw, in his history published in 1817, gives the follow- \ning particulars with regard to the library at that time : \" The \nlibrary of the Athenaeum contains upwards of ten thousand \nvolumes. The collection in history and biography is very \ncomplete, and in American History unrivalled; under this \nhead may be noticed three thousand pamphlets. Twenty-one \nforeign and about twelve American periodicals are repeived.\" \nIn 1822 the Athengeum was removed to Pearl Street, near the \ncomer of High, to a building partly purchased and partly pre- \nsented by James Perkins. At this time the library possessed \nseventeen thousand five hundred volumes and ten thousand \ntracts. It now contains nine hundred and seventy-six thou- \nsand volumes. \n\nThe Athenaeum was removed in 1849 to Beacon Street, \n\n\n38 LANDMARKS 01* BOSTON. \n\nwhere its spacious halls, devoted to sculpture and paintiag, \nattract the lovers of art, no less than its unrivalled library and \nextensive reading-rooms draw to its shrine the student in every \ndepartment of literature. Pope tells us, — \n\n\"A little learning is a dangerous thing ; \nDrink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. \" \n\nHere we may drink to intoxication, and avoid the danger he \npoints out. This institution has received munificent contri- \nbutions ; among others may be named twenty-five thousand \ndollars given at ditFerent times by John Bromfield. Thomas \nH. Perkins was a generous benefactor, and many other eminent \nBostonians have aided it handsomely. \n\nThe corner-stone of the elegant freestone building on \nBeacon Street Avas laid ia April, 1847. The design was by \nEdward C. Cabot, but some interior alterations were made \nunder the direction of Billings. The site was the estate of \nEdward B. Phillips, but the proprietors had purchased the \nground on which the Museum stands in Tremont Street, with \nthe intention of building there. This ground was sold. The \noriginal members of the Anthology Club, founders of the Athe- \nnaeum, were John Sylvester, John Gardner, William Emerson, \nArthur M. Walter, WilKam S. Shaw, Samuel C. Thacher, Joseph \nS. Buckminster, Joseph Tuckerman, William Tudor, Jr., Peter \nO. Thacher, Thomas Gray, Wilham Wells, Edmund T. Dana, \nJohn C. Warren, and James Jackson. \n\nThe Athenaeum contains, among other works of art, marble \nbusts of Dr. Kirkland, by Greenough ; of Chief Justice Mar- \nshall, by Frazee ; of W. H. Prescott, by Greenough ; Crawford's \nmarble statues of Hebe and Ganymede, and of Orpheus; a \nbust of Loammi Baldwin, by Powers ; and Greenough's Shep- \nherd Boy in bronze. In the superb collection of paintings are \nAllston's portrait of West, and his Isaac of York ; portraits by \nEembrandt and Vandyke; a cattle piece by Cuyp; a Holy \nFamily by Murillo, and landscapes by Tanderwert. The origi- \nnal portraits of Washington and wdfe, by Stitart, were pur- \nchased for fifteen hundred dollars in 1831. Besides these are \nseveral unfinished works of AUston. \n\n\nI \n\n\nKINGS CHAPEL AND THE NEIGHBOEHOOD. 39 \n\nThe Academy of Arts and Sciences is the oldest institution \nwith literary objects in Boston, and the second in America. It \nwas instituted in 1779, and received a charter the next year, \nin which the design of the Academy is stated to be, \" the pro- \nmotion of the knowledge of the antiquities of America and of \nthe natural history of the country.\" The number of members \nis limited to two hundred. \n\nGovernor Bowdoin was the first president, followed by John \nAdams, Edward A. Holyoke, J. Q. Adams, I^athaniel Bow^ditch, \nJohn Pickering, and other distinguished persons. Count Rum- \nford left a legacy within the control of the Academy to ad- \nvance the cause of science. The society occupies a room in \nthe Athenaeum, \n\nThe Historical Society originated as early as 1791. On the \n24th January, Hon, Judge Tudor, Eev, Drs. Belknap, Thacher, \nand EUot, Judge Winthrop of Cambridge, Rev. Dr. Freeman, \nJudge Minot, Hon. W. Baylies of Dighton, Judge Sullivan, \nafterwards governor of Massachusetts, and Mr, WaUcutt, met \nand organized themselves. The meetings were first held in \nJudge Minot's office in Spring Lane, but the use of a corner \nroom in the attic of Faneuil Hall was soon obtained, \" a place \nas retired and recondite as explorers into the recesses of antiq- \nuity would think of visiting.\" In 1791 the society occupied \nthe Manufactory House in Hamilton Place. In 1793 the \nsociety was offered a room in the Tontine Crescent, on the \nsouth side of Franklin Street, over the arch, the entrance into \nArch Street, Charles Bulfinch, Williani Scollay, and James \nYaughan, who reclaimed Franklin Street from a quagmire, made \nthis offer, and here the society remained until 1833, when it \nremoved to its late quarters in Tremont Street, from which it is \nnow temporarily ousted by the repairs of the building. The \nsituation in Franklin Street presented the singular phase of a \nbuilding without land, as it rested upon an arched passage- \nway. \n\nGovernor Gore was president in 1806. In 1838 the society's \ncollections amounted to six thousand volumes and manuscripts. \nThe society possesses many relics of historic interest. It has \n\n\n40 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nportraits of Governors Endicott, Winslow, Powiiall, Dummer, \nBelcher, \"Winthrop, Hutchinson, Strong, Gore, etc. That of \nWinslow is supposed to be a Vandyke. The swords of Gover- \nnor Carver, Myles Standish, Colonel Church, Governor Brooks, \nSir \"William Pepperell, and those of Captain Linzee and Colo- \nnel Prescott, worn at Bunker's Hill, are the property of the \nsociety. 'Not the least curious among these relics is a silk flag \npresented by Governor Hancock to a colored company called \nthe \" Bucks of America,\" bearing the device of a pine-tree and \na buck, above which are the initials \"J. H.\" and \"G. W.\" \nThere is also a gun used at the capture of Governor Andros by \nthe Bostonians in 1689; the samp-bowl of King Philip, and \nthe lock of the gun with which he was killed. \n\nThe hbrary of the society has a value not to be estimated in \ndollars and cents. It was the foimdation of materials for the \nhistory of New England, many of which have been published \nin the society's valuable collections. \n\nAmong other valuable donations to the society may be men- \ntioned the papers and documents of General WiUiam Heath of \nEevolutionary fame, besides the magnificent library of Thomas \nDowse of Cambridge, contaiuing about five thousand volumes, \nmany being of the greatest historical interest. \n\nThe Museum building, which covers twenty thousand feet \nof land, and cost a quarter of a million, is one of the attractive \nobjects of the street and of the city. Eor many years its rows \nof exterior lights have been a lamp in the path of the pedes- \ntrian and a lure to its votaries. On its boards have stood in \ntimes past the elder Booth and Mrs. George Barrett. Booth, \nof whom a capital likeness in crayon, by Eowse, hangs in the \nmain hall, deserves to be classed with Kean, Kemble, and the \ngiants of the stage. His unfortunate penchant for convivial in- \ndulgence has given rise to many anecdotes. On one occasion, \nwhile playing at the Howard, Tom Ford, the manager, stipu- \nlated that Booth should submit to be locked in his room by a \ncertaia hour, in order that the actor might not be in a condition \nto disappoint the audience, as was sometimes the case. The \nchagrin of the manager may be imagined at finding the tragedian \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 41 \n\nintoxicated when he came to fetch him to the theatre. Booth \nhad bribed a waiter to bring Uquor to his door, where succes- \nsive glasses were emptied by means of a straw through the key- \nhole. As Eichard III. Booth was incomparable. He often \nbecame greatly excited in the combat scene, and on one occa- \nsion it is stated that he attacked W. H. Smith, the veteran \nactor, lately deceased, in dead earnest, driving him from the \nstage, and pursuing liim into the street. \n\nWiUiam Warren, the first comedian of the American stage, \nmade his first appearance at the Museum in 1847, and after \ntwenty-five years of service is still without a peer in his pecu- \nliar parts. Adelaide Phillips, whose triumphs on the lyric \nstage are well known, was a danseuse at the Museum in the \nyear just mentioned. By the generosity of Jenny Lind and \nother friends she was enabled to obtain a musical education in \nEurope. \n\nThe present Museum covers the site of the old Columbian \nMuseum, which passed through many mutations, and was \nfinally destroyed by fire in January, 1807. The Columbian \nMuseum originated in the exliibition of wax-works at the \nAmerican Coffee House iu State Street, opposite Kilby, as \nearly as 1791. Mr. Bo wen, the proprietor, removed to what \nwas called \" the head of the MaU,\" at the corner of Bromfield's \nLane (now Street) in 1795. This building was burnt in Janu- \nary, 1803 ; but Mr. Bo wen was enabled to reopen his Museum \nin Milk Street, at the corner of Oliver, in May of that year. \nIn 1806 the building on Tremont Street, where the Museum \nnow is, was erected by Wilham M. S. Doyle. It was of brick, \nfive stories liigh, and was opened Thanksgiving evening. \n\nThe destructive element soon swept away this edifice. It \ntook fire about midnight, and was consumed with all its con- \ntents ; not an article was saved. The event was signalized by \na painful disaster. A large crowd of spectators had collected \nin the burying-ground adjoining, when the waUs fell, killing \nnine or ten boys, from twelve to fifteen years old. Dr. William \nEustis, afterwards governor of Massachusetts, resided then in \n■ Sudbury Street, and with other physicians lent his aid on the \n\n\n42 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\noccasion. The undismayed proprietors liad a new two-story \nbuilding erected by June, 1807, which continued until 1825, \nwhen the collection was sold to the New England Museum. \n\nThe New England Museum — formed from the New York \nMuseum, which was opened in 1812, in Boylston Hall; from \nMix's New Haven Museum, added in 1821 ; and from the \nColumbian — was opened by Mr. E. A. Greenwood, July 4, \n1818. It was situated on Court Street, and extended from \nCornhill to Brattle Street, occupying the upper stories. In \n1839 Moses KimbaU became the proprietor, and these several \nestablishments, merged in the New England, constituted the \npresent Museum, first located on the present site of Horticul- \ntural Hall in 1841, and in 1846 where it now stands. \n\nAt the corner of Court and Tremont Streets was the resi- \ndence of John Wendell, an old Boston merchant of the time \nof Governor Shirley. He married a daughter of Judge Edmund \nQuincy, and was the oldest brother of Hon. Jacob Wendell, a \nleading Bostonian in the troublous Eevolutionary times. \n\nThe Eoyal Custom House was located in Wendell's house in \n1759, at which time George Cradock, Esq., a near neighbor of \nWendell's, was collector. \n\nThe old building now standing on this corner is the one in \nwhich Washington lodged during his memorable visit in 1789. \n\nThus much you may read \non the small tablet placed \nin the Court Street front. \nAt the time Washington \noccupied it, it was kept by \nJoseph Ingersoll as a board- \ning-house. The coming of \nWashington to the town he \nhad delivered in 1776 was \nmarred by an act of official \npunctilio on the part of Gov- \nernor Hancock, which caused \nthe greatest mortification \nalike to the people and the \nillustrious visitor. \n\n\nWASHINUTON'S LODGINGS. \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 43 \n\nOn the arrival of the general on the Neck, he was met by \nthe suite of the governor, but not by the governor, whose views \nof State sovereignty would not admit of his acknowledging a \nsuperior personage within his official jurisdiction. The day \nwas cold and raw, and Washington, chagrined at the absence \nof the governor, was about to turn his horse's head to depart, \nwhen he was prevailed uj)on by the authorities of the town to \nenter it. \n\nA long delay had occurred at the N^eck, and many people \ncaught Avhat was called the \" Washington cold.\" The general \nwore his old continental uniform, and rode on horseback with \nhis head uncovered, but did not salute the tlrrongs that lined \nhis Avay. On arriving at the Old State House, Washington \nwould not ascend to the balcony prepared for him at the west \nend, until assured that the governor Avas not there ; and after \nthe passage of the i:)rocession before him, retired to his lodgings. \nTo add to the coldness of his reception, a cold dinner awaited \nhim ; but his landlord procured and placed before his guest a \nfish of great excellence, and thus saved his credit at the last \nmoment. \n\nWashington himself declared the circumstance had been so \ndisagreeable and mortifying that, notwithstanding all the marks \nof respect and affection he had received from the inhabitants \nof Boston, he would have avoided the place had he anticipated \nit.* \n\nGovernor Hancock, perceiving that he had made a fiasco, \nhastened to repair it. General Washington had decline'd his \ninvitation to dinner, so the governor caused himself to be car- \nried next day to the general's lodgings, where he presented \nhimself swathed in fiannels as a victim of gout. Tlie general \nreceived the governor's excuses with due civility, whatever may \nhave been his private convictions, and so the affair terminated. \n\nMadam Hancock, indeed, related afterwards that the gover- \nnor Avas really laid up with gout, and that Washington shed \ntears when he saw the servants bringing the helpless man into \nhis presence. Governor Brooks, and Hon. Jonathan Jackson, \n\n* Huudred Boston Orators. \n\n\n44 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nthen Marshal of the District, dined with the general on the \nday of his arrival, but did not hold this view, and the affair \nwas freely discussed at table. Hancock seems to have yielded \nto the popular pressure which condemned his conduct. He \nwas said to have been jealous of Washington's elevation to the \nPresidency. The general returned the governor's visit, was \naffable among friends, but stood on his dignity when strangers \nwere present. \n\nHarrison Gray Otis was one of the first who occupied this \nold corner for a law office. In his day it was considered quite \non one side, though only a few paces distant from the Court \nHouse. Mr. Otis came upon the stage a little before the open- \ning of the Eevolutionary conflict. He remembered seeing Earl \nPercy's reinforcements mustering for their forced march to \nLexington. A pupil of Master Lovell at the Latin School, \nin 1773, he was removed to Barnstable during the siege of \nBoston, where he quietly pursued his studies, graduating at \nHarvard at eighteen. He was an able lawyer, and until the \nadvent of Mr, \"Webster, — about which time he relinquished \npractice, — was the acknowledged leader of the Boston bar. \nJudge Story thought him the greatest popular orator of his day. \nHis personal appearance was elegant and attractive ; his voice, \nstrong and melodious, often sounded in Paneuil Hall. \n\nMr. Otis was prominently identified with public affairs. In \npontics he was a FederaHst, and a leader of that party in Con- \ngress from 1797 to 1801. He was also an influential member \nof the celebrated Hartford Convention. In 1817, after filling \na number of State offices, Mr. Otis went into the United States \nSenate; and became mayor of his native city in 1829. He \nwas the grandson of Harrison Gray, treasurer of the colony and \na Eoyalist, and nephew of James Otis, the patriot. Gifted in \noratory, with a winning manner and polished address, Harrison \nGray Otis ranks high among Boston's public men. One of the \npublic schools is named for him. \n\nIn the building we are inspecting was once the law office of \nthe great expounder of the Constitution, Daniel Webster, who \nfirst came to Boston in 1804, and studied law with Christo- \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighbokhood. 45 \n\npher Gore, afterwards Governor of Massachusetts. He kept \nschool a short time for his brother Ezekiel, in Short Street, \nsince Kingston. Edward Everett, who hved with his mother \nin JSTewhury Street, was about ten years old, and went at this \ntime to Webster's school. \n\nIt is related of Mr. Webster, that when a young man, about \nto begin the study of law, he was advised not to enter the \nlegal profession, as it was abeady crowded. His reply was, \n\" There is room enough at the top.\" Mr. Webster removed to \nPortsmouth, N. H., returning to Boston in 1816, and in 1820 \nhe was a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Conven- \ntion. His orations at the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker \nHill Momiment, June 17, 1825, Avhen Lafayette was present, \nand also on its completion, June 17, 1843, are familiar to every \nschool-boy. An unsuccessful candidate for the Presidency in \n1836, he entered the cabinet of General Harrison in 1840, as \nSecretary of State, negotiating the long-disputed question of \nboundary with Great Britain by the Ashburton treaty. His \ngreat reply to Hayne of South Carohna, in the Senate, in \nwhich he defended New England against the onslaughts of the \nSouthern Senator, made him the idol of the people of Boston, \nThis speech, which opens with the graphic simile of a ship at \nsea in thick weather, her position unknown and her crew filled \nwith anxiety, was, it is said, dehvered without preparation, \namid the gloomy forebodings of the New England men m \nWashington. His wife, even, who heard the fiery harangue of \nHayne, feared for the result ; but the \" Northern Lion \" reas- \nsured her with the remark that he would grind the Southern \nSenator \" finer than the snuff in her box.\" \n\nNotwithstanding the sledge-hammer force of Webster's elo- \nquence he was often at a loss for a word, but when it came to \nhim it was exactly the right one. His clearness of expression \nis weU illustrated by the following anecdote of David Crockett, \nwho, having heard Mr. Webster speak, accosted him afterwards \nwith the inquiry, \"Is this Mr. Webster]\" \"Yes, sir.\" \n\" Well, sir,\" continued Crockett, \" I had heard that you were \na very great man, but I don't think so. I heard your speech \nand understood every word you said.\" \n\n\n46 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nMr. Webster's hesitation for a suitable expression is well \ndescribed by the following anecdote. At a meeting in Fanenil \nHall he was arguing in favor of the \"Maysville Eoad\" bill, \nwith his usual power, and remarked, \"I am in favor, IVIr. \nChairman, of all roads, except, except — \" Here he stuck, at \nfault for a word, until Harrison Gray Otis, who sat near him \non the platform, said in a low voice, \" Say except the road to \nruin.\" Mr. Webster adopted the suggestion, and used it as if \nhe had merely paused to make his remark more effective. \n\nIn Bench and Bar, it is related that, while Webster was \nSecretary of State, the French Minister asked him whether the \nUnited States would recognize the new government of France. \nThe Secretary assumed a very solemn tone and attitude, saving, \n\" Why not 1 The United States has recognized the Bourbons, \nthe French Republic, the Directory, the Council of Five Hun- \ndred, the First Consul, the Emperor, Louis XVIII., Charles X., \nLouis Philippe, the — \" \"Enough! Enough!\" cried the \nMinister, perfectly satisfied by such a formidable citation of \nconsistent precedents. \n\nMr. Webster lived in Somerset Street, and also at the corner \nof High and Summer Streets, during the different periods of \nhis residence in Boston. The house in Somerset Street is \non the east side, is numbered thirty-seven, and is stiU standing. \nIt was occupied successively by Uriah Cotting, Daniel Web- \nster, Abbott Lawrence, and Rev. Ephraim Peabody of King's \nChapel. Webster's residence in High Street is marked by a \nsplendid block of stores, aptly styled \"Webster Buildings.\" \nHere he resided at the time of Lafayette's Adsit in 1825, and \nreceived the distinguished Frencliman on the evening of the \n17th of June. \n\nMr. Webster was a genuine lover of nature and of field \nsports, and was a good shot. He dehghted in his farm at \nMarslifield, and in his well-fed cattle. Gray's Elegy was his \nfavorite poem, and he was accustomed to repeat it with great \nfeeling and emphasis. Of his two sons, Edward died in \nMexico, a Major of the Massachusetts Volunteers ; Fletcher, \nColonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers in the War of \nthe Rebellion, \"vros killed near Bull Run in 1862. \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 47 \n\nWith two such distinguished hghts of the profession as \nOtis and Webster before them, it is no wonder the old corner \nretains its magnetism for the disciples of Sir William Black- \nstone. \n\nHa\\dng now passed down one side of ancient \" Treamoimt \" \nStreet, we will repair to the corner of Howard Street, and \no-o up the other side, following the practice of the fathers \nof the town, who numbered the streets consecutively down \non one side and up the other. This is still the custom in \nLondon, and was doubtless imported with many other old- \ncountry usages. \n\nOld \"Treamount Street\" began in 1708, at the extreme cor- \nner of Court Street and Tremont Eow, as they now are, and \nextended around the base of what was first called Cotton Hill \n(so called as late as 173.3), from the residence of Eev. John \nCotton ; subsequently Pemberton Hill, from James Pemberton, \na later resident at the north end of what is now Pemberton \nSquare. It was at first merely called 'a highway, like the other \nprincipal avenues, received very early the name of street, and \nwas at the northerly part called Sudbury Lane, 1702. It ter- \nminated at Beacon Street. Pemberton Hill, a spur of Beacon, \nnow marks a level of about eighty feet below the summit of \nthe original hill, it having been cut down in 1835. \n\nOn the brow of the hiU, later the residence of Gardiner \nGreene, was the mansion of Governor Endicott, that uncom- \npromising Puritan who, in 1629, sent the obnoxious Episcopa- \nhans home to England, and afterwards cut out the cross from \nthe King's standard because it \"savored of popery.\" John \nEndicott was sent to America by the Massachusetts Company, \nin England, of which Mathew Cradock was governor, as their \nagent, and was governor of the colony which settled at Salem \nin 1628. He was the successor of Winthrop, as governor, in \n1644, and again in 1649, and removed to Boston in the former \nyear. Endicott filled a number of important offices ; was ap- \npointed Sergeant Major-General in 1645, and in 1652 estab- \nlished a mint, which, though without legal authority, continued \nto supply a currency for more than thirty years. Governor \n\n\n48 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nEndicott opposed the crusade of Eev. Jolin Cotton against the \nwearing of veils by ladies, and had a warm personal discussion \n\nwith that eminent divine. His \nportrait is more like a cardinal of \nEichelieu's time than a Puritan \nsoldier. His head is covered by a \nclose-fitting velvet skull-cap, from \nwhich the curling iron-gray hair \nis escaping down his shoulders ; a \nbroad linen collar, fastened at the \nthroat with cord and tassel, falls \nupon his breast, Avhile his small \nwhite right hand is grasping a \ngauntlet richly embroidered. En- \ndicott's forehead is massive, his \nENDICOTT CUTTING OUT THE CROSS. Hose large and prominent ; but a \ngray mustache which decorates his upper lip effectually con- \nceals the expression of liis mouth, while a long imperial of the \nFrench fashion hides a portion of the chin. His whole coun- \ntenance, however, indicates strength, resolution, and courage. \nThe mutilation of the flag was not an act of bravado at a safe \ndistance from punishment, but of conscience ; and his portrait \nshows us that, having once formed a conviction, he would pur- \nsue it regardless of consequences. \n\nCaptain Cyprian Southack had a comfortable estate of two \nacres, in 1702, lying on the northerly and easterly slope of the \nhill. Howard Street, which was first named Southack's Court \nfor him, subsequently Howard Street, from John Howard the \nphilanthropist, ran through his lands. Captain Southack served \nunder the famous Colonel Benjamin Church in an expedition \nagainst the French and Indians in 1704, in which he com- \nmanded a small vessel, called the Province Snow, of fom-teen \nguns. Wlien Admiral Sir H. Walker arrived in Boston in \n1711, with a fleet and five thousand men destined to act against \nthe French in Canada, he took up his residence with Southack \nin Tremont Street. The captain was to lead the van of the \nexpedition. \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 49 \n\nIn 1717 the pirate ship Whidah, coimnanded by the noto- \nrious Samuel Bellamy, Avas wrecked on the rocks of that part \nof Eastham, now Wellfleet. The council despatched Captain \nSouthack to the scene of the disaster. His powers are indi- \ncated by the following original document : — \n\n\" By virtue of power to me, given by his Excellency Saml. Shute, \nEsq., Govt., and the Admiral, bearmg date April 30th, 1717, to \nseize what goods, merchandise, or effects have or may be found or \ntaken from the Pirate ship wreck at Cape Codd, and those taken \nup by Joseph Done, Esq., in carting and bringing in to me the sub- \nscriber for his Majesty's service at Mr. Wm. Brown's at Eastham. \n\n\"Cyprian Southack. \n\n\"Eastham, May 6, 1717.\" \n\nBellamy's ship was f)urposely run on shore by the captain of \na small vessel he had captured the day before. The captain \nwas to have received his vessel from the pirate in return for \npiloting him into Cape Cod harbor, but, distrusting the good \nfaith of his captor, run his own vessel so near the rocks that \nthe large ship of the pirate was wrecked in attempting to follow \nher. A storm arose, and the rest of the pirate fleet, thrown \ninto confusion, shared the fate of their commander. Captain \nSouthack buried one hundred and two bodies. A few that \nescaped the wreck were brought to Boston and executed. For \na long time — as late as 1794 — copper coins of William and \nMary, and pieces of silver, called cob money, were picked np \nnear the scene of the wreck. The violence of the sea moved \nthe sands upon the outer bar, so that the iron caboose of the \nvessel was visible at low ebb.* \n\nTheodore Lyman, senior, father of the mayor of that name, \nowned and occupied a mansion on the corner of Howard and \nTremont Streets in 1785. A beautiful green lawn extended \nin front of his residence. These charming oases in the midst \nof the desert of brick walls have long ceased to exist except in \nthe public squares. This lot was also intended to have been \nused by the Brattle Street Church Society when they rebuilt \nin 1772 - 73 ; but Governor Hancock, by the present of a bell, \n\n* Massacliusetts Historical Collections. \n\n3 l> \n\n\n50 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\ninduced them to rebuild on the old site. This location was \nalso occupied by Holland's Coffee House, afterwards the Pern-. \nLerton House, destroyed by fire in 1854. \n\nPassing the estate of John Jekyll, Esq., one of the earliest \ncollectors of the port of Boston, 1707, and a great friend of his \nneighbors the Faneuils, we come to that of Rev. John Cotton, \nthe spiritual ftither of Boston. Jolin Cotton, as stated in our \nintroductory chapter, was vicar of St. Botolph's Church in Bos- \nton, England, but incKned to the Piu'itan form of worship. \nCited to appear before the notorious Archbishop Laud for \nomitting to kneel at the sacrament, he fled to America, and \narrived in Boston in 1633, three years after the settlement. \nHere he became a colleague of the Eev. John Wilson in the \npastorate of the Eirst Church. He was a*nian of great learning, \nwell acquainted with Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and published \nmany sermons and controversial works. He died from the \neffects of exposure in crossing the Cambridge ferry, and has \na memorial erected to his memory in his old church of St. \nBotolph's, England, through the liberality of Edward Everett \nand other Bostonians. \n\nThe house of Dr. Cotton stood a little south of the entrance \nto Pemberton Square, near the street, and Avas standing about \nfifty years ago. It was then considered the oldest in Boston, \nand the back part, which remained unaltered, had the small \ndiamond panes of glass set in lead. His ample estate extended \nback over the liiU as far as Dr. Kirk's Church in Ashburton \nPlace, and embraced all the central portion of what is now \nPemberton Square. \n\nThis house had a still more distinguished tenant in Henry \nVane the younger, who resided in it during his stay of two \nyears in Boston, making some additions to the building for his \nown gTeater comfort. Sir Harry, whose eventful history is \nfamiliar, was received with great respect by Winthrop and \nthe people of the town, on his arrival in 1635. His father, \nSir Henry, was Secretary of State and Treasurer of the House- \nhold under James L and Charles I. Alienated from the \nChurch of England, young Harry Vane refused to take the \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighbokhood, 51 \n\noath of allegiance, and became a EepuLlican and a Puritan. \nHe was only twenty-four when chosen governor of Massachu- \nsetts Colony. During his administration the religious contro- \nversy between the congregation and the new sect of Famalists, \nof which Anne Hutchinson was the acknowledged exponent, \nbroke out. Sir Harry, opposed by Wintlirop, was defeated at \na second election of governor, but was immediately chosen a \nrepresentative from the town to the General Court. Returning \nto England, in 1637, he Avas elected to Parliament and knighted \nin 1640. He is said to have presented the bill of attainder \nagainst the Earl of Strafibrd. Disliking Cromwell's dissolution \nof the Long Parliament, Vane withdrew from public affairs \nuntil 1649, when he became member of the Council of State, \nAvith almost exclusive control of naval and foreign affairs of \nthe Commonwealth. At the restoration of Charles 11. he Avas \nthroAvn into the Tower, and executed on ToAver Hill, Lon- \ndon, June 14, 1662. His bearing at the place of execution \nAvas manly and dignified, and he has been described by Forster \nas one of the greatest and purest men that ever walked the \n\nearth : — \n\n\"Vane, young in years, but in sage counsel old, \n\nThan whom a better senator ne'er held \nThe helm of Rome, when gowns, not arms, repelled \n\nThe fierce Epirot and th' Afric bold, \nWhether to settle peace, or to unfold \n\nThe drift of hollow states hard to be spelled ; \nThen to advise how war may, best upheld, \n\nMove by her two main nerves, iron and gold. \nIn all her equipage ; besides, to know \n\nBoth spiritual power and civil, what each means, \nWlaat severs eacli, ^thou hast learned what few have done, \n\nTlie bounds of either sword to thee we owe ; \nTlierefore on thy firm hand Religion leans \n\nIn peace, and reckons thee her eldest son.\" \n\nJudge Samuel Sewall, Chief Justice of the colony, in Avhose \nfamily the estates of Cotton and Bellingham became united, \nlived here in 1689. He Avas repeatedly applied to to seU a \npiece of his land to the Episcopalians to build a church upon, \nbut refused. He married a daughter of John Hidl, the cele- \nbrated mint-master, with whom he got, at different times, a \n\n\n52 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nsntig portion of Master Hull's estate. Judge Sewall was \na man of great importance in tlie colony. He presided over \nthe witchcraft trials in 1692, and, indignant at the governor's \nreprieve of some of the victims, left the court exclaiming, \" We \nwere in a way to have cleared the land of these. Who is it \nohstructs the course of justice I know not. The Lord be \nmercifid to the country ! \" The learned judge afterwards ex- \nperienced contrition for his share in these transactions. \n\nJudge Sewall was a considerable proprietor, owning a large \nestate on Beacon Hill, known in his time as Sewall's Elm \nPasture. Through this were laid out anciently Coventry, \nSewall, and Bishop-Stoke Street, the latter named from liis \nEnglish bu'thplace. The judge left a diary, now in posses- \nsion of the Historical Society, containing much contemporary \nhistory. He attended the Old Souths and related to Eev. \nDr. Prince the story of Johnson's settlement and burial in \nBoston. \n\nPatrick Jeffrey, who married Madam Haley, sister of the \ncelebrated John Wilkes of the North Briton, became a subse- \nquent possessor of the Cotton estate. Somerset Street, named \nfrom John Bowers of Somerset, Mass., crosses the Jeffrey or \nCotton estate, and the former conveyed to the town, in 1801, \nso much of that street as passed tlu-ough his property. \n\nAnother proprietor of the Cotton estate was Gardiner Greene, \nwell remembered as one of the wealthiest citizens of Boston. \nBy purchase of his neighbors, Mr. Greene became possessed of \nthe larger portion of Pemberton Hill, which he greatly beauti- \nfied and improved. The hill was terraced, and Mr. Greene's \nmansion — which, though substantial, had no special marks of \nelegance — was reached by long flights of steps. Mr. Greene \nis said to have owned the only greenhouse then existing in \nBoston, and his grounds, adorned by nature and art, made alto- \ngether the finest private residence in the town. \n\nGardiner Greene's second wife was a sister of Lord Lynd- \nhurst, a Boston boy, son of Copley, the celebrated painter, who \nbecame a peer of the realm and Lord Chancellor of Great \nBritain. He was called the \" ISTestor of the HoTise of Lords,\" \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 53 \n\nand was noted for Ms dry caustic humor. Once, when Lord \nBrougham, speaking of the salary attached to a certain appoint- \nment, said it was all moonshine, Lyndhurst, in his waggish way \nremarked, \" Maybe so, my Lord Harry ; but I have a con- \nfounded strong notion that, moonshine though it be, you would \nlike to see the first quarter of it.\" \n\nGardiner Greene's residence was occupied in 1775 by a noble \ntenant, Percy, afterwards Earl of Northumberland, gallant, \nchivalrous, and brave, — \n\n\" Who, when a younger son, \nFoiight lor King George at Lexington, \nA major of dragoons.\" \n\nPercy it was who saved the royal troops from destruction at \nLexington, on the ever mem.orable 19th of April, 1775. He \nseems to have changed his quarters quite often, for, about the \ntime of the affair at Lexington, he was ordered by General \nGage to take jDossession of the Hancock house on Beacon \nStreet. He also resided some time with Mrs. Sheaffe, widow \nof the collector, in Essex Street. We shall call on him at his \nseveral habitations. \n\nPichard Bellingham, Esq., Governor of Massachusetts in \n1635, in 1641, and again in 1654, and from 1666, after the \ndeath of Endicott, until his own decease in 1672, was the next \nneighbor of Cotton. Anne Hibbins, who married William Hib- \nbins, an early settler of Boston, for many years in the service \nof the Colony, was a relative of Governor Bellingham. This \nunfortunate woman, denounced for witchcraft, Avas executed in \n1656, when an accusation was equivalent to condemnation, \nand forfeited her life to the superstitious bigotry of the period. \nGovernor Bellingliam served the colony as governor and dep- \nuty for twenty-three years ; was ordered by Charles II. to \nEngland with other obnoxious persons, but prudently declined \ngoing, by advice of the General Court. Bellingham, whose \nintellect was said to have been impaired, was an unrelenting \npersecutor of the Quakers. His house stood on the spot after- \nwards occupied by the residence of Lieutenant-Governor Pliil- \nlips, opposite the north end of the Chapel Burying-Ground, \n\n\n54 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nand about midway from the entrance to Pemberton Square to \nBeacon Street. \n\nThe Bellingham estate was also the property of Peter \nFaneuil, who received it from Andrew, his uncle, in 1737. \nThe house, a fine old stone mansion, stood on the hillside some \ndistance back from the street. Opening into the cellar was \na curious cylindrical brick vault, resembling in shai:)e a Avine- \ncask, and used as a wine-cellar by the more modern occupants. \nIt was about fifteen feet in diameter by twenty-five feet long ; \nand as it formed no part of the original cellar, which was \namply sufficient for ordinary purposes, was considered to have \nbeen a place of concealment for smuggled goods. \n\nThe following description of the Faneuil house is from \nMiss Quincy's Memoir : \" The deep court-yard, ornamented by \nflowers and shrubs, was divided into an upper and lower plat- \nform by a high glacis, surmounted by a richly wrought iron \nrailing decorated with gilt balls. The edifice was of brick, \npainted white ; and over the entrance door was a semicircular \nbalcony. The terraces which rose from the paved court behind \nthe house were supported by massy walls of hewn granite, and \nwere ascended by flights of steps of the same material. A \ngrasshopper yet glittered on a summer-house which com- \nmanded a view only second to that from Beacon Hill.\" \n\nSuch was the mansion at the time of its occupancy by Gov- \nernor Phillips. Andrew Faneuil erected on this estate the first \nhothouse in I^ew England. The deed to him describes the \nmansion as \" a stone house.\" \n\nThe Faneuils were French Huguenots from La Eochelle, \never memorable from its siege and gallant defence, and came to \nAmerica after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The \nname is erroneously inscribed \"Funel\" on the stone which covers \nthe remains of the Faneuils in the Granary Burying-Ground. \nPeter Faneuil is best known as the munificent donor of Fan- \neuil Hall to the town of Boston. He was born at New \nEochelle, near New York, in 1700 ; was the wealthiest Bos- \ntonian of his day, and after having lived only forty-two \nyears, died suddenly of dropsy in 1742. Like many of his \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighbokhood. 55 \n\ncontemporaries, he was a slaveholder, and there is a sort of \npoetic justice in the fact that the first steps for the emancipa- \ntion of slaves in Boston were taken in Faneuil Hall. \n\nPeter Faneuil lived in a style worthy his position as a prince \namong merchants. He owned a chariot and coach, with \nEnglish horses, for state occasions, and a two and four wheeled \nchaise for ordinary purposes. He had five negroes, and four- \nteen hundred ounces of plate, among which is enumerated \n\"a large handsome chamber-pot.\" His cellar was bursting \nwith good wine, arrack, beer, Cheshire and Gloucester cheeses, \n— what wonder his decease was sudden ! — and died owner of \neight buildings in Cornhill and King Street, with many ves- \nsels and parts of vessels. \n\nTo retrograde a little, next north of Peter Faneuil's once \ndwelt Eev. John Davenport, who came over to Boston in \n1637. He was one of the founders of ISTew Haven, Connecti- \ncut. When the Eegicides, as Charles I.'s judges Goffe and \nWhalley were styled, were forced to live in concealment, \nDavenport took them into his own house. Eeturning to Bos- \nton he became, in 1668, pastor of the First Church, but died \nin 1670, after holding his charge but a short time, and lies in \nthe \" Old Burial-Place,\" opposite where he once lived. The \nestate of Eev. John Davenport remained for nearly a century \nthe property of the First Church, and was occupied by Fox- \ncroft, Clarke, and others. \n\nLieutenant-Governor William Phillips, familiarly known by \nthe sobriquet of \" Billy,\" became the proprietor of the Faneuil \nmansion and estate in 1791 ; it had been owned by John Vas- \nsaU, a Eoyalist, and was confiscated in 1783 by the Common- \nwealth. Governor Phillips also acquired the Davenport estate \nin 1805, which gave him a magnificent homestead, weU worthy \none of the solid men of Boston. Governor PliiUips ardently \nespoused the Eevolutionary cause, was in office from 1812 to \n1823, and at his death made valuable bequests to Phillips \nAcademy, Andover Theological Seminary, and other institu- \ntions. \n\nEev. John Oxenbridge, another pastor of the First Church, \n\n\n56 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nlived on the site of tlie Pavilion in 1671. A former occu- \npant was Colonel Samuel Slxrinipton, who at one time owned \nNoddle's Island (East Boston), and gave his name to what is \nnow Exchange Street, once Shrimpton's Lane. Eev. Jolin \nOxenbridge was educated at Oxford and also at Cambridge, \nwas a popular preacher and a fluent writer. Dying in 1674, \nhe was interred, like his predecessor Davenport, in the Old \nBurying-Place opposite. George Cradock, Collector of Boston, \nlived here in 1728. \n\n\"VVe have now reached the corner of Beacon Street, which \nwas first styled the lane leading to the Almshouse, a rather \nhumble designation for the most aristocratic street of Boston. \nThe Albion corner was once occupied by James Penn, riding \nelder of the First Church, and a citizen of note. It became \nlater the estate of Samuel Eliot, father of Mayor Eliot, noted \nfor his reforms in the Eire Department. ISTot only the Albion, \nbut the block of brick houses west of it, was occupied by Mr. \nEliot's mansion-house and gardens. He was a true gentleman \nof the old school, wedded to the customs of a past generation. \nIn the coldest weather he appeared in his customary cocked \nhat, small clothes, and ruffled shirt bosom, without cloak or \novercoat. He was a dealer in dry goods at the west corner of \nWilson's Lane, in Dock Square, \n\nFrom the array of honorable names presented, Tremont Eow \nwas once entitled to be called the Eotten Eow of Boston. En- \ndicott. Vane, BeUingham, governors of the Colony; Phillips, \nlieutenant-governor of the State ; and the eminent divines Cot- \nton, Davenport, and Oxenbridge, all found a residence here. \n\nWe continue our perambulations through School Street, \nwhich, receiving its name from the old Latin School, was \ncalled Latin School Street. Its limits were the same as now, \nand it was first called the lane leading to Centry Hdl. It was \nlaid out in 1640. \n\n'Next the old King's Chapel stood the Latin School, whose \nsituation and removal to the opposite side of the street has \nalready been described. It originated in 1634, and Philemon \nPormont was \" intreated to become schoolmaster for the teaching \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood, 57 \n\nand noiirtering of children with vs.\" This was the beginning of \nthat educational system in which Boston takes so just a pride. \nThe grounds extended down the street nearly to the Franklin \nstatue. The building itself was of one story, large enough to \naccommodate a hundred scholars. Franklin went to the Latin \nSchool one year, entering in 1714, at the age of eight years; \nhis statue is, therefore, becomingly placed near his alma mater. \nJohn Hancock also attended the school, entering in 1745 ; his \nmuch-admired and striking autograph was doubtless acquired \non its hard benches. Eobert Treat Paine, the elder, Lieutenant- \nGovernor Gushing, James Bowdoin, Cotton Mather, Samuel \nAdams, Sir William Pepperell, and a host of names famous in \nour history, prepared here for future high stations. \n\nThe early masters were men of erudition and high consider- \nation in the town. Ezekiel Gheever ranks at the head of the \nold pedagogues. He was one of the founders of New Haven, \nand a teacher for seventy years at ISTew Haven, Ipswich, Gharles- \ntown, and Boston. \n\nJohn Lovell presided over the school, as usher and principal, \nfrom 1717 until 1775, when the siege put an end to it for a \ntime. He decamped with the Eoyalists in 1776. He delivered \nthe first public address in Faneuil Hall on the death of its \nfounder. Lo veil's house adjoined the new school, and after the \nevacuation General Gage's coach and phaeton, with harness \nentire, Avere found there. \n\nOf the school on the opposite side of the street, which, in \n1814, stood on the site of the Parker House, many distinguished \nBostonians have been pupils, among whom Harrison Gray Otis, \nEev. Dr. Jenks, E. C. Winthrop, and the sculptor Greenough \nare conspicuous. \n\nThe Centre Writing School was built in 1790, on the north \nside of School Street. It was a two-story wooden building, and \nwas pulled down in 1812, as it then obstructed the front of the \nnew Court House. This was the school of Master James Car- \nter. The pupils were accommodated by an enlargement of the \nLatin School. \n\nThe statue in bronze of Benjamin Franklin, in the grounds \n\n\n58 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nof the City Hall, is by Eicliard S. Greenough, and was cast lay \nthe Ames Manufacturing Company at Chicopee, Mass. It is \neight feet high, and stands on a pedestal of granite, capped \nwith a block of verd antique marble. Four bas-reliefs represent \ndifferent periods of Franklin's career. It was publicly inaugu- \nrated September 17, 1856. \n\nWhen Franklin worked in the printing-office of Mr. \"Watts, \nLittle Wild Street, London, he was called by his fellow-work- \nmen the \" Water American,\" because he refused to drink any- \nthing else, while they drank their fi\\e pints of beer apiece daily. \nWhen he went to England afterwards, as agent for Massachu- \nsetts, he went into this office, and going up to a particular \npress (now in this country), said to the two workmen, \" Come, \nmy friends, we will drink together. It is now forty years since \nI worked like you at this press, a journeyman printer.\" \n\nFranklin's celebrated toast at Versailles will not lose by repe- \ntition. At the conclusion of the war he, with the English \nAmbassador, was dining Avith the French Minister Yergennes ; \na toast from each was called for. The British minister began \nwith, \" George III., who, like the sun in its meridian, spreads \na lustre throughout and enlightens the world.\" The French \nambassador followed with, \" Louis XVI., who, like the moon, \nsheds its mild and benignant rays on and illumines the \nworld.\" Our American Franklin then gave, \" George Wash- \nington, commander of the American armies, who, like Joshua \nof old, commanded the sun and moon to stand still, and they \nobeyed him.\" \n\nThe City Hall stands on ground sold to the town by Thomas \nScotto in 1645. The foundation of the present building was \nlaid in 1862 with appropriate ceremonies. It is built of Con- \ncord granite, and was designed by Messrs. Bryant and Gilman. \nThe first Town House was erected between 1657-59, at the \nhead of State Street, of wood, where the Old State House now \nstands. A legacy had been left by Captain Robert Keayne, \nin 1656, for this purpose, which was supplemented by sub- \nscriptions from Governors Endicott, Bellingham, and others. \nThis building was consumed in the fire of 1711 ; another, built \n\n\nking's CHAPtIL AND THE NEIGHBORHOOD. \n\n\n59 \n\n\nof trick in 1712, was burnt in 1747, with the early books, \nrecords, and valuable papers. In 1748 the Town House was \nrebuilt. Faneuil HaU was also used as a Town House for \nnearly eighty years, and the first city government was organized \nthere. In 1830 the city government removed to the Old State \n\n\nS^ \n\n\nTHE OLD COURT HOUSE AND CITY HALL. \n\nHouse, which was, on September 17, dedicated as the City \nHall. In 1840 the old County Court House, on the present \nsite, was remodelled for a City Hall, and continued to be so \nuntil the erection of the present building and dedication in \n\n1865. \n\nOur view of the Old Court House is taken from School Street, \nand shows how the building and surroundings appeared in \n1812. In the left foreground is Barristers' HaU, and to the \nright the wall and enclosure of Dr. John Warren's house is \n\nseen. \n\nThe County Court House, referred to as occupying this site, \nwas built in 1810, of granite. The main building was octago- \nnal, with wings at each side. It was one hundred and forty \nfeet long, and was occupied by the offices of Probate, Eegistry \n- of Deeds, and the County Courts. This building was called \nJohnson Hall, in honor of Isaac Johnson, tradition having \n\n\n60 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nascribed to this spot the location of his house, — a name which \ndoes not seem to have been generally adopted. \n\nNext the county property, in 1760, once lived one of the \ngreatest of the ante-Eevolutionary patriots, James Otis, \" whose \nelectric eloquence was like the ethereal flash that quenched its \nfire.\" Otis came to Boston when he was twenty-five, in 1750, \nand in 1761 made the famous speech against the \"Writs of \nAssistance.\" Some severe strictures which he made upon the \nofficers of customs resulted in an attack on him at the British \nCoffee House in King Street, by John Eobinson, a commis- \nsioner of customs, and others. Otis was- severely injured, and \nreceived a deep cut on the head, which ultimately contributed \nto cause his insanity. As an instance of the magnanimity of \nOtis, he refused the damages awarded him by the court, upon \nreceiAdng an apology from his assailant. In 1769 Otis was \ncausing the greatest concern to his friends for the increasing \nsymptoms he gave of coming mental aberration. John Adams \nsays of him : \" I fear, I tremble, I mourn for the man and his \ncountry; many others mourn over him with tears in their \neyes.\" Otis withdrew to the country in 1770, and, after a \nbrief lucid period, during which he resumed practice in Bos- \nton, he was killed at Andover in May, 1783, by a stroke of \nlightning, at the age of fifty-eight. \n\nISText the residence of Otis, where l^iles's Block now is, was \nthe house of Jean Paul Mascarene, a French Huguenot of Lan- \nguedoc. He went to England and entered the army, coming \nin 1711 to ISTova Scotia, of which he became Lieutenant- \nGovernor, and ultimately rose to the rank of Major-General. \nHe died hi Boston ia 1760. The house was of two stories, \nof brick, and painted white. The Mascarene family were loyal- \nists, and retired to !N\"ova Scotia when the Eevolution began. \n\nDr. John Warren, the youngest brother of Joseph Warren, \nknied at Bunker Hill, next occupied the premises. The old \nhouse and gardens are still remembered by many. Dr. Warren \nserved in the American army as hospital surgeon, and was long \nthe most eminent surgeon in 'New England. On the day of \nBunker Hill, the anxiety of the doctor for his brother led him \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 61 \n\nto attempt to pass a guard, who gave him a bayonet wound, the \nmark of which he carried to his grave. Dr. Warren was the \nfather of Dr. John C. Warren, scarcely less eminent in his pro- \nfession than his father. The old doctor died in 1815, and was \nburied from King's Chapel, Dr. James Jackson delivering the \neulogy. Both Joseph and John Warren were born at the \nstone house on Warren Street, in what was formerly Eoxbury. \nThe original mansion, being ruinous, was rebuilt on the exact \nmodel of the old in 1846, partly of the old materials, by Dr. \nJohn C. Warren. Many a pilgrimage is paid to the birthplace \nof the hero who placed himself, against the advice of fiiends, \nin the post of honor and of danger. \n\nThe Cromwell's Head, a famous tavern, was on the spot \nwhere the building numbered 19 now stands, which is to-day, \nas of yore, devoted to the replenishing of the inner man. It \nwas kept by Anthony Brackett in 1760, by his widow from \n1764 to 1768 ; and later by Joshua Brackett. Its repute was \ngood, for we find the Marquis ChasteUux alighting there in \n1782, before paying his respects to M. de Vaudreuil, com- \nmander of the French fleet that was to convey away Eocham- \nbeau's army. \n\nThe sign of tlais hostelry was the effigy of the Lord Protector \nCromwell, and it is said hung so low that all who passed were \ncompelled to make an involuntary reverence. The royal officers \nwould not allow it to remain; it was too suggestive of the \noverthrow of kingly authority ; but Brackett, in whose eyes \nthis circumstance gave it additional value, replaced it after the \nevacuation. Mine host Brackett's carte is surmounted by a \nfacsimile of the sign, from a plate by Paul Eevere, and shows \nthat besides board, lodging and eating, one might have wine, \npunch, porter, and liquor, with due care for his beast, for \ncertain pounds, shillings, and pence. Brackett's, no doubt, \ncommanded the patronage of his neighbors we have been \nnoting. Eare Ben Jonson's lines might have been a trumpet- \ncaU to his votaries, — \n\n\n\" Wine is the word that glads the heart of man, \nAnd mine 's the house of wine. Sack says my biish \nBe inerry and drink sherry, that 's my posie.\" \n\n\n62 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nBut mine host of CroraweH's Head had in 1756 a more dis- \ntinguished guest, for in that year Lieutenant-Colonel Wasliing- \nton visited Boston accompanied by Captain George Mercer of \nVirginia and Captain Stewart. He came to refer a question of \ncommand to General Shirley who had succeeded Braddock in \nthe military control of the colonies. This was after the disas- \ntrous campaign that ended in Braddock's defeat. Washington's \nnext visit was with the commission of the Continental Congress \nas commander-in-chief \n\nThe corner familiarly known as the \" Old Corner Book- \nStore,\" where have gathered the discij)les of black-letter and \n\n\nTHE OLD COKNER BOOKSTORE. \n\n\nred-line for so many years, is probably the oldest brick build- \ning standing in Boston. It bears the date of 1712, and its \nerection is supposed to have occurred soon after the great fire \nof 1711. Shurtleff has given its various occupants in detail, \nbut aside from its literary associations the corner has only a \nsingle liistorical incident. \n\nAnne Hutcliinson, who fills a chapter in the history of \nBoston commemorative of the ecclesiastical tyranny of its \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 63 \n\nfounders, lived here about 1634. She was the leader of the \nsect of Antinoniians, and daughter of Eev. Francis Marbury of \nLondon, — an ancestor of Governor Thomas Hutchinson, and \nrector of several London parishes. Her mother was great \naunt of John Dryden the poet. She was a woman of con- \nsummate ability and address, for we learn that Eev. John \nCotton Avas ensnared by her, while \"VVinthrop wavered. The \nlatter, however, became her bitter enemy, and pursued her with \ngreat vindictiveness. For a time she had all Boston by the \nears, and even public business halted. \n\nIslebius, a German, appears to have founded the sect of \nAntinomians about 1600. It held the \"law of Moses to be \nunprofitable, and that there is no sin in children.\" \" Mistris \nHutchison,\" as Governor Winthrop calls her, after a two days' \ntrial was banished in 1638, and went to Ehode Island, the \nhaven of religious refugees. Going afterwards to Jfew York, \nshe fell a victim to an Indian foray. Her followers in Boston, \na numerous faction, were disarmed. Winthrop says \" she was \na woman of haughty and fierce carriage, a nimble wit and \nactive spirit, a very voluble tongue, more bold than a man, \nthough in understanding and judgment inferior to many \nwomen.\" \n\nAt the conclusion of Mrs. Hutchinson's trial she was \naddressed by Governor \"Winthrop as follows : — \n\n\" Mrs. Hutchinson! the sentence of the court you hear is, \nthat you are banished from out of our jurisdiction, as being a \nwoman not fit for our society, and are to be imprisoned 'til \nthe court shall send you away.\" \n\nMrs. H. \"I desire to know wherefore I am banished.\" \n\nWinthrop. \" Say no more ; the court know wherefore, and \nis satisfied.\" \n\nJust before you come to the Universalist Church, ascending \nSchool Street towards Tremont, was the little church of the \nFrench Huguenots of Boston. This was the church of the Fan- \neuils, Baudoins, Boutineaus, Sigourneys, and Johonnots ; their \nnames are not quite extinct among us, although the orthography \nmay be changed in some instances. The chui'ch was built of \n\n\n64 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nbrick, about 1704, was very small, and for a long time its \nerection was opposed by the town. Before building, the \nFrench occupied one of the school-houses. Queen Anne \npresented a large folio Bible to this church, which afterwards \nfell into the possession of Mather Byles ; and Andrew Faneuil \ngave in his will three pieces of plate for communion and \nbaptism, besides his warehouse in King Street. Pierre Daille \nwas the first minister, deceased in 1715, and was succeeded by \nLe Mercier. A singular incident led to the discovery of Daille's \ngravestone. \"VVliile laborers were excavating a cellar on the \nEmmons estate on Pleasant Street they suddenly uncovered \nthe stone which bore the following inscription : — \n\nHere lyes y\" body of y* \nReverend Mr. Peter \nDaille minister of y« \nFrench church in \nBoston died the \n21 of May 1715 \nIn the 67 year \nOf his age. \n\nAfter the dissolution of the society, the house of the French \nChurch fell into the hands of the TweKth Congregational So- \nciety, which arose during the excitement caused by the coming \nof AVliitefield. Mr. CrossweU was the pastor, dying in 1785, \nwhen the house passed to the Roman CathoHcs. Mass was \nfirst celebrated in the church in November, 1788. It was \nremoved in 1802. \n\nThe Second IJniversalist Church stands next west of the \nFrench Church site, and like it is soon to disappear from the \nhistoric street. It was erected in 1817, after preliminary \naction in the preceding year by a meeting held at the Green \nDragon Tavern. ItAvas much enlarged and improved in 1837, \nand entirely remodelled in 1851. Eev. Hosea Ballon was \nthe first pastor. Eev. E. H. Chapin preached here from \n1846 to 1848, when he removed to ]^ew York, where he is stiU \none of the most eloquent divines of the metropolis. \n\nProvince Street received its name in 1833, from its vicinity \nto the Province House. Before that time it was Governor's Al- \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighboehood, 65 \n\nley. Chapman Place was Cooke's Court, from Elisha Cooke, a \nresident of colonial times, who was agent with Increase Mather \nin England to obtain a new charter for the colony. The house \nof Elisha Cooke becomes distinguished as the residence of Gov- \nernor Burnet until the Province House could be made ready. \nThe house was a two-story brick, with dormer' windows, and \nfaced the east. In front was a small court-yard. \n\nLoring, in the \" Hundred Boston Orators,\" says : \" The res- \nidence of James LoveU during the Eevolution was on the \nestate where Chapman Hall is now located, and his family wit- \nnessed, on the house-top, the burning of Charlestown during \nthe battle of Bunker HiU. While Mr. LoveU was impris- \noned in the Boston jail, in Queen Street, in consequence of \nGeneral Howe having discovered a prohibited correspondence, \nproving his adherence to the Eevolutionary cause, his devoted \nwife was daily accustomed to convey his food to the prison \ndoor.\" Chapman HaU. was in Chapman Place, and is now suc- \nceeded by the Parker House. \n\nJames was a son of that Master LoveU of whom mention \nhas been made. He had been usher of that school, and master of \nwhat is now the Eliot School. He was among the prominent \nEevolutionary patriots, and had first been imprisoned and finaUy \ncarried to Halifax on the evacuation. After being exchanged \nin 1776, Master LoveU became a member of the Continental \nCongress; was receiver of taxes in 1784, and after being Col- \nlector of the port, was for a long time Naval Officer. He mar- \nried Helen, one of Mr. Sheafife's handsome daughters. \n\nPassing by the Parker House, we reach the corner of Tre- \nmont Street again. On this corner long remained an old brick \nmansion, erected early in the last century by Jacob WendeU. \nHe was a wealthy merchant, and colonel of the Boston Eegi- \nment in 1745; afterwards a counciUor, and a director in the \n\"first banking institution in the province. His son Oliver, also \na leading Bostonian, was the grandfather of OUver WendeU \nHolmes, the only \"autocrat\" who has ever flourished in \nBoston, \n\nOliver WendeU was, like his father, a leading merchant of \n\nE \n\n\n66 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nBoston. He was a selectman during the siege, and joined in \nthe congratulatory address to Washington when it was termi- \nnated by the evacuation. The following original document \nshows us that Wendell was trusted by the commander-in-cliief : — \n\nThe United States of America to the Subscribers Dr. \n\nTo one month's services by Land and Sea, from March, 25th 1776, \nto April 25th, Strictly watching the communication from the Town \nof Boston to the British fleet Laying in Nantasket Road in Order \nto apprehend and seize any British Spies who might have Concealed \nthemselves in the Town in order to Carry IntelHgence to oiu' Enemies \nof the Proceedings of the American Troops then in the Town of \nBoston, by Order of Major Generall Greene. \nThirty Days Each man at 12/ p Day is £ 108. — \n\nBenj Wheeler \nBenj'*^ Barnard \nAndrew Symmes Jr \nJoshua Bentley \nJohn Champney \nThomas Tileston \n\n\nRec the within Contents in full \n\n\nOliver Wendell \n\n\nThe following is indorsed on the back : — \n\nPay unto Oliver Wendal Esquire one himdred eight pounds \nLa\\\\dul money for the use of the signers of the within account, he \nbeing employed by Major General Greene by my order to engage a \nnumber of persons for the within service in March 1776 when the \nEnemy evacuated Boston. \n\nGiven under my hand at \n\nCamp Fredericksburg Novem 12 1778 \nHon Major ) G. Washington \n\nGenl. Gates ] \n\nTo Ebenezer Hancock Esq Paymaster Genl \n\nEastern Department \nSir, — Pay the above sum of one hundred and eight jsounds Law- \nful money to Oliver Wendell Esq hi consequence of the above order \nfor which this with his receipt shall be your sufficient Warrant By \nthe Generals command Horatio Gates \n\nJohn Armstrong Jr \n\nAid de Camp Head Quarters 25th November 1778 \n\nJoseph Green, beyond comparison the keenest wit of his \n\n\nking's chapel and the neighborhood. 67 \n\ntime, lived in School Street. He was a merchant, — Dr. Byles \n\nterms him a distiller, — and accumulated a handsome property. \n\nHe was the general satirist, epic, and epitaph writer of his day, \n\nand wielded a trenchant pen, of which none stood more in awe \n\nthan Governor Belcher. His epitaph on the countryman whose \n\nforte was raking hay, in which he excelled all but his employer, \n\nis as follows : — \n\n\" He could rake hay ; none could rake faster, \nKxcept that raking dog his master. \" \n\nGreen, who was well advanced in life when the Eevolutionary \nstruggle begun, removed to England, where he engaged in busi- \nness, residing in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, London. \nHe died in London in 1780. There is a portrait of Joseph \nGreen, by Copley, in the possession of Eev. W. T. Snow of \nJamaica Plain. Green often run a tilt with Mather Byles, \nunhorsing his clerical opponent with his goose-quill lance. His \nresidence was between the house of Dr. Warren and the Crom- \nwell's Head. \n\n\n68 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nCHAPTEE II. \n\nFROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. \n\nHanover Street. — General Warren. — The Orange-Tree. — Concert Hall. — \nBrattle Street. — Samuel Gore. — John Smibert. — Nathaniel Sniibert. — \nColonel Trumbull. ^The Adeljihi. — Scollay's Buildings ami Square. \n\n— Queen Street Writing School. — Master James Carter. — Cornhill. — \nBrattle Street Parsonage. — Old Prison. — Captain Kidd. — Court \nHouses. — Franklin Avenue. — Kneeland. — Franklin. — Edes and Gill. \n\n— Green and Russell. — • First Book and Newspajier printed in Boston. — \nRiifus Choate. — Governor Leverett. — John A. Andrew. — Henry Dim- \nster. — Town Pump. — Old Brick. — General Knox. — Count Rumford. \n\n— John Winslow. \n\nSTANDING at the head of Hanover Street, we are sensible \nthat improvement has ploughed a broad furrow through \nthe North End. Away before us stretches a broad avenue, \nwhere once vehicles passed each other with difficulty. As the \nold street was, there were places where it was no great feat \nto jump across. This was the old highway from Winnisim- \nmet Ferry to Treamount Street, first called Orange-Tree Lane, \nfrom the tavern at its head. Hanover Street extended at first \nonly from Court to Blackstone Streets. Why this name, a per- \npetual reminder of a detested House, should have been re- \ntained, when Queen retired before Court, and King succumbed \nto State, we cannot otherwise answer than by supposing the \nchanges during the Revolution spasmodic, rather than syste- \nmatic efforts of republicanism. \n\nAs we look down this street, a little way on our left stands \nthe American House. On the ground it covers lived that early \nmartyr to American freedom. General Joseph \"Warren, who in \n1764, after his marriage, took up his residence and the practice \nof medicine on this spot. He went to Brattle Street Church, \nnear by. In 1774, while the \" Boston Port Bill \" Avas in oper- \nation, there was a good deal of suJffering in consequence of the \n\n\nFROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 69 \n\nclosing of the port, and at this time Colonel Putnam, better \nknown as \" Old Put,\" came to Boston with a drove of sheep \nfor the inhabitants, and was \"Warren's guest. \n\nIt was Warren Avho caused the alarm to be given of the \nBritish expedition to Concord, by sending Paul Eevere on his \nfamous night ride, and gave timely warning to Hancock and \nAdams. There are many stories of the manner of Warren's death \nat Bunker Hill, some of them highly colored. He was killed \nafter the retreat began, a little way in the rear of the famous \nredoubt. General Howe, who knew Warren well, said his \ndeath was equal to the loss of five hundred men. Colonel \nJohn Trumbull, who, when in England in 1786, painted his \npicture of the Battle of Bunker Hill, gives the following rela- \ntion of the fall of Warren by Colonel Small, who was on the \nfield, and is represented by Trumbull endeavoring to save the \nlife of Warren : — \n\n\" At the moment when the troops succeeded in carrying the \nredoubt, and the Americans were in full retreat, General Howe, \nwho had been wounded by a spent ball, was leaning on mj^ arm. \nHe called suddenly to me, ' Do you see that elegant young man \nwho has just fallen 1 ' I looked to the spot to which he pointed. \n* Good God ! ' he exclaimed, ' I believe it is my friend Warren ; \nleave me then instantly, — run, — keep off the troops, — save him \nif possible ! ' I flew to the spot. ' My dear friend,' I said to him, \n' I hope you are not badly hurt.' He looked up, seemed to recol- \nlect, smiled, and died. A musket-ball had passed through the \nupper part of his head.\" \n\nThe body lay on the field until the next day, when it was \nrecognized by Dr. Jeffries and Jolui Winslow of Boston, and \ninterred on the spot where he fell. General Howe's solicitude \ndoes not seem to have extended to Warren's remains, which, \nhowever, received a soldier's burial. After the evacuation the \nbody was disinterred and deposited in King's Chapel, and sub- \nsequently in St. Paul's, Tremont Street. The ball which killed \nWarren is now in possession of William H. Montague of Boston. \nIt is a common ounce musket-ball, and does not look at all \nflattened. It must ever appear unaccountable why General \nWard, at Cambridge, did not attempt to recover the body of \n\n\n70 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nthe President of tlie Provincial Congress. The usages of war \nmust have been well known to him, and Howe was not the man \nto refuse the request. \n\nThus died in \" the imminent deadly hreach \" the young hero \nat the early age of thirty-four. President of the Committee of \nSafety, of the Provincial Congress, and Major-General, he \ndeclined the command at Bunker Hill, taking the place of a \ncommon soldier. Deeply hurt by the reflections cast upon the \ncourage of his countrymen, he is said to have exclaimed, \" I \nhope I shall die up to my knees in blood.\" To the remon- \nstrances of his friend, Elbridge Gerry, who begged him not to \ngo to Bunker HiU, Warren replied, \" Dulce et decorum est pro \npatria mori.\" \n\nAdjoining the American House on the west are Codman's \n\nBuildings, covering the ground where stood the famous Earl's \n\nCoflfee House in bygone days. It was established in 1806, and \n\nwas the headquarters of the Kew York, Albany, and other mail \n\ncoaches. \n\n\" Go call a coach, and let a coach be called.\" \n\nOn the north corner of Hanover Street Avas the Orange-Tree \nTavern, which designated the northerly end of Treamount Street \nin 1732, and beginning of Hanover Street in 1708. It contin- \nued a tavern until 1785, when it was advertised to be sold. \nThe name was from the sign of an orange-tree, and the inn was \nnoted for the best well of water in the town, — never dry nor \nknown to freeze. Here was the first hackney-coach stand we \nhave an account of, set up by Jonathan Wardwell, keeper of \nthe Orange-Tree, in 1712. He was succeeded by Mrs. Ward- \nwell, who kept the house in 1724. \n\nConcert Hall, of which a considerable moiety is now in the \nstreet, was on the southerly corner, and was also a tavern, kept, \nin 1792, by one Yila. The site was first known as Houchin's \nCorner, from a tanner of that name who occupied it. The \nbuilding was of brick, though it underwent various alterations \nuntil torn down in 1869, to make way for the widening of \nHanover Street. Concert Hall was owned by the family of \nDeblois until 1 679. Before the Eevolution it was a resort of the \n\n\nFROM THE OKANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 71 \n\nFriends of Liberty, and as early as 1755, after the installation \nof Jeremy Gridley as Grand Master of the Masons in North \nAmerica, it was used by, the Grand Lodge for occasions of \nmeeting or festivity, and continued to be so used until the \npresent century. Here have met Gridley, the Warrens, Revere, \nTomlinson, Oxnard, Webb, and others. Here Captain Preston \nwas dallying on the evening of the fatal 5th of March, 1770, \nwhen he was summoned in hot haste to begin the first act of \nthe great conflict of the American Eevolution. The American \nprisoners captured at Bunker Hill are said to have been tried \nby a military court in Concert Hall. In 1768 the obnoxious \nCommissioners of Customs ventured to return from the Castle, \nwhile the town was under the control of the newly arrived \nBritish troops, and had an office here, with a sentinel at the \ndoor. And here came Samuel Adams and James Otis to re- \nmonstrate with them. \n\nAccording to the \"News Letter,\" concerts were held in the old \nhall as early as January, 1755, when \"a concert of musick \" \nwas advertised to take place there, tickets at four shillings each. \nGovernor Hancock gave, in 1778, a grand ball in Concert Hall \nto the officers of D'Estaing's fleet, at which three hundred per- \nsons were present. The Society of the Cincinnati also held \nmeetings in this hall, and the Massachusetts Mechanic Char- \nitable Association had their first meetings therein. Peter B. \nBrigham was for about forty years mine host of Concert Hall. \n\nA little east of Concert HaU on Hanover Street lived William \nCooper, Town Clerk of Boston for nearly half a century. His \nterm embraced the Eevolutionary period, during wliich he was \n^n ardent friend of the whig cause. He was a son of the \npatriotic pastor of Old Brattle Street Church. \n\nBrattle Street was opened in 1819, from Court Street to the \nChurch. Before this it was a narrow way, known first as Hil- \nlier's Lane, and sometimes as Belknap's, and as Gay Alley. \nLooking towards the ruins of the old church we notice, on the \nnorth side of the street, a continuous row of fourteen buildings, \nuniform in their general appearance. This was the first block \nof stone buildings erected in Boston. \n\n\n72 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nAt the head of Brattle Street lived Samuel Gore, elder brother \nof Christopher, afterwards governor of the Commonwealth. \nGore was a painter, and was one of those stout-hearted mechanics \nwho furnished the muscle of the Ee volution while Adams and \nOtis supplied the brain. One of the Tea Party of 1773, Gore \nwas one of those who seized the two brass guns, Hancock and \nAdams, from the gun-house in Tremont Street, and conveyed \nthem to the American lines under the very eyes of the British. \nThese two guns are now in Bunker Hill Monument. \n\nThe celebrated Scotch painter, Jolin Smibert, owned and \noccupied the premises between Brattle Street and Cornhill in \n1743, having acquired part through his marriage with Mary \nWilliams of Boston, and part by purchase. The biographers \nhave but little to say about this pioneer of the fine arts in \nAmerica. He was before West or Copley, and is said to have \ninfluenced the works of the latter, as well as those of Allston \nand Trumbull. \n\nSmibert must have had a large and lucrative custom, for he was \npossessed of property in Boston and Eoxbury, which he bought \nfrom time to time, and at his decease left in his studio thirty- \nfive portraits, valued by the appraisers at £ 60 5s. 8d. Thirteen \n\"landskips\" were estimated at the moderate sum of £ 2 13s., \nwhile four historical pieces, \" and pictures in that taste,\" were \nconsidered worth £16. Two conversation pictures, whatever \nthey may have been, were thought worth £ 23 6s. 8d. His \nnegro girl, Phillis, went for £26 13s. id. He kept his horses \nand chaise, in which he used to take his wife, Mary Smibert, to \nLynde Street Church to hear good Dr. Hooper. \n\nSmibert came over to America in 1728 with the Dean, after- \nwards Bishop Berkeley, settling in Boston in 1730. The largest \nknown work of Smibert's in this country is his picture of \nBerkeley and family, in which the portrait of the artist is intro- \nduced. This painting is now in the possession of Yale College. \nHis portrait of Jonathan Edwards is said to be the only one \nextant of that learned and eminent divine. \n\nNathaniel Smibert, son of John, took up the profession of \nliis father. He went to the Latin School, under Master LoveU, \n\n\nFROM THE OEANGE-TEEE TO THE OLD BEICK. 73 \n\nin his early youth, but soon turned to his father's brush and \neasel, with the promise of making a finished artist, but died at \nthe early age of twenty-one, deeply regretted by all who knew \nhim. \n\nColonel John Trumbull, aide-de-camp to Washington during \nthe siege, retired in disgust from the service in 1777, on account \nof the date of an appointment to the rank of colonel, by Gates, \nbeing rejected by Congress. He then resumed his study of \npainting in Boston, amidst the works of Copley, and in the \nroom which had been built by Smibert, and in which remained \nmany of his works. Governor Hancock sat for his portrait to \nTrumbull while the latter was in Boston. Hancock was presi- \ndent of the Congress which ignored Trumbull's rank, and had \nalso spoken rather slightly of his family being well cared for by \nthe government, on seeing the latter at the headcxuarters of \nWashington. Trumbull was stung by the ungenerous remark, \nand when, after having served as a volunteer in the expedition \nto Ehode Island in 1778, he fell ill on his return, he at first re- \npelled the advances of Governor Hancock, who, by considerate \nattentions, repaired his original offence. Trumbull was a histor- \nical painter. The Trumbull Gallery at Yale contains fifty-seven \npictures by him. An engraved likeness of Governor Yale, for \nwhom the college was named, is one of the first you see on \nentering the gallery. The following is his epitaph in the \nchurchyard at Wrexham : — \n\n\" Born in America, in Europe bred, \nIn Africa travel'd and in Asia wed, \n~ Wliere long he lived and thrived ; at London dead. \n\nMuch Good, some 111 he did ; so hope all 's even, \nAnd that his soul through Mercy 's gone to heaven.\" \n\nTrumbull exhibited, in 1818, in Faneuil Hall, his picture of \nthe Declaration of Independence, and the venerable John Adams \nwas prevailed upon to visit it. He approved the picture ; and, \npointing to the door next the chair of Hancock, said, \" There, \nthat is the door out of which Washington rushed when I first \nalluded to him as the man best qualified for Commander-in- \nChief of the American Army.\" * \n\n* Miss Quincy's Memoir. \n4 \n\n\n74 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nColonel Trumbull's historical paintings in the rotunda of the \nCapitol at Washington have gained him a world-wide reputa- \ntion ; his \" Sortie from Gibraltar\" is now in the Boston Athe- \nnceum. He was a fellow-student with Stuart, under West. \n\nThe paint-room of the Smiberts and of Trumbull continued \n■ to be improved by various artists of lesser note until 1785. At \nthis time Mrs. Sheaffe occupied the abode of the Smiberts as a \nboarding-house. This lady has acquired celebrity tlixough her \nchildren. In those days painters sometimes styled themselves \nlimners. One of Mrs. SheafFe's boarders varied the monotony \nof portrait painting by doing hair-work in the neatest manner. \nPart of the Sniibert estate went to make the present Brattle \nStreet. \n\nThis locality, after having served the N'ew England Museum, \nwas, in course of time, appropriated by the Adelphi Theatre. \nJohn Brougham was, in 1847, associated vnth Mr. Bland as \nmanager, with Mrs. Brougham and Mr. Whiting in the coiys \ndramatique. The Adelplii was a side-splitting affair, defying \nthe conventionalities of the modern stage. An open bar stood \nin the rear of the auditorium, to which the audience were in- \nvited to repair upon the falling of the curtain. \n\nOne of the greatest changes that has occurred in Boston is \nthe transformation of the over-crowded thoroughfares around \nwhat was known as \" ScoUay's Buildings\" into the spacious, \npleasant area we now call Scollay Square. All of the original \nis gone except the distinctive appellation, and what has existed \nin some form for two centuries has vanished \n\n\" Like the baseless fabric of a vision.\" \nThe Scollays were Scotch, frojn the Orkneys. John Scollay \nis mentioned, in 1692, as lessee of Winnisimmet Ferry. An- \nother John Scollay, of the Eevolutionary period, was a man of \nconsiderable note in Boston. He was one of the first Fire- \nWards of the town, and a selectman daring the siege. His son, \nWilliam, is the one for whom the buildings and square were \nnamed. The name, however, and his proprietorship only date \nback to about 1800. William Scollay was a commander of \nthe Cadets, an apothecary at No. 6 Old Cornhill, and resided \n\n\nFEOM THE OEANGE-TKEE TO THE OLD BEICK. 75 \n\non the site of the Museum in Tremont Street. He was promi- \nnently identified with Charles Bulfijich and others in the im- \nprovement of Franklin Street. \n\nA long row of wooden buildings at one time extended from \nthe head of Cornhill to nearly opposite the head of Hanover \nStreet. Both ends of this wedge-shaped range of houses, with \nthe point towards Hanover Street, were cut off at various times, \nleaving only the brick structure of Scollay, lately removed. \nScollay's Building was supposed to have been erected by Patrick \nJeffrey, who came into possession in 1795. ^Neither age nor \nincident render the building an object of special interest. \n\nOpposite to where Cornhill now opens into Court Street was \nerected, in 1 683 - 84, the second school-house in the town. The \nfirst being styled the Latin School, this was termed the Free \nWriting School. It is clearly mentioned in 1697, and continued \nto be used until 1793, when it became private property, the \nschool — then known as the Centre Reading and Writing \nSchool — being removed to School Street. The first master \nhere was Samuel Cole. \n\nThe preamble to the first law establishing schools reads \nthus : — \n\n\" It being one chief project of Satan to keep men from the knowl- \nedge of the Scriptures, as in former times keeping them in unknown \ntongues ; to the end, therefore, that learning may not be buried in \nthe graves of oiu- forefathers, in chiuxh and Commonwealth, it is \nenacted,\" etc. \n\nThe school-house is brought into notice in 1744, by a some- \nwhat curious affair. It appears that Captain W. Montague, \nafterwards a British Admiral, came ashore from his ship, the \nfrigate Eltham, then lying in l^antasket Eoads, and, accom- \npanied by a party from his vessel, indulged in a regular sailor's \nlark on shore. In the course of their rambles the party com- \nmitted some depredations on the school-house, for which war- \nrants were issued against some of the offenders. \n\nJames Carter was the most famous of the masters of this old \nschool. He was a pedagogue of an extinct type, and after a \nlong term of eervioe, continuing almost to the time of hia death, \n\n\n76 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nwas btiried December 2, 1797. His house adjoined the school- \nhouse on the west. TiireU's Museum once occupied the old \nschool-house, part of which was removed upon the completion \nof Cornhill, to afford a free passage into Tremont Street. \n\nGreen and Eussell, one of the old printing houses of Boston, \ntransacted business in an old building that stood on the site of \nScollay's, in 1755. Joseph EusseU, one of the partners, carried \non the business of an auctioneer, in which he was very success- \nful, and became the owner of. the property. William Vassall, \na royahst refugee, in 1776, was the next proprietor, followed \nby Jeffrey. The Colonial Custom-house stood very near this \nlocaHty in 1757, but we have been unable to discover its exact \nsite. \n\nCornhiU owes its name, no doubt, originally, to its London \nprototype. It is the second street which has borne the name \nin Boston, and was first called Market Street, as it opened a \nnew route to Faneuil Hall Market. The stores erected in this \nstreet were the first raised on granite pillars in Boston. Uriah \nCotting built the street in 1817. To his genius Boston owes a \ndebt not yet suitably recognized. Mr. Cotting's remains lie \nbeneath an humble tomb in Granary Burying-ground, but we \nmay appropriately apply to him the epitaj^h of Sir Cliristopher \nWren : — \n\n\" Reader, if thou seekest his monument, look around.\" \n\nOpposite to us, now the premises of the Adams Express Com- \npany, was the old Parsonage House of Brattle Square Church, \ngiven to it by Mrs. Lydia Hancock in 1765. She was the wife \nof Thomas Hancock (uncle of the patriot), and resided in the \nold house, as also did her father, Colonel Daniel Henchman, \ngrandson of the old Indian fighter. Henchman was a book- \nseller and bookbinder, and Thomas Hancock served his time \nwith him. Colonel Henchman established the first paper-miU \nin the colony, at Milton. Since their day it was the residence \nof the pastors of the church, — last, that of Dr. Lothrop. \nThis house has been noted as one of the dwelling-places of \nJames Otis. \n\nThe Old Prison stood on the spot where now the maesive \n\n\nFEOM THE OKANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 77 \n\ngranite Court House is placed. From it the street was very \n\nearly named Prison Lane, changed to Queen Street in 1708, \n\nand to Court in 1784. What the Old Prison was like is left to \n\nconjecture, but we will let an old master of the imaginative art \n\ndescribe it : \" The rust on the ponderous iron-work of its oaken \n\ndoor looked more antique than anything else in the ISTew \n\nWorld. Like all that pertains to crime, it seemed never to \n\nhave known a youthful era.\" The fancy of Hawthorne in \n\nlocating a blooming rose-bush on the gTass-plot beside the \n\nprison door is striking. Here were confined the victims of the \n\nterrible witchcraft delusion. \n\n\" Wlio is lie ? one that for lack of land \nShall fight upon the water.\" \n\nThis heavy oaken door stood between the notorious pirate, Wil- \nHam Kidd, and liberty. He arrived in Boston in June, 1699, \nwith his sloop, and was examined before the Earl of Bellomont \nand the Council of the province. On the 6th of June Kidd \nwas seized and committed to prison with several of his crew, \nand his vessel taken possession of. When arrested, Kidd \nattempted to draw his sword and defend himself. By order of \nthe king, he was sent to England in a frigate, and arrived in \nLondon April 11, 1700. He was examined before the Admi- \nralty, and afterwards before the House of Lords, where great \nefforts were made to implicate the Earl of Bellomont and other \nof the lords in Kidd's transactions. The pirate, after a long \nconfinement, was finally hung at Execution Dock. He died \nhard. The rope broke the first time he was tied up, and he \n• fell to the ground ; a second trial proved more successful. \n\nIt has been claimed that Kidd was not a pirate. He was an \nofficer in the British navy prior to 1691, married in this coun- \ntry, and had commanded a merchant ship owned by Eobert \nLivingstone, a wealthy New York merchant. When, in 1695, \nthe coast of I^ew England was infested with pirates, Living- \nstone proposed to the Earl of BeUomont to employ Kidd to \ngo in pursuit of them, and offered to share the expense of \nfitting out a vessel. Application was made to the home gov- \nernment for a thirty-gun ship, and a conmiission for Kidd for \n\n\n78 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON, \n\nthis purpose; but, the government being then imable to furnish \na vessel, the Earl of Bellomont, Lords Halifax, Somers, Eoni- \nney, Oxford, and others contributed, with Livingstone, to fit \nKidd out in the Adventure GaUey. He received a commis- \nsion from the Court of Admiralty in December, 1695, author- \nizing him to cruise against the king's enemies. \n\nOnce at sea, Kidd turned pirate, reversing the adage \" Set a \nrogue to catch a rogue,\" and made several captures ; but his ex- \nploits preceded him, and on his return to New England he was \narrested. The search after the pirate's hidden treasure has \ncontinued ever since. A pot of dollars was dug up in 1790 \non Long Island, supposed to have been Kidd's. The fate of \nthe freebooter has often been lamented in the melancholy \n\nditty, — \n\n\" My name was Captain liidd, as I sailed,\" etc. \n\nThe Old Prison, ugly and uncouth, gave place to a new be- \nfore 1769, as in that year \"the new Jail in Queen Street\" was \ndestroyed by fire, the prisoners being with difficulty rescued ; \nsome of them were badly burned.* The site was then appro- \npriated by a Court House built of brick, about the Eevolution- \nary period, three stories high, with a cupola and bell. Before \nthe erection of the County Court House (City Hall), in 1810, \nthis building was used by all the courts of law held in the \ncounty. \n\nAt this time the County Jail was in an old stone building \nsituated between the Old Court House, just described, and the \nNew. On the ground where it stood was formerly an old \nwooden building called the Debtor's Jail. The County Jail \nand Municipal Court House were, in 1822, situated in Lev- \nerett Street. \n\nIn 1851 the keys of the Old Prison in Court Street were \nfound under the office of the Leverett Street jail, where they \nhad lain since 1823. They were three in number; were from \ntwelve to eighteen inches in length, and of a most primitive \nconstruction. The keys weighed from one to three pounds \neach, and when attached to the jailer's girdle, must have been \n\n* Drake's History of Boston. \n\n\n'xrrvk \n\n\nPROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 79 \n\nweighty arguments to lais wards. These keys, when found, \nwere over a hundred years old. What a tale they could tell ! \n\nIn September, 1833, the corner-stone of the present Court \nHouse was laid, and it was completed in 1836. The building \nis massive and unattractive. Within its granite waUs the fugi- \ntive slave cases were tried, and here also Professor John W. \nWebster received the death sentence for the murder of Dr. \n\nParkman. \n\nThe little alley which enters Court Street opposite the east- \nerly side of Court Square is not unknown to fame. It is to- \nday Franklin Avenue, but has been \nDassett's, or Dorsett's Alley, and in \n1722 was a part of Brattle Street. \nDaniel Webster's first office was on \nthe northerly corner of this alley. \nOn the corner where now stands the \nAdvertiser building Samuel Knee- \nland began the printing business \nin 1718, in quite another fashion. \nThomas, in his History of Printing, \nsays : — \n\n\"William Brooker, being appointed \nPostmaster of Boston, he, on Monday, \nDecember 21, 1719, began the publication of another _ newspaper _m \nthat place. This was the second pubUshed in the British Culomes, \nin North America, and was entitled ' The Boston Gazette. James \nFranklm was originally employed as printer of this paper ; but m \n. two or three months after the publication commenced Philip Mus- \n..rave was appointed Postmaster, and became proprietor of it. He \ntook the printing of it from Franklin, and gave it to Kneeland. \nKneeland also published here, in 1727, < The New England Jour- \nnal.' He occupied the ofBce for about forty years. \n\nThis is also the location assigned James Franklin, the brother \nof Beniamin, who, as we have mentioned, printed \"The Boston \nGazette,\" on Monday, December 21, 1719. He began, August \n6 1721, the publication of \"The Kew England Courant, the \nthird newspaper in the town. It was, Hke the other papers, \n\n\nOLD PRINTING-PRESS. \n\n\n80 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON, \n\nprinted on a haK-sheet of foolscap, and, being of a more pro- \ngressive cast than the others, soon fell under the ban of rigid \nPuritans like Eev. Increase Mather. The first number of this \npaper, made famous by Benjamm Franklin's connection with it, \nhas been reprinted, and the whole contents might easily be \ncontained in a single column of one of our present journals. \nTwo very primitive woodcuts, one representing a war sliip \nunder full sail, the other a postman galloping over a village, \nadorn the pages. \n\nBenjamin became his brother's apprentice at the age of twelve, \nin 1718. He soon began to write clandestinely for the paper, \nand tlirust his productions furtively under the office door. But \nhis essays were approved and printed. In 1723, James Frank- \nlin being forbidden to publish the Courant, it was issued under \nthe name of Ids younger brother, and bore the imprint, \" Bostoxi, \nprinted and sold by Benjamin Franklin, in Queen-Street, where \nadvertisements are taken in.\" \n\nBenjamin Franklin remained but a short time with his \nbrother after tliis. The old press on which he worked is in \nthe possession of Major Poore, of West Newbury, Mass., who \nobtained it of Isaiah Thomas's heirs. It bears no date, and is \nold enough to be located at any time since printing began, \nAvithout danger of dispute. Major Poore is confident of the \nauthenticity of this press, tracing it by Thomas to the office of \nJames Franklin. The building, interesting by its association \nwith the early history of printing in Boston, became a book- \nstore, ornamented with a head of Frankhn, and disappeared \nmore than fifty years ago. The amusing rencontre of Franklin \nwith his future wife, Miss Eeed, of Philadelphia, wiU always \nexcite a smile. \n\nThe house was occupied for eighty years as a printing-house, \nby Kneeland and others. In 1769 it became the office of Edes \nand Gill, who continued there until hostilities commenced, in \n1776. Edes and Gill printed a copy of the \" Stamp Act,\" in \na pamphlet of twenty-four pages. They also pu.blished \" The \nBoston Gazette and Country Journal,\" a successor of the Ga- \nzette of Frankhn, Kneeland, etc., which had been discontinued. \n\n\nFEOM THE OEANGE-TEEE TO THE OLD BEICK. \n\n\n81 \n\n\nEdes and Gill, when they printed the Stamp Act, occupied \npremises on the south side of Court Street, about on the pres- \nent site of the Adams Express Co. In their back office, on the \nold corner, the council for the destruction of the tea was held, \nof wliich Samuel Adams was the master spirit. The Gazette, \nunder the control of Edes and Gill, was \nthe paper in which Adams, Otis, Warren, \nQuincy, and other leaders of popular feel- \ning, wrote, and became conspicuous for its \nable political articles. We present two speci- \nmens of the renowned British Stamps. \n\nOver the printing-office was a long room \nin which were wont to meet the active pa- \ntriots. They took the name of the Long \nEoom Club. Samuel Adams was the leader. Hancock, Otis, \nSamuel Dexter, William Cooper, town clerk, Dr. Cooper, War- \nren, Chiu-ch, Josiah Quincy, Jr., Thomas Dawes, Samuel Phil- \nhps, Eoyal Tyler, Paul Revere, Thomas Fleet, John Winslow, \nThomas Melvill, and some others, were members. In this \n\nroom were matured most of the plans \nfor resistance to British usurpation, \nfrom the Stamp Act to the formation \nof the Provincial Congress at Water- \ntoAvn. \n\nAfter the avenues from the town \nwere closed by General Gage, Edes \nmade liis escape by night, in a boat, \nwith a press and a few types, with \nwhich he opened an office in Water- \ntown, and printed for the Provincial \nCongress of Massachusetts. Jolin GiU, his partner, remained \nin Boston and was imprisoned for printing treason, sedition, \nand rebellion. Green and Eussell, in 1758, became occupants \nof the corner, and printed the \" Weekly Advertiser \" therein, \nwhich may be considered the progenitor of the present journal \nof that name. \n\nCourt Street was long the headquarters of the newspaper \n4* F \n\n\n\\y\"«shilm:^cs/ \n\n\n82 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npress. During exciting political controversies abuse sometimes \nwaxed warm. In the language of a writer at the beginning of \nthe present century, — \n\n\" Press answers press ; retorting slander flies, \nAnd Court Street rivals Billingsgate in lies.\" \n\nThe first book printed in Boston was an election sermon \npreached to Governor John Leverett, the Council, and Deputies \nof the Colony, May 3, 1676. It was a small quarto pamplilet \nof sixty-three pages. John Foster was the printer. \n\nThe first regular newspaper was the \" News Letter,\" issued \nApril 24, 1704, by Jolin Campbell, Postmaster of Boston at \nthat time. Bartholomew Green was the printer. Green con- \ntinued to print it until the close of 1707. The building in \nwhich the 'News Letter was printed stood very near the east \ncorner of Avon Street, on \"Washington. \n\nTudor's Buildings are named from Colonel William Tudor, \nwho lived on the site. He was a member of the old Boston bar, \nhaving studied with John Adams. He was colonel and judge- \nadvocate-general in the Revolutionary army, on the staff of \nWashington. Colonel Tudor was also a member of the Massa- \nchusetts House and Senate, Secretary of State 1809-10, and \none of the founders of the Historical Society. Fisher Ames, \nJudge Parker, afterwards Chief Justice, and Josiah Quincy, \nstudied law -with him. \n\nIt is related that Colonel Tudor was once presented at the \ncourt of George III. by our ambassador, Eufus King. His \nMajesty catching the name, ejaculated in his disjointed way : \n\" Eh ! what, what, Tudor, Tudor, — one of us, eh 1 \" \n\nEufus Choate, who as an advocate left no successor at the \nBoston bar, had an office in the gloomy granite block that for- \nmerly stood below the Court House, on the site of the Sears \nBuilding. He had also, for a time, an office on Tremont Bow. \nChoate came to Boston in 1834, after having studied law in \nthe office of William Wirt at Washington. He was not long \nin taking the place left vacant by Mr. Webster. \n\nBesides pathos, which he could bring to bear with over- \nwhelming effect, Choate possessed a fine humor. It is said \n\n\ni-EOM THE ORANGE-fKEE TO THE OLD BRICK. 83 \n\nthat, coming into court one day to hear a decision against him \nfrom Chief Justice Shaw, who Avas by no means a handsome \nman, Choate addressed his Honor in these words : \" In coming \ninto the presence of your Honor I experience the same feeHngs \nthat the Hindoo does when he bows before his idol, — I know \nthat you are ugly, but I feel that you are great.\" * \n\nMr. Choate's face possessed great mobility, and his voice was \ncapable of the most varied modulation. When pleading a crim- \ninal cause he held court, jury, and auditory alike in a spell, \nand seldom failed to sway the jury by his eloquence. He had \nthe magnetism of a natural orator, and could make his auditors \nweep or laugh at will. ]\\Ir. Choate held the offices of State \nrepresentative and senator ; was elected to Congress from the \nEssex district ; and succeeded Webster in the Senate in 1841, \nIn 1853 he was attorney-general of Massachusetts and a mem- \nber of the Constitutional Convention. He retired from prac- \ntice in 1858, on account of failing health, and died in Halifax \nin 1859, while en route to Europe. He was sixty years old \nwhen this event occurred. \n\nWliere now stands the stately Sears Building was once the \nhabitation of Governor John Leverett, during whose adminis- \ntration occurred King Philip's war. Leverett went to England \nin 1644, and served under Cromwell, \n\n■ \" From Edge-Hill Fight to Marston Moor.\" \n\nCharles II. made Leverett a knight and baronet, — titles which \nhe never assumed. Few names connected with the colony are \nmore honorable than Governor Leverett's. He commanded the \nAncient and Honorable Artillery ; was agent of the colony in \nEngland ; on terms of intimacy with the Protector, major-gen- \neral, and deputy-governor. He died in 1679. Governor Lev- \nerett's house was afterwards in State Street, next east of the \npresent Exchange. Before the adoption of the Federal Consti- \ntution the post-office was located on this- corner. In the build- \ning lately taken down was once the law office of John A. An- \ndrew, a man whose memory is warmly cherished by the soldiers \nof Massachusetts in the EebeUion, who gave hhn the name of \n\nthe war governor. \n\n* Bench and Bar. \n\n\n84 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON, \n\n\nOn the northeast corner of Court and Washington Streets \nwas the estate of Henry Dunster, first president of Harvard \nCollege. Here also stood the Town Pump, yielding its cooling \nfluid to our thirsty ancestors, or drenching some maudlin va- \ngrant of the kennel. Here is Hawthorne's invocation from the \nTown Pump to the passers-by : — \n\n\" Like a dramseller on the Mall at muster-day, I cry aloud to all \nand sundrj'', in my plainest accents, and at the very tiptop of my \nvoice : Here it is, gentlemen ! Here is the good liquor ! Walk \nup, walk up, gentlemen, walk up, walk up ! Here is the superior \nstuff ! Here is the unadulterated ale of Father Adam, — better \nthan Cognac, Hollands, Jamaica, strong beer, or wine of any price ; \nhere it is by the hogshead or single glass, and not a cent to pay ! \nWalk up, gentlemen, walk up, and help yourselves ! \" \n\nPublic notices and proclamations were affixed to the Town \nPump. \n\nA little south of the Sears estate is Joy's Building, around \nwhich is a vacant space now known as Cornliill Court and \nCourt Avenue, once Cornhill Square. \n\nThis is the site of the second location of the First Church \n\nof Boston, removed from \nState Street in 1640. In \n1808 the society sold this \nsite to Benjamin Joy, on \nwhich he erected the present \nstructure, and the church \nwas removed to Chauncey \nStreet. From the church \nthe space around it took \nthe name of Church Square. \nThe old meeting-house Avas \nof wood, but after standing \nseventy-one years, was de- \nstroyed by the great fire of \nOLD BEicK CHURCH. 1711, aud was then rebuilt \n\nof brick. After the building of the Second Church in Hano- \nver Street this house took the name of the \" Old Brick.\" It \n\n\nJ-ROM THE ORANGli-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 85 \n\nwas of three stories and decorated with a bell-tower and clock. \nThis clock was, without doubt, the first placed in any public \nposition in the town. The records show that in 1716 - 17 the \ntown voted to obtain a town clock to be set up in some conven- \nient place in Cornliill. Before this the bells were called clocks. \nThe bell of the Old Brick sounded the alarm on the evening of \nthe Massacre of March 5, 1770. \n\nOn the corner of State Street, nearly opposite the Old Brick, \nwas the bookstore of Daniel Henchman, and later that of AVhar- \nton and Bowes. In this shop Henry Knox, afterwards one of \nthe most famous generals of the Eevolutionary army, was an \napprentice. Here he acquired, by reading, the rudiments of the \nmilitary art. The store was the resort of the British officers, \nwho were very friendly with the future general. At eighteen \nKnox was lieutenant of the grenadier company of the Boston \nEegiment, — a company distinguished for its martial appearance \nand the precision of its evolutions. He was one of the watch \non board the tea ship before it was destroyed, and by his prox- \nimity was early at the scene of the Massacre in King Street. \nIn Knox's account of this affair he said, \"Captain Preston \nseemed much agitated. Knox took him by the coat and told \nhim, ' for God's sake to take his men back again, for if they \nfired, his life must answer for the consequences.' While I was \ntalking with Captain Preston the soldiers of his detachment \nhad attacked the people with their bayonets. There was not \nthe least provocation given to Captain Preston or his party.\" \nKnox, after serving his tune, published for himself. \" A Dis- \nsertation on the Gout,\" etc., bears his imprint in 1772. \n\nAfter Lexington Knox escaped with his wife from Boston ; \nMrs. Knox concealing within the hning of her cloak ^he sword \nhe subsequently wore through the war. She accompanied her \nhusband through aU his campaigns. The Marquis Chastellux, \nwho visited the headquarters of the American army in 1782, \nsays : \" We found Mrs. Knox settled in a little farm where she \nhad passed part of the campaign ; for she never quits her hus- \nband. A chad of six months and little girl of three years old \nformed a real family for the general. As for himself, he is be- \n\n\n86 LANDMARKS OP BOSTON. \n\ntween thirty and forty, very fat, but very active, aiid of a gay \nand amiable character. From the very first campaign he waa \nintrusted with the command of the artillery, and it has turned \nout it could not have been placed in better hands. It was he \nwhom M. du Coudray endeavored to supplant, and who had no \ndifficulty in removing him. It was fortunate for M. du Cou- \ndray, perhaps, that he was drowned in the Schuylkill, rather \nthan be swallowed up in the intrigues he was engaged in.\" \n\nKnox's corpulency was the subject of an ill-timed pun from \nDr. Byles. An intimacy existed before the war, and when, on \nthe day Boston was evacuated, Knox marched in at the head of \nhis artillery, the doctor audibly remarked, \" I never saw an \nox fatter in my life.\" Knox did not relish the joke from the \nold tory, and told Dr. Byles he was a \" fool.\" \n\nThe graduate of the little shop in Cornhill was volunteer aid \nat Bunker Hill, commanded the artillery during the siege of \nBoston, and became Secretary of \"War. His greatest service, \nperhaps, was the bringing of more than fifty cannon, mortars, \nand hoAvitzers from Ticonderoga, Crown Point, etc., to the lines \nbefore Boston. This feat was accomplished early in 1776, the \nordnance being dragged on sledges in midwinter almost through \na wilderness. \n\nKnox was a generous, high-minded man. His portrait, by \nGilbert Stuart, hangs in Faneuil Hall. A gunning accident \nhaving injured one of his hands, it is concealed in the picture. \n\nThe celebrated Benjamin Thompson, a native of Woburn, \nafterwards a count of the German Empire, was, like Knox, an \napprentice to a shopkeeper in Cornhill at the time of the ]\\Ias- \nsacre. He was at the American lines in Cambridge at the time \nof Bunker Hill, and accompanied Major, afterwards Governor \nBrooks until they met the retreating Americans. After endeav- \noring unsuccessfully to obtain a commission in the Continental \narmy, he turned loyahst. He was sent to England by General \nHowe after the fall of Boston, but returned to America and \nraised a regiment of horse, called the \" King's Dragoons.\" \n\nAfter the war he was knighted, and became Sir Benjamin \nThompson. The Elector of Bavaria, whose service he entered \n\n\nFROM THE ORANGE-TREE TO THE OLD BRICK. 87 \n\nin 1784, made him a count, with the title of Count Rumford, \nthat being the ancient name of Concord, IST. H., where Thomp- \nson had formerly resided. Eumford went afterwards to Paris, \nand married the widow of the celebrated Lavoisier, from whom, \nhowever, he afterwards separated. \n\nThe Eumford Professorship at Harvard testifies to the remem- \nbrance of this distinguished man for liis native country. He \nleft a munificent bequest to the College for the advancement of \nthe physical and mathematical sciences. \n\nJohn Winslow, one of Knox's compatriots, and a captain in \nCrane's Artillery during the Revolutionary War, was a hardware \nmerchant with his uncle, Jonathan Mason, at 'No. 12 Corn- \nhill, just south of the present Globe newspaper office. He \nremained in Boston during the siege, and buried the Old South \ncommunion plate in liis uncle's cellar ; his uncle was deacon of \nthat church. It was Winslow who recognized the body of \nWarren, the day after the battle of Bunker Hill. He was at \nTiconderoga, Saratoga, and White Plains, and held a nimiber \nof State offices after the war. Winslow lived in Purchase \nStreet, just north of the Sailors' Home. \n\n\n88 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nPROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. \n\nCaptain Keajme. — Coggan, first Shopkeeper. — Old Cornlnll. — Old State \nHouse. — First Church. — Stocks and Wliipping-Post. — John Wilson. — \nWilson's Lane. — United States Bank. — Royal Exchange Tavern. — \nWilliam Sheafife. — Royal Custom House. — Exchange Coifee House. — \n\"Columbian Centinel.\" — Benjamin Russell. — Louis Philippe. — Louis \nNapoleon. — Congress Street. — Governors Dummer and Belcher. — First \nUnited States Custom House. — Post-OflSce. — Bunch of Grapes. — General \nLincoln. — General Dearborn. — First Circulating Library. — British Coffee \nHouse. — Merchants' Row. — First Inn. — Lord Ley. — Miantonimoh. — \nKilby Street. — Oliver's Dock. — Liberty Square. — The Stamp Office. — \nBroad Street. — Commodore Downes. — Broad Street Riot. — India Street \nand Wharf. — Admiral Vernon. — Cro\\vn Cofi'ee House. — Butler's Row. \n\n— The Custom House. — Retrospective View of State Street. — Long Wharf. \n\n— The Barricado. — T Wharf. — Embarkation for Bunker Hill. \n\nTHE earliest settler on the southwestern corner of State Street \nwas Captain Robert Keayne, who has left his name to us \nin connection with a legacy to build a Town House. He was \nalso the first commander of the Ancient and Honorable Artil- \nlery, and was by business a tailor. Captain Keayne fell imder \nthe censure of court and church for selling his wares at exorbi- \ntant profits, — we have before mentioned that the authorities \nregulated the prices of goods, products, etc. His will, of nearly \ntwo hundred pages, is devoted largely to an effort to relieve \nhimself of this charge. What would Washington Street say \nto-day to such a regulation 1 \n\nThe opposite or northwest corner of State Street was occu- \npied by John Coggan, one of the names in the original Book \nof Possessions. He has the distinction of establishing the first \nshop for the sale of merchandise in Boston. From tliis small \nbeginning dates the traffic of Boston. \n\nHaving crossed ancient Cornhill, which name applied to that \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. \n\n\n89 \n\n\npart of Washington Street \nfrom Dock Square to \nSchool Street, and in \nwhich congregated the \nearly booksellers, we are \nat the head of old King \nStreet. Before us is the \nearhest market-place of \nthe town, on the space \nnow occupied by the Old \nState House. King Street \nwas changed to State in \n1784, but it was frequent- \nly called Congress Street \n\n\nOLD STATE HOUSE IN 1791. \n\n\nbefore the present name was settled on. \n\n\" And mark, not far from Faneuil's honored side, \nWhere the Old State House rises in its pride. \nBut, 0, how changed ! its halls, alas ! are fled. \nAnd shop and office fill their slighted stead.\" \n\nThe early history of this edifice has been given in connec- \ntion with the City Hall, as its progenitor. Besides being used \nas a Town House and by the Colonial Courts, it has been occu- \npied by the General Court of the Colony and of the State, by \nthe Council of the Province, and as a barrack for troops. It \nwas the first Exchange the merchants of Boston ever had, and \nis still used for a similar purpose. In it met the Convention \nto ratify the Constitution of the United States before adjourn- \ning to Federal Street Church. In the west end was located \nthe Post-Office, in its beginning, and again in 1838, when a \nforce of fifteen clerks was sufficient for the transaction of its \nbusiness. In 1832 it was again slightly damaged by fire. \n\nUnder its shadow the Massacre was enacted by a detachment \nof the 29th British Eegiment, the result of constant coUisions \nbetween the people and the soldiery. At the time of its occu- \npation by the British troops, — admitted by Governor Bernard \nin 1768, — James Otis moved to have the Superior Court held \nin Paneuil Hall, \"not only as the stench occasioned by the \n\n\n90 BOSTON LANDMARKS. \n\ntroops may prove infectious, tut as it was derogatory to the \nhonor of the court to administer justice at the mouths of can- \nnon and the points of bayonets.\" This referred to the estab- \nlishment of the main-guard opposite, with two field-pieces \npointed toward the Old State House, \n\nThe follo^ving was the interior arrangement of the building \nafter the fire of 1747. The eastern chamber was originally \noccupied by the Council, afterwards by the Senate. The Eep- \nresentatives held their sittings in the west chamber. The \nfloor of these was supported by pillars, and terminated at each \nend by doors, and at the east end by a flight of steps leading \ninto State Street. On the north side were offices for the clerks \nof the supreme and inferior courts. In the daytime the doors \nwere kept open, and the floor served as a walk for the inhabi- \ntants who thronged it dimng the sessions of the courts. After \nthe removal of the Legislature to the new State House the \ninternal arrangement was changed to suit later occuj)ants. \n\nIn the Chamber of Eepresentatives, according to John Adams, \n\" Independence was born \" and the struggle against the en- \ncroachments of the mother country sustained for fourteen years \nby the Adamses, Bowdoins, Thachers, Hancocks, Quincys, and \ntheir illustrious colleagues. According to Hutchinson, in this \nchamber originated the most important measures which led to \nthe emancipation of the Colonies, — with those giants who, \nstaking life and fortune upon the issue, adopted for their \n\nmotto, \n\n\" Let such, such only, tread this sacred floor, \nWho dare to love their country, and be poor.\" \n\nIt was customary to read the commissions of the royal gov- \nernors in presence of the court, attended by mihtary display, \nin the Court House, as it was then called. The news of the \ndeath of George II., and accession of George III., was read \nfrom the balcony ; the latter was the last crowned head pro- \nclaimed in the Colonies. \n\nThe popvJar indignation against the Stamp Act found vent, \nin 1766, in burning stamped clearances in front of the Town \nHoxise. A council of war was held by Gage, Howe, and Clin- \n\n\nFEOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 91 \n\nton, here before Bunker Hill. On the 25th July, 1776, the \nDeclaration of Independence was read from the east balcony \nby William Greenleaf, Sheriff. All the Continental troops in \nthe vicinity of Boston were paraded in State Street, and at its \nconclusion fired thirteen volleys commemorative of the thirteen \nColonies. Here the Constitution of Massachusetts was planned. \nIn 1778 Count D'Estaing made a splendid entry into Boston \nwith his fleet, and was received by Governor Hancock in the \nCouncil Chamber. \n\nAfter the Eevolution it became the place of meeting of the \nLegislature, and has been ever since called the Old State House, \n— except during the interval when it was the City Hall, — \nand this name is its customary appellation. In October, 1789, \nWashington received the homage of the people, from a tempo- \nrary balcony at the west end. A triumphal arch was thrown \nacross the street there, and a long procession passed before him, \nwhose salutations he occasionally returned. In January, 1798, \nthe Legislature took possession of the new State House. \n\nThe building has undergone material alterations, especially in \nthe roof, Avhich gives it a more modern appearance, and the stee- \nple or tower was once considerably higher than at present. The \nsun-dial, which formerly adorned the eastern gable, has been \nsuperseded by a clock ; the Lion and Unicorn once replaced the \nornamental scrolls at either end. There have been a lottery \noffice, engine-house, and even a newspaper published in the old \nbuilding, — the latter printed in 1805, in the Senate Chamber, \nand called the \"Eepertory.\" After the Grand Lodge of Masons \nwas burnt out of the Exchange Coffee House it occupied quar- \nters in the Old State House. At the great fire of 1711, by \nwhich it was destroyed, several gentlemen, at imminent risk of \ntheir lives, succeeded in saving the Queen's portrait from the \nflames. \n\nThe old First Church of Boston was situated on the ground \nnow covered by Brazer's Building, until its removal to another \nlocation. Here preached John Wilson and John Cotton, and \nhere came Winthrop and BelUngham, with their zealous Puri- \ntan followers, men \n\n\n92 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\n\" Stem to inflict and stubborn to endure, \nWho smiled in death. \n\nIn an old two-story wooden house wliich stood upon the site \nof Brazer's Building were located the first United States Bank, \nand also the first government Post-Office. The former remained \nhere until the erection of the building on the site of the Ex- \nchange ; the Post-Office was removed here from Cornhdl. \nJonathan Armstrong was postmaster, and easily performed, from \nhis perch on a high stool, all the duties pertaining to his office. \nThe figure of a winged Mercury, well executed in wood by \nSimeon Skilhn, a North End carver, was placed over the door \nof the Post-Office in State Street, The tutelar deity was rep- \nresented in the act of springing from a globe. In one hand he \nheld his emblematic rod, in the other a letter directed to the \npresident of the Branch Bank. \n\nIn front of the old meeting-house stood the whipping-post, \n\nand probably the stocks, though \nthis latter engine has been lo- \ncated in front of the Old State \n\n\nHouse. In later \n\n\nyears, \n\n\nthe \n\n\nTHE STOCKS. \n\n\nstocks and piUory were a mova- \nble machine, on wheels, and had \nno fixed position. Both were \nused as a means of enforcing \nattendance, or punishing offences \nagainst the church, and their \nlocation at its very portal served, no doubt, as a gentle re- \nminder to the congregation. \n\nIt is recorded that in the year 1753 a woman stood for an \nhour in the piUory near the Town House, amid the scoffs and \njeers of the multitude. The Scarlet Letter is no myth ; HaAV- \nthorne had but to turn to the criminal records of the Colony \nfor the dramatic incidents he has related. The General Court \nenacted in 1695 a law to prevent marriages of consanguinity, \nthe declared penalty of breaking which was that the man or \nwoman offending should be set upon the gallows for an hour, \nwith a rope about the neck, and in the way from thence to the \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. \n\n\n93 \n\n\ncommon jail be severely whipped. The offenders were forever to \nwear a capital letter \" I,\" cut out of cloth of a color different \nfrom their clothes, on the arm or back, in open view. If the \nculprit removed the letter, he or she was to be further whipped. \nN\"o doubt there were Hester Prynnes thus branded and scourged \nin State Street. \n\nPublic whipping was inflicted as late as 1803, and per- \nsons are liAdng who witnessed it. By order of the Supreme \nJudicial Court of Massachusetts, two \nmen were placed in the pillory, in the \nyear mentioned, in State Street. Pier- \npont, the owner, and Storey, master of \nthe brig Hannah, having procured a \nheavy insurance on their cargo, for a \nvoyage to the West Indies, the vessel \nwas sunk in Boston harbor, November \n22, 1801, and a large portion of the in- \nsurance collected. Fraud being proved, \nboth as to the lading and loss of the \nbrig, the Court decreed that Pierpont \nand Storey be set in the piUory in \nState Street two several times, one \nhour each time, and imprisoned two \nyears, and pay the costs of prosecution. \nThe sentence was duly executed, the pillory being placed near \n\" 'Change \" Avenue. The Sheriff usually performed the whip- \nping by deputy. The whipping-post became a perambulating \naffair, and at one time was stationed in West Street. Its ac- \nknowledged utility appears by the Sessions Justice's famous \ncharge, which lays down the law in somewhat startling phrase. \n\n\" Gentlemen of the grand jury : You are required by your oath \nto see to it, that the several towns in the county be provided accord- \ning to law with, \n\nPounds and schoolmasters, \nWhipping-posts and ministers.\" \n\nJohn Wilson, first pastor of the First Church, owned land \non Comhill and State Street ; the lane bearing his name, and \n\n\nTHE PILLOEY. \n\n\n94 . LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nrunning through his tract, was deservedly called Crooked Lane. \nHis dwelling was supposed to have been on the site of the Mer- \nchants' Bank. From him the alley is now called Wilson's \nLane. \n\nWilson's Lane is chiefly remarkable for the number and ex- \ncellence of its eating-houses. This circumstance, with its old \nname, calls to mind Tom Hood's lines : — \n\n\" I 've heard about a pleasant land, where omelets grow on trees. \nAnd roasted pigs inin crying out, ' Come eat me, 11' you please.' \nMy appetite is rather keen, but how shall I get there ? \n' Straight down the Crooked Lane, and all round the Square. ' \" \n\nThe Merchants' Bank succeeded to the location of the United \nStates Branch Bank, which was in its day a building of consid- \nerable architectural pretension. The two columns Avhich now \nsupport the front of the Merchants' Bank performed a like ser- \nvice for its predecessor, and when taken down were fluted to \ncorrespond more nearly with the plan of the new building. \nObservation will show that the granite is of a different color \nfrom that used in the rest of the fagade. The United States \nBank building was built of Chehnsford granite, in imitation \nof a Grecian temple. It was at first proposed to take the site \nof the Old State House, but the project — happily for the \nexistence of this old monument — was abandoned. The struc- \nture was erected in 1824 ; Solomon Willard was the architect ; \nGridley Bryant, master-mason. The columns referred to were \nbrought from Chelmsford on ponderous trucks built for the pur- \npose. On account of their great weight the proprietors of the \nbridges refused to permit the passage of the teams, and they \nwere accordingly brought over the Neck. The moving of such \nunwieldy masses of granite — a marvel when it was first \nattempted — was eclipsed by the transporting of the columns \nfor the Court House and Custom House. \n\nThe pediment was a favorite resort for pigeons, which becom- \ning somewhat troublesome, by order of Gardiner Greene, the \npresident, a wooden cat was placed on the accustomed perch of \nthe feathered visitors. They were at first a httle shy, but soon \nceased to have any fear of the sham grimalkin. It was then \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER, \n\n\n95 \n\n\nremoved to the directors' room, and presided for a long time \nover the deUberations of the board. \n\nThe United States Bank was established in 1791, and the \ncharter exphed in 1812, but was revived in 1816, and finally- \ndissolved in 1836. The bank originated in the want of money \nto carry on the govermnent. The du'ectors were appointed \nby the parent bank at \nPhiladelphia, and the div- \nidends which the bank de- \nclared were made up from \nthe business of all the \nbranches. Under the char- \nter of 1816 the capital \nwas thirty-five millions, \nof which the government \nowned seven. The at- \ntempt to permanently es- \ntablish a bank under gov- \nernment control, hke the \nBank of England, proved \na failure, as is well known. The removal of the deposits by Gen- \neral Jackson affected the Boston branch but little, but it brought \nto Hght a defaulting official. The receiving teller, whose name \nwas John Fuller, finding discovery inevitable, put forty thousand \ndollars into his pocket one afternoon and absconded. In 1836 \nCongress revived the charter, but Jackson vetoed it. A bank \nunder the old title, established by the State of Pennsylvania, \nwent into operation in the latter year, and continued until 1841. \n\nThe old United States Bank was erected on the site of the \nExchange, in 1798, and bore on its front an American eagle, \nwith its wings outstretched, as if in the act of s\\'/ooping upon \nthe bulls and bears of the street. On the expiration of the \ncharter the State Bank purchased the building, and the eagle \nwas afterwards removed to Faneuil Hall, where it is one of the \ncuriosities to be seen there. It is made of clay baked in an \noven at the South End ; and the fractured edges chipped away \nby relic-hunters have the appearance of broken pottery or tile. \n\n\nUNITED STATES BANK. \n\n\n96 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nFormerly the proud bird of Jove, and emblem of our republic, \nwas in the centre of the hall, guarded by an iron railing. The \niron gates of the old bank now guard the entrance to the Cem- \netery on Washington Street, near the St. James Hotel ; a \nrather singular transition from the shrine of Mammon to the \nabode of death. Thomas Eussell was the first President in \n1792, and Peter Eoe Dalton, Cashier. The next location of \nthe United States Bank was in Congress Street, on the west \nside, and not far from State Street. \n\n\" — Where 's the jolly host \nYou told me of ? 'T has been my custom ever \nTo parley with mme host. \" \n\nThe Royal Exchange Tavern was on the southwest corner of \nExchange and State Streets, and gave the name of Eoyal Ex- \nchange Lane to that thoroughfare. ShrLinpton's Lane was an \nearlier name. This tavern certainly dates back to 1727, and \nwas then kept by Luke Yardy. At the time of the Massacre \none Stone was the landlord. It was a resort for the officers of \nthe British army before the Eevolution, At the beginning of \nthe present century it was kept by Israel Hatch, and was a reg- \nular stopping-place for the Providence stages. \n\nThe rencontre between Henry Phillips and Benjamin Wood- \nbridge, which ended in a duel on the Common, had its begin- \nning in this house. After the fire of December, 1747, which \ndestroyed the Towti House, the General Court was held at \nVardy's for the few remaining days of the session. The Eoyal \nExchange was also a favorite hostelry of the Masons, Vardy \nbeing of the fraternity. At a Masonic procession on St. John's \nday Joseph Green notices the jolly landlord thus : — \n\n\" Where 's honest Luke ? that cook from London ; \nFor without Luke, the Lodge is undone. \n'T was he who oft dispell'd their sadness, \nAnd filled the Brethren's hearts with gladness. \nLuke in return is made a brother, \nAs good and true as any other, \nAnd still, though broke with age and wine. \nPreserves the token and the sign.\" \n\nThe Eoyal Custom House, at the time of the Massacre, was \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 97 \n\non the southeast corner of Exchange and State Streets. Joseph \nHarrison was Collector, and William Sheaffe Deputy. With the \nsentinel on duty at this point began the affray in State Street. \nThe sentinel, abused, beaten, and hkely to be overpowered, \nloaded his piece and shouted for assistance to the post of the \nmain-guard, which was opposite the south door of the Town \nHouse. The deplorable results which followed are familiar. \nThe old Custom House had a balcony, from which shots were \nfired at the popidace during the Massacre. \n\nThis circumstance, elicited during the investigation into the \naffair by the town authorities, did not tend to improve the re- \nlations between the people and the obnoxious officers of the \ncustoms. The town desired these officials to be present during \nthe investigation and use the privilege of questioning the wit- \nnesses. Sheaffe, however, was the only one who attended. He \nhad been a long time connected with the Custom House ; as \ndeputy under Sir Henry Frankland, and as his successor when \nSir Henry was removed for inattention to his duties. Sheaffe \nissued the famous Writs of Assistance. He was the father \nof the celebrated Sir Eoger Hale Sheaffe, and a devoted loyal- \nist. Sheaffe Uved in the Adcinity of Scollay Square in Court \nStreet. He had some pretty daughters, of whom Sabine, in his \n\" Loyalists,\" says : — \n\n\" Susanna, Mr. Sheaffe's oldest daughter, married Captain Ponson- \nby Molesworth, a nephew of Lord Ponsonby. \n\n\" The family account is, that on the day of the landing of a regi- \nment of British troops in Boston, a halt was made in Queen (Court) \nStreet opposite Mr. Sheaffe's house ; that Susanna, attracted by the \nmusic and the redcoats, went upon the balcony ; that Molesworth \nsoon saw her, was struck by her great beauty, gazed intently upon \nher, and at last said to a brother oflBcer, who, hke himself, was lean- \ning against a fence, ' That girl seals my fate.' \" \n\nMargaret, another daughter of Mr. Sheaffe, was remarkable \nfor her beauty j so handsome, according to tradition, \" no one \ncould take her picture.\" Previous to her marriage, Lafayette, \nwho admired her, said to her lover, \" Were I not a married \nman, I 'd try to cut you out.\" \n\n5 G \n\n\n98 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nAt tlie time of tlie Massacre the Custom House was in \na building used as a dwelling by Bartholomew Green and \nfamily. King Street was then full of dwellings, the occupants \nusing the lower floor for their business. This Green, a printer \nby profession, had, according to Thomas, the pecuhar faculty of \nrecognizing at sight any vessel belonging to the port of Boston. \nPerpetually on the watch, as soon as a vessel could be discovered \nwith a spy-glass he knew its name, and gave information to the \nowner. He had some small office in the Custom House at one \ntime. \n\nHe who stood on the balcony of the Old State House in \n1770 might count five taverns of repute in King Street. The \nBunch of Grapes was the best punch-house, but Yardy's, the \nnearest, was probably most frequented by the barristers and \nofficers of the court. \n\n\nEXCHANGE COFFEE HOUSE. \n\n\nFrom our stand-point, at the lower end of the Old State \nHouse, Devonshire Street opens at our right hand. The Pud- \nding Lane of yore is suggestive of good living. Accordingly \nwe find the well-remembered Exchange Coffee-House was situ- \nated in Congress Square, once known by the singular title of \nHalf-Square Court. The name of this house owes its origin to \nthe fact that the principal floor was intended to be used by the \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 99 \n\nmerchants as an Exchange. It was a mammoth affair of seven \nstories, far in advance of the wants of its day, and was com- \npleted in 1808, having occupied two years and a half in build- \ning ; it cost half a million. An unsuccessful speculation, it was \nthe means of ruining many of the mechanics who were em- \nployed in building it. Destroyed by fire November 3, 1818, it \nwas rebuilt in a less expensive manner, and occupied as a tavern \nuntil 1853, when it was demolished, giving place to the build- \nings known as the \" City Exchange.\" \n\nThe front of the Coffee House, on Congress Street, was orna- \nmented with six marble Ionic pilasters, and crowned with a \nCorinthian pediment. It had entrances on the State Street \nside and from Devonshire Street. The building was of an ir- \nregular shape, rather like a triangle with the apex cut off, and \ncontained about two hundred and ten apartments. It was in \nthe very centre of business, and was a stopping-place for stages \ngoing or returning from town. A number of Masonic Lodges \noccupied the upper stories. \n\nCaptain Hull made the Exchange his quarters when he was \nin port during the war of 1 8 1 2. At the rooms of the Exchange \nwas kept a register of marine news, arrivals, departures, etc. \nWhen HuU arrived in Boston after his fortunate escape from \nthe British fleet in July, 1812, he wrote with his own hand in \nthis book the following : — \n\n\" Whatever merit may be due for the escape of the Constitution \nfrom the British fleet, belongs to my first officer, Charles Morris, Esq. \n\n\"Isaac Hull.\" \n\nOn his arrival, after the memorable action with the Guerriere, \nHull was the recipient of flattering attentions from the merchants, \nand indeed the whole population vied to do him honor. Hull, \nwith straightforward manliness, wrote on the journal of the \nCoffee House a weU-deserved tribute to the services of this same \nLieutenant, afterwards Commodore Morris, who was severely \nwounded in the fight. \n\nDacres, who became Hull's prisoner after this engagement, \nlodged at the Exchange. Of him it is related, that when he \nwent up the side of the Constitution, after leaving his own \n\n\n100 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nship, Hull, eager to soothe the feelings of his gallant adversary, \nstepped forward, offered his hand, and said, \" Dacres, my dear \nfellow, I am glad to see you ! \" The reply of the discomfited \nBriton was, \" D — n it, I suppose you are.\" The twain became \nafterwards firm friends. \n\nPresident Moiu'oe visited Boston in July, 1817. He took \napartments at the Exchange Coffee House. On the 4th a \nsumptuous dinner was served, at which the follo-ndng guests \nwere present. It would be hard to find a more distinguished \ncompany. General S-svift, Superintendent of \"West Point Acad- \nemy, presided, assisted by Commodore Perry and Mr. Mason. \nThe other guests were ex-President John Adams, Governor \nBrooks, Lieutenant-Governor Phillips, General H. Dearborn, \nPresident Kirkland, Chief Justice Parker, Judges Story, Jack- \nson, Davis, and Adams, Generals Cobb and Humphreys of the \nold army, Hon. Messrs. Pickering and Fales, Commodores \nBainbridge and Hull, and other naval officers. The President \nreturned the visit of the venerable John Adams, and the two \nwallced, arm in arm, over the farm at Quincy, like any two \nplain country gentlemen. \n\nThe fire which consumed the Coffee House was destructive. \nThe keeper, Mr. Barnum, lost $ 25,000. Eleven printing-offices, \nthe Grand Lodge of the State, and several other Masonic Lodges \nwere burned out. \n\nWhere the Traveller building stands was once the printing- \noffice of the \" Columbian Centinel,\" established in 1784. It \nwas then the size of a sheet of commercial post writing-paper, \nand pubhshed semi-weekly. Benjamin EusseU was the editor, \na name well known in the annals of Boston journahsm. Eus- \nseU was an apprentice to Isaiah Thomas of the celebrated \nWorcester Spy. Thomas had the iH luck to be drafted in 1 780, \nand young EusseU volunteered in his place. During his ser- \nvice he witnessed the execution of Andre, at West Point, as \none of the guards. EusseU pubhshed the Centinel untU 1824. \nWhen the Due de Chartres, afterwards Louis PhUippe, was \nin Boston, an exUe from his native country, he was in the habit \nof visiting the Centinel office to obtain the news from abroad, \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 101 \n\nand, it is said, occasionally wrote articles for the paper. The \nCentinel was, at this time, distinguished for the accuracy of its \ninformation in regard to the war then waging between repub- \nlican^ France and combined Europe. An atlas which had be- \nlonged to Louis enabled the editor to describe the topography \nof the battle-fields minutely, and thus surpass his contempo- \nraries. Louis Napoleon, late Emperor of the French, was, if \nreport speaks true, at a later day, an hahiUte of the Centinel \noffice. Thus the representatives of two opposing dynasties have \neagerly scanned the columns of the same repubhcan newspaper \nfor intelligence that was to make or mar their fortunes. The \nCentinel Avas the leading FederaHst organ of iN'ew England, and \nwas ably conducted. \n\nNext is Congi-ess Street, named for the National Legislature. \nThe founders of Boston called it Leverett's Lane, from Elder \nThomas Leverett, who owned the tract tlirough which it passes. \nIt was subsequently Quaker Lane, from the old Quaker Meet- \ning-house situated therein. Congress Street, at its junction \nwith State, was once only eleven feet wide ; and Exchange, even \nnow scarcely deserving the name of street, was once as narrow \nas Wilson's Lane, but was widened through its entire length. \nThe lower part of State, where it meets Long Wharf, was also \nwidened, — a proceeding so repugnant to one of the proprietors, \nthat he took his gun and threatened to shoot any one that \nattempted to remove his building. It was effected, however, \nwithout bloodshed. \n\nThe Exchange is built upon ground which, in the olden time, \nbelonged to Elder Thomas Leverett, who emigrated from Boston, \nEngland, where he had been an alderman, and a parishioner of \nRev. John Cotton. He was a man of property and distinction \nin the province. His more distinguished son, afterwards gov- \nernor, became the owner of this property, which he parted with \nin 1656. It became afterwards two estates, each having a pro- \nprietor of consequence. \n\nAndrew Belcher, one of the most wealthy merchants of Bos- \nton, and a contemporary mth old Andre Faneuil, Kved, in 1691, \nin the westerly part of this estate, which is described as \" front- \n\n\n102 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\ning on the Broad Street near the Exchange.\" This was \"before \nthey had found a name for the street. Belcher's house was of \nhrick. He also owned two brick warehouses, \" the one bigger \nand the other less,\" lying near the Town Dock ; an estate at the \nsouth corner of Wasliington and Bedford Streets, one in Wing's \nLane, and other valuable property. He had been one of the Pro- \nvincial Council, and was a representative in 1698 and 1701. \n\nJonathan Belcher, afterwards governor of the Massachusetts, \nwas in his tenth year when Andrew, his father, came from \nCharlestown to live in Boston. While in Europe, the Bostonian \nwas presented at court, and made so favorable an impression on \nGeorge I. that the King appointed him governor in 1730. The \nyear previous he had gone again to England as agent for the \ncolony, — a position he had not obtained very creditably, accord- \ning to Hutchinson. Governor Belcher became very unpopular, \nand was superseded, in 1741, by Governor Shirley; but was \nafterwards appointed governor of New Jersey. Shaw says \nGovernor Belcher's house was after the model of Julien's, which \nis represented in another place ; he adds that it was standing a \nfew years before he wrote, in 1817. Mr. Belcher was a very \nopulent merchant. His residence was in Orange Street, now \nWasliington, in 1732. He was one of the foremost in organiz- \ning the HoUis Street Church, and gave the Society land to build \nit upon. During his administration occurred the great religious \nrevival, caused by the visit of Whitefield, and Faneuil Hall \nMarket was built. Governor Belcher's son, Jonathan, of Bos- \nton, became lieutenant-governor of IS'ova Scotia. He was an \nable jurist, and had been also Chief Justice of that province. \n\nGovernor Leverett sold a part of his estate, next east of \nGovernor Belcher's, to Jeremiah Dummer, goldsmith, in 1677. \nThis Jeremiah, father of two distinguished sons, was himself a \nconspicuous man in the affairs of the town, and a deacon of the \nEirst Church. \n\nWilliam Dummer, the elder son, lieutenant-governor of the \ncolony from 1716 to 1729, was a captain in the Ancient and \nHonorable Artillery in 1719. He was acting chief-magistrate \nduring a great part of his term, the governor, Samuel Shute, \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 103 \n\nbeing absent from bis post. Tbe principal events of Governor \nDummer's term were the establisliment of a linen manufactory \nin the town, and the introduction of inoculation for tbe small- \npox, during one of its periodical visits, by Dr. Boylston. This \nterrible distemper, which had scourged Boston with great vio- \nlence at different times, Avas arrested by this simple expedient, \nwhich the Western world owes to the efforts of a woman. \nLady Mary \"Wortley Montagu accompanied her husband to the \nPorte, where he was ambassador, in 1716. While there she \nwitnessed the custom among the Turks of engrafting for the \nsmall-pox. She at once devoted her extraordinary epistolary \npowers to procure the introduction of this great boon into Eng- \nland, and, by great exertions, happily succeeded. Franhlin's \npaper was established while Dummer was acting-governor. \nGovernor Dummer provided in his will for the manumission \nand care of his three negroes. He attended Hollis Street \nChurch, living close at hand at the time. \n\nJeremiah Dummer, the younger, was born in the old home- \nstead in State Street. He graduated at Harvard in 1699, and \nstudied at the University of Utrecht, where he took a degree. \nA polished scholar and writer, he is known in public life as \nthe Massachusetts Agent in England, 1710-21. He published \nan eloquent defence of the New England charters when they \nwere threatened in the latter year. \n\nIn a building adjoining the west side of the Exchange \nwas the first United States Custom House ; General Benjamin \nLincoln was the first collector, and retained the position until \n1808. He occupied part of the house for a dwelling. A \ndistinguished Revolutionary soldier. General Lincoln fought \nfrom the lakes to Savannah. He was with Gates at Saratoga \nas second in command, and with D'Estaing in the assault \non Savannah. The fortune of war made him a prisoner to \nSir H. Clinton in May, 1780, with the garrison of Charles- \nton. Again, at Yorktown, he had the satisfaction of seeing \nthe army of CornwaUis lay down their arms. In Shays' Eebel- \nlion of '87 Lincoln commanded the State forces ; he was also \nlieutenant-governor in this year. General Lincoln's portrait, \n\n\n104 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nby F. A. Durivage, — copied from Sargent's picture iii the \nHistorical Society's Collection — is in tlie collector's room at \nthe Custom House. \n\nThe Merchants' Exchange, now the Sub-Treasury and Post- \nOffice, is one of tlie most imposing edifices in State Street. It \nwas erected in 1842, and covers ground on which stood the \nUnited States Branch, and afterwards the State Bank. \n\nThe first action in regard to a post-office appears to have been \nan order of the General Court, November 5, 1639, as follows : — \n\n\" For the preventing the miscarriage of letters, it is ordered, that \nnotice bee given, that Richard Fairbanks, his house in Boston, is the \nplace appointed for all letters, which are brought from beyond seas, \nor to be sent thither ; are to be brought unto him, and he is to take \ncare that they bee delivered or sent accordmg to their directions ; \nprovided that no man shall be compelled to bring his letters thither \nexcept hee please.\" \n\nSomewhat later it seems to have become the custom to bring \nletters to the Exchange, in the Town Hall, to run the hazard of \nbeing forwarded by visitors ; but this proved so precarious a \nmethod that the Council, in 1677-78, appointed John Hayward \nPostmaster for the whole colony. John Campbell, publisher \nof the I^ews-Letter, was Postmaster about 1 704. \n\nIn 1711 the Post-Office was in Old Cornhill, and, when the \ngreat fire occurred in October of that year was removed to the \nsouth side of Milk Street, opposite Rev. Mr. Pemberton's. It \nwas removed back to Cornhill soon after this. William Brooker \nwas Postmaster in 1719. In 1754 the Post-Office was in Corn- \nhiU, at the house of James FrankHn, Postmaster ; in 1770 it was \nstill in Cornhill, between King Street and Dock Square ; Tut- \nhill Hubbard was Postmaster in 1771. Between this date and \n1788 it occupied the corner of Court and Washington Streets \n(Sears Building), and in the latter year was removed to 44 \nCornhiU, where 'New CornliiU now enters Washington Street. \n\nPost-routes were first established in 1711, to Maine and \nPlymouth once a week, and to New York once a fortnight. \nIn 1829 the Post-Office was located on the corner of Con- \ngress and Water Streets, and employed eight clerks ; and \n\n\nFEOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 105 \n\nin 1838 in the Old State House, as related. It will soon seek \nanother situation in Water Street, where a splendid edifice is \nbeing erected. President Grant having assisted at the laying of \nthe corner-stone. \n\nThe Bunch of Grapes Tavern was on the corner of Kilby \nStreet (formerly Mackerel Lane) and State. The 'New Eng- \nland Bank replaces the inn. This tavern existed as early as \n1712, and was then kept by Francis Holmes; in 1731-33 it \nwas kept by William Coffin ; Joshua Barker kept it in 1749; \nand Colonel Joseph IngersoU from 1764 to 1772, Captain \nJohn Marston was landlord in 1777-78, William Foster in \n1782, and James Vila, who removed the same year to Concert \nHaH, in 1789. \n\nThe sign of this hostelry was three clusters of grapes. When \nthe building was torn down to give place to the bank, the \nbimches of grapes were removed to the Commercial Coffee \nHouse, in Milk Street, which was, in its turn, removed, and two \nof the bunches now grace the front of a hquor store in !N\"orth \nMarket Street.* \n\nFew of the ancient inns have had more notable guests than \ntills. As long ago as 1728 Governor Burnet found a hospitable \nreception on liis arrival in Boston. In 1776, after the reading \nof the Declaration of Independence, the Lion and Unicorn from \nthe Town House, Court House, Custom House, and all other \nBritish emblems that could be found, were collected in front of \nthis hostelry and made a bonfire of. When Lafayette arrived \nin Boston in October, 1 784, he alighted at the Bunch of Grapes. \nThe Society of the Cincinnati held their meetings here in 1787, \nand heard orations in the \" Old Brick.\" \n\nEecrossing the street, we find that the Custom House was, \nin 1810, situated on the lower corner of Change Avenue, former- \nly Pierce's, and afterwards Flagg Alley. General Henry Dear- \nborn, of Eevolutionary fame, succeeded the venerable General \nLincoln as Collector in 1809, the latter having resigned on ac- \ncount of the Embargo, It is said that General Lincoln wrote \nto President Madison, \" that he had fought for the liberties of \n\n* E. Paige & Co.'s, 43 and 44 North Market Street. \n5* \n\n\n106 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nMs country, and spent his best years in her service ; and tliat \nhe was not, in his old age, to be made an instrument to violate \nwhat he had assisted to acquire.\" * \n\nGeneral Dearborn continued to be Collector until appointed \nby Madison Senior Major-General, and ordered to the Canada \nfrontier in 1812. His long and glorious career of public service \nextended from Bunker Hill, in 1775, to the capture of York, in \n1813. At the latter place, now Toronto, was captured the royal \nstandard of England, the only one that ever fell into our hands. \nThis trophy is in the naval museum at Annapolis. By the in- \ntrigues of his enemies the veteran was displaced from his com- \nmand, but was refused the court of inquiry he solicited. He was \nminister to Portugal in 1822. General Dearborn lived in what \nwas afterwards the Sun Tavern, on Batterymarch Street, more \nrecently occupied by a Glass Company. He married Governor \nBowdoin's widow, and was a man of very imposing presence. \n\nH. A. S. Dearborn, son of the old warrior, succeeded to the \ncoUectorship. The younger General Dearborn held a number of \noffices, and is known as an author of several historical works. \nAt the time of the Dorr Eebellion in Ehode Island he was Ad- \njutant-General of Massachusetts, and was removed for loaning \nthe State arms to suppress that afiair. \n\n\"When the Custom House was located on the north side of \nState Street, the front was ornamented with two figures carved \nin wood ; one representing Hope leaning on the traditional \nanchor, the other Justice holding the scales aloft. These me- \nmorials are now preserved in the insurance office occupying the \nsame site. \n\nIn 1810 the building in Custom House Street was completed, \nand occupied in December of that year, but was soon found too \ncontracted for the government business. The United States \nCustom House had, for short periods, locations in Merchants' \nEow, on the northeast corner of Corn Court, and in Half-Court \nSquare, now Congress Square. The tablet in the building in \nCustom House Street is from the old Custom House. \n\nOn this site was established, in 1764, the first circulating \n\n* Miss Quincy's Memoir. \n\n\nFROxM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 107 \n\nlibrary in Boston, by John Mein, the most extensive bookseller \nof the day. His place was called the London Bookstore, and \nhis stock contained, according to his advertisement, ten thousand \nvolumes. \n\nThomas says Mein came from Glasgow, in 1 764, with Robert \nSandeman. His shop was first on the north corner of what is \nnow Franklin and Washington Streets, where, in addition to \nbooks, he sold Irish linens, etc. The firm at this time was Mein \nand Sandeman. \n\nJohn Mein is also associated with early printing in Boston, \nhaving been connected with John Fleming, in 1767, in the \npublication of the Boston Chronicle, the first semi-weekly in \nNew England. \n\nThe paper fell under the ban of popular censure, and was \nsuspended in 1770, it having espoused the cause of the mother \ncountry. Mein was exhibited in effigy on Pope Day, 1769, \nand in the unique and horrible pageant was carried a lantern \nwith this acrostic : — \n\n\" Mean is the man, M — n is his name, \nEnough he 's spread his hellish fame ; \nInfernal Furies hurl his soul, \nNine million times from Pole to Pole.\" \n\nMein was afterwards the subject of a personal attack, and \ntook refuge with the soldiery, making a final escape from the \nprofane poetry and hard blows of the wrathful \" Bostoneers \" \nsoon after, to England. \n\nAs we are now among the Insurance Offices, it becomes ap- \npropriate to state that the first in the town was established by \nJoseph Marion, in 1724. His office was called \"The Sun Fire \nOffice in Boston,\" and was located near the site of the Globe \nBank, 22 State Street. \n\n\"Where the beautiful marble building numbered 66 now \nstands was the British Coffee House, an inn kept by Mr. Bal- \nlard in 1762. It was of some prominence, and divided with \nits neighbors the patronage of the military and civilians. The \nrepeal of the Stamp Act was celebrated here, and at the Bunch \nof Grapes in March, 1767. It was also the scene of the un- \n\n\n108 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nfortunate collision between James Otis and John Eobinson, otie \nof the Customs Commissioners referred to in connection with \nOtis's residence. Otis went to the Coffee House alone, by ap- \npointment, and was immediately attacked by Eobinson and his \nfriends. A young man who went to the assistance of Otis \nwas roughly handled and put out of the house. \n\nThe house seems to have been preferred by British officers ; \nfor we find one of them. Surgeon Bolton, delivering a harangue \nfrom the balcony, ridiculing the orations of Warren and Han- \ncock, and abusive of the Whig patriots, while the main-guard, \nparaded in front, furnished an audience. Under the new regime \nthis tavern was styled the American Coffee House. It became \na place of public vendue, in 1786, by a firm who sold books in \nthe chamber and jackasses in the street. The Massachusetts \nBank long occupied its site. \n\nMerchants' Eow seems to have retained its original designa- \ntion, being thus described in 1 708. Andrew Faneuil's ware- \nhouse was on the lower corner in 1732. This was then the \nlower end of King Street. The Eow followed an irregular, \nserpentine course to the wharf on the southerly side of the \nTown Dock. \n\nOn the west side of Merchants' Eow, about midway from \nState Street to Faneuil Hall, was the first house of entertain- \nment in Boston. It was kept by Samuel Cole in 1634. Gov- \nernor Vane, in 1636, invited Miantonimoh, the ISTarragansett \nchief, to Boston, and the sachem repaired thither with a con- \nsiderable retinue. The attendants of the chieftain were dined \nat Mr. Cole's, doubtless with many a grunt of satisfaction, for \ntheir landlord bore a good name, as we shall learn, from high \nauthority. In what manner Cole fed Ms score of painted N'ar- \nragansetts does not transpire. It must have vexed the spirit \nof the jolly Boniface full sore to know how to place his guests \nat table. They did not know the use of chairs, so he may have \nseated them, according to their custom, in a circle on the floor, \nwith his iron pot of meat in the centre, into which each might \nplunge his hand until satisfied. However, Indians were no \nuncommon sight in the town in those days. \n\n\nPROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIEE. 109 \n\nLord Ley, Earl of Marlborough, who was killed in a naval \nengagement with the Dutch in 1655, visited Boston in 1637. \nHe lodged at Cole's inn, and when urged hy Governor \"Wintlarop \nto partake of his hospitality declined, saying that the house \nwhere he was was so well governed, he could be as private \nthere as elsewhere. Lord Ley accompanied Sir Harry Vane \nback to England. His lordship's reply was not, it is said, rel- \nished by the governor, who considered himseK slighted and liis \nhospitality and position neglected. \n\nKilby Street, which once boasted the euphonious name of \nMackerel Lane, extended first only from State Street to what \nis Liberty Square, the portion beyond being known as Adams \nStreet until 1825. Mackerel Lane was very narrow until the \ngreat fire of 1 760, and crossed the creek in Liberty Square by \na bridge at the foot of \"Water Street. On the map of 1722 \nwharves line the east side of Kilby Street, and until about \n1800 Oliver's Dock came up to this street. Broad and India \nStreets had no existence until 1808-09. \n\nOliver's Dock was originally marsh, and through Liberty \nSquare a creek ran up as far west as Spring Lane. This was \nGovernor Winthrop's marsh, and the head of tliis cove was in \nthe vicinity of the spring mentioned in the Introduction. Shaw \nstates that \n\n\" The greater part of Congress Street is made land. An aged gentle- \nman, who lived near the spot, says that when the foundation of Joy's \nBuildings (corner of Congress and Water) was preparing, the re- \nmains of the hull of an old vessel, or large boat, with fragments of \ncanvass and tarred rope, were dug up ; which shows the place \nhad been once used as a graving-yard, or some similar purpose. \nFrom a view of the ground, there is reason to believe that the greater \npart of Congress Street, the whole of Kilby Street and Liberty \nSquare, are built on flats, once covered by salt water.\" \n\nIn noticing the great storm and tide in 1723 the writer \nsays, — \n\n\" We could sail in boats from the southern battery (Rowe's Wharf) \nto the rise of ground in King Street.\" \n\nIn very high tides the water has flowed up to the corner of \n\n\n110 Landmaeks of bostoi^. \n\nState Street and Merchants' Eow. Sound logs have been duct \nup at the bottom of this street, which, from the appearance of \nknots and branches, were supposed to have been felled near at \nhand. \n\nOliver's Dock, so named from Peter Oliver, is noted as the \nscene of an episode of the Stamp Act riots of 1765. A build- \ning newly erected on the northeast corner of Kilby Street and \nLiberty Square was supposed by the people to be intended \nfor a stamp office, and was torn down and tlirown into the \ndock. Liberty Square derives its name from this circumstance. \nIt was so named at the Civic Feast in honor of the French \nEevolution January 24, 1793, when a liberty-pole sixty feet \nin length, surmounted by the horns of the ox that had been \nroasted on Copp's Hill for the feast, was raised, and a salute of \nfifteen guns fired. The procession, after passing through the \nprincipal streets, pausing at Liberty Stump (where Liberty \nTree had stood), and at the residences of \" Citizens \" Hancock \nand Adams, as they were then styled, then governor and heu- \ntenant-governor, halted in State Street, where tables were laid \nfrom the Old State House to near Kilby Street. The roasted \nox was there dispatched by the crowd amid a scene of con- \nfusion. In the afternoon an entertainment was provided at \nFaneuil Hall at which Samuel Adams presided. \" Liberty \nand Equality \" were toasted and sung, but as the bloody char- \nacter of the French Eevolution became manifest in the execu- \ntion of Louis XVI., which had occurred three days before, the \nCivic Feast was not repeated. \n\nThe first directory published in Boston was printed by Jolm \nl^orman, at Oliver's Dock, in 1789. It contained 1,473 \nnames. The directory of 1872 contains 102,117 names. \n\nBroad Street next invites attention. It was built, in 1 708, \nby that great public benefactor, Uriah Cotting, whose improve- \nment of Cornhill is abeady noticed. Until this street was laid \nout Batterymarch marked the water-line to its junction with \nKilby Street. Broad Street was at first occupied for business, \nbut the subsequent building of India Street rendered it una- \nvailable for this purpose, and it became the headquarters of a \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIEE. Ill \n\nrespectable class of residents ; these were ousted in their turn \nby the Irish, who swarmed to this country in great numbers \nafter the war of 1812. Among the early residents of Broad \nStreet we find Lieutenant, afterwards Commodore John Downes, \nwho served with distinction in the navy. He was in the attack \non Tripoli under Preble, and with David Porter in the Pacific, \nwhere, in command of the Essex Junior, — to use the lan- \nguage of a contemporary, — \" he played the devil among the \nwhalers.\" \n\nBroad Street was, in June, 1837, the scene of a riot between \nthe firemen and Irish. The affair grew out of an attempt of \nthe firemen, while proceeding to a fire, to pass through the \nranks of an Irish funeral cortege. Tliis was resented, and led \nto a regular Donny brook scrimmage, resulting in many broken \nheads, but no loss of life. Military force was used to put \ndown the riot, which assumed serious proportions, but no \npowder was burned. The affray led to the disbandment of \nthe whole fire department. \n\nIndia Street, flanked by India and Central Wharves, was \nbuilt, the year after Broad Street, by Mr. Cotting. About mid- \nway of Central \"Wharf was formerly an arched passage-way, \nwhich presented the singular feature of a building supported by \nit, but having no land belonging to it, — to use a military \nphrase, it was in the air. There were formerly a number of \nthese arches, — not the least among the curious objects to be \nseen in Boston, — and several are yet existing. \n\nTwo other taverns remain to be noticed, of which the first is \nthe Admiral Vernon. The name was from Edward Vernon, the \nadmiral, who was known while he lived under the sobriquet of \nOld Grog. In bad weather he was in the habit of walking the \ndeck in a rough grogram cloak, and thence had obtained the \nnickname. Whilst in command of the West India Station, \nand at the height of his popularity on account of his reduction \nof Porto Bello with six men-of-war, he introduced the use of \nrum and water by the ship's company.* The Admiral Vernon \nwas on the lower corner of State Street and Merchants' Eow, \n\n* Notes and Queries. \n\n\n112 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nand was kept by Eichard Smith about 1743, and in 1775 by- \nMary Bean. \n\nThe first house on Long Wharf was the Crown Coffee House, \nnoticed in 1 71 8. It was kept by Widow Anna Swords in 1 749, \nbeing then owned by Governor Belcher, while Governor William \nDummer owned the next estate easterly. Eichard Smith, of \nthe Admiral Vernon, kept it in 1749, and Eobert Shelcock in \n1751. It was, hke the Admiral Vernon, a water-side resort, \nbut is not known to possess any associations of marked interest. \nIt stood where the building now is, having a westerly front on \nState Street, but the street has been widened here. Like the \nother inns, it was used as a dwelling by the proprietors. \n\nPeter Faneuil's warehouse was, in 1742-43 (the year of his \ndeath), below the Admiral Vernon, from which he carried on \nhis large business with the West Indies and Europe. Peter \nwas not averse to a little sharp practice upon the King's revenue, \nfor we find an extract of one of his letters which requests ad- \nvice, — \" also what good French brandy is loorth, and if it he \npossible to cloak it so as to ship it for rum.\" * Otherwise, Peter \nseems to have placed a Mgh estimate upon his commercial honor, \nand his charities were numerous and open-handed. \n\nIf you enter the little passage-way just below Merchants' \nEow, you wiU find a range of brick buildings, bounded north \nby Chatham Street and south by the passage-way. This is But- \nler's Eow, and you may yet see the name cut in stone on the \nsoutheast corner of the block. Peter Butler, an old proprietor, \nhad a warehouse and wharf here. Andrew, Peter, and Benjamin \nFaneuil all had warehouses on, or bounding upon, Butler's Eow. \nThese were all merchants of liigh standing, which marks the \nlocality as one of importance to the mercantile class. \n\nSeventy years ago the space between Batterymarch and State \nStreets was occupied by a ship-yard and wharves. Where the \nold Custom House stands, on Custom House Street, large ves- \nsels have been built and launched. \n\nThe massive proportions of the new Custom House, which \ncontains about the same nimiber of cubic feet of stone as Bunker \n\n* Dealings with the Dead. \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 113 \n\nHill Monument, stand on a foundation recovered from the sea. \nBegun in 1837, it took three years to make a secure foundation. \nThe building is cruciform, of the Grecian Doric order, and has \nthe peculiarity that the roof is covered with granite tiles, ren- \ndering it completely fire-proof. Its position is not conspicuous, \nbut it is one of the noticeable pubhc edifices in Boston. It was \ncompleted in 1849, at a cost of over a million. A. B. Young, \nM. A., was the architect. \n\nWe may now take a retrospective view of State Street. It \nis the busy mart and exchange of the city, sacred to the worship \nof Mammon. Bills, stocks, and bonds are its literatiu'e, and \nin its vaults are fifty miUions of dollars. Here Shylock meets \nAntonio, and daily takes his pound of flesh. It is our Eialto, \nour Bourse, our Royal Exchange. But time was when Perez \nMorton dwelt where the Union Bank's strong coffers are, and \nJohn Coburn took gentlemen boarders just below the Post- \nOffice, — this, too, within the present century. \n\nSince Boston was, State Street has been a favorite theatre of \nmilitary displays, — the train-bands of the hard-visaged Puri- \ntans, the solid tramp of the newly arrived British soldiery in \n1768, and of the reinforcements in 1774. Through State Street \nmarched the 5th and 38th to embark for Bunker Hill, and the \ntread of Eochambeau's gallant Frenchmen has wakened the \nechoes of the old street. Since those more stirring scenes it \nhas been the custom and delight of the citizen soldiery to \n\" march up State Street.\" The bayonets of many a gallant \nregiment have glittered in the sunlight here, ere they marched to \nthe front in the late civil war. Here, too. Burns, a poor fugitive \nwas conducted by the whole police and military force of the \ncity to the ship which took him back to slavery. But we \nhave changed all that. \n\nThe fire of 1711 left its mark in State Street, destroying all \nthe upper part, the Town House, and the Old Meeting House. \nAn attempt was made to save the bell of the latter, and several \nsailors ascended the cupola for that purpose ; but the flames cut \nofi\" their retreat, and they perished in the faUing ruins. In \n1747 the Town House was again destroyed. In the great fire of \n\nH \n\n\n114 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\n1760 the street was again scotirged by the devouring element, \nscarcely a building being left in the part below Kilby Street. \n\nState Street was also the scene of a fatal affray in August, \n1806, between Charles Austin and Thomas Oliver Selfridge, in \nwhich the former was killed. This affair made a great noise, \nand the day was long remembered as \" Bloody Monday.\" James \nSullivan was then Attorney-General, while the defence of SeK-. \nridge was conducted by Samuel Dexter and Christopher Gore. \nThe origin of the difficulty was pohtical feud ; but, according \nto Mr. Sargent, the immediate cause was a dispute between \nother parties, about seven roast pigs and ten bushels of green \npeas. Austin was killed between the Old State House and the \nTraveller Office. \n\nLong Wharf and State Street are so firmly united that they \nmay be considered one to all intents and purposes. Before the \nwharf was built the lower part of State Street terminated at \nthe Governor's Dock. The subject of building a wharf at the \nbottom of King Street was mooted, as early as 1707, by Oliver \nNoyes and others. In 1709- 10 the town voted to accept the \nproposals of ISToyes and his associates to build a wharf, with a \nsufficient common sewer, from Andrew Faneuil's corner to low- \nwater mark, to be of the width of King Street. As originally \nprojected, the wharf was to have a public way on one of its \nsides, thirty feet wide, for the use of the inhabitants and others \nforever. At about the middle a gap, sixteen feet wide, was to \nbe left for the passage of boats ; the end was to be left free for \nthe town to plant guns on, if occasion required. The name of \nthe wharf was, first, Boston Pier. M. I'Abbe Eobin describes \nthe pier as \"a superb wharf, advancing nearly two thousand feet \ninto the sea, wide enough along its whole length for stores and \nshops.\" On the map of 1722 there appears almost a continuous \nrow of buildings on the north side; on Price's plan of 1743 \nthe end of the wharf is fortified. \n\nThe \"T\" of Long Wharf, formerly known as Minott's T \n(from Stephen Minott), is a part of the ancient structure known \nas the Barricado, or Old Wharf, which was a line of defence \nconnecting Scarlett's Wharf, at the foot of Copp's Hill, with the \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIER. 115 \n\nSouth. Battery at the foot of Fort Hill. It enclosed the Town \nCove, in which the shipping lay. The Barricado extended in \nstraight lines from the wharf to the terminal points, making an \nangle at the junction with Long Wharf, with the point towards \nthe town. It was built of wood, and had openings on each \nside of Long Wharf for vessels to pass through. Apprehensions \nof invasion from the Dutch or French caused its construction. \nAtlantic Avenue now follows, substantially, the line of the \nBarricado. It crossed Long Wharf on the neck of the T, and \ntwo little islands to the north and south of the wharf furnished \npoints of ap2mi. Central Wharf was laid out over one of these \nislands, and large trees and stones, which had been used in \nbuilding the Barricado, were found when excavations were \nmaking for the wharf. The other island was removed. The \nOld Wharf, being for defence only, was only wide enough to \nwork guns upon. It fell into gradual decay, and the last ves- \ntiges disappeared long ago. \" T \" Wharf, which name has \nsometimes erroneously been connected with the Tea Party, has \nalways been noted for an excellent old well of water, from \nwhich ships were supplied. Miiiott and Andrew Faneuil \nowned it in 1718. \n\nWhen, in November, 1745, after that extraordinary and \nsuccessful expedition, which resulted in the reduction of Louis- \nburg, Governor Shirley returned home in the Massachusetts \nFrigate, a splendid reception awaited him. He first landed at \nthe \" Castle,\" where he passed the night, coming up to Boston \nin the morning in the Castle barge. About noon he landed, \nwith his retinue, at Long Wliarf, under salutes from aU the \nshipping in the port and the acclamations of the people. Here \nthey were received by the dignitaries of the province and town, \nand by Colonel Wendell's regiment of militia, a Chelsea com- \npany, the Troop of Guards, and another Troop of Horse, with \nthe Cadets under Colonel Benjamin PoUard. The ringing of \nbeUs, illuminations, and fireworks prolonged the joyful occasion. \n\nGeneral Thomas Gage landed at Long Wharf in May, 1774, \nand was received by the Troop of Guards, a regiment of militia, \nand the Cadets, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel \n\n\n116 LAND.MAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nCoiBfin. The reception was in the midst of a drenching rain, \nbut was, nevertheless, attended by a great concourse of people. \nSix years before this umbreUas — or \" umbrilloes,\" as they were \ncalled • — - were first used in Boston, and were, doubtless, put in \nrequisition on this occasion. iRearly all the British troops that \nset foot in Boston landed at tliis wharf It was also the scene \nof the embarkation of the 5th and 38th for Breed's Hill, who \nleft so many of their number on its green slope. \n\nThe stores on the wharf, deserted by most of their owners, \nwere used during the siege for the storage of military and naval \nstores, of wliich a considerable quantity was recovered by \nQuartermaster-General Mifflin, — besides General Gage's char- \niot, which was taken out of the dock broken, — when our forces \nentered the town. After the evacuation, the British fleet re- \nmained for some time anchored at I^^antasket, and was a source \nof continual alarm to the people. General Benjamin Lincoln \norganized a force which embarked from Long \"WTiarf and took \npositions at Long and Pettick's Islands, Hull, Point Alderton, \nand elsewhere. The battery on Long Island sent a shot through \nthe upper works of Commodore Banks's ship, when he signalled \nthe fleet to get under way, blew up the lighthouse, and vexed \nthe waters of Boston harbor no more. \n\nWhen the news of the Embargo of 1812 reached the town it \ncaused the greatest consternation. All the vessels that could \nget away before the port closed did so. Sunday, AprU 5, was \nas busy a day as any of the remaining six. Long Wharf, and \nevery other, was crowded with trucks, sailors, and longshore- \nmen. About fifty sail went to sea before the flag of Embargo \nwas raised on Fort Hill. \n\nThe embarkation of the troops which were to force the \nAmerican works at Breed's HiU, from this wharf and from the \nNorth Battery (Battery Wharf ), was a scene to be remembered. \nThe ships of war furnished the boats, which were in charge of \nCoUing^vood, — afterwards so famous as Nelson's lieutenant, — \nthen a midshipman. Erothingham graphically describes the \ndisplay : — \n\n\" When a blue flag was displayed as a signal, the fleet, with field- \n\n\nFROM THE OLD STATE HOUSE TO BOSTON PIEK. 117 \n\npieces in the leading barges, moved towards CharlestowTi. The sun \nwas shining in meridian splendor ; and the scarlet uniforms, the \nglistening armor, the brazen artillery, the regular movement of the \nboats, the flashes of fire, and the belchings of smoke formed a spec- \ntacle brilliant and imposmg.\" \n\n\" Hark, from the town a trumpet ! The barges at the wharf \nAre crowded with the liviug freight, and now they 're pushing off. \nWith clash and glitter, trump and driun, in all its bright array, \nBehold the splendid sacrifice move slowly o'er the bay ' \" \n\n\nI \" \n\n\nb,... \n\n\n118 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nCHAPTEE IV. \n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. \n\nOld Comhill. — Paul Eevere. — Amos and Abbott Lawrence. — Boylston's Al- \nley. — Barracks of the 29th. — Blue Anchor. — Brattle Street Church. — \nGeneral Gage. — Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne. — John Adams. — Head- \nquarters of Stage-Coaches. — Dock Square. — The Conduit. — To^vn Dock \nDescribed. — Quincy Market. — Origin of Markets in Boston. — The Tri- \nangular Warehouse. — Roebuck Passage. — Clinton Street. — The Old \nMarket Museum. — Old Cocked Hat. — Faneuil Hall. — D'Estaing. — \nLafayette. — Jackson. — Prince de Joinville. — Jerome Bonaparte. — Lord \nAshburton. — The Portraits. — Com Court. — Hancock House. — Talley- \nrand. — State Custom House. — The Conscription Riot. \n\nOUE way lies through that part of Old Cornliill from State \nStreet to Dock Square. The Town Pump, wliich has been \nreferred to, stood in the middle of Comhill, on a line with the \nnorth side of Court Street, giving room for vehicles to pass on \neither side. A drinking-fountain at the sidewalk would not \ninappropriately mark the place. \n\nAt No. 50 Cornhill, coinciding Avith Crocker and Brewster's \nbookstore, we find Paul Eevere, a man whose name occurs fre- \nquently in connection with the history of Boston. Descended \nfrom the sturdy old Huguenots, whose ancient family name was \nEivoire, Paul Eevere began business as a goldsmith, but, ere- \nlong, took up the art of engraving on copper, in which he was \nself-taught ; a fact evident enough in his early attempts. \n\nOf his engravings of Dr. Mayhew, and the Eescinders, he \nmight have said with Beau Brummel, \" These are my failures.\" \n\" The Massacre,\" \" Cromwell's Head,\" etc., show a somewhat \ntruer hand. But \n\n\" Copperplate, with almanacks \nEngraved upon 't, and other knacks,\" \n\ndid not fill the measure of Eevere's ingenuity. He put in oper- \nation the first powder-mill in the province, visiting Philadelphia \n— where was the only mill in the Colonies — for this purpose. \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUAEE AND THE TOWN DOCK. \n\n\n119 \n\n\n120 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe proprietor would only permit the Boston mechanic to go \nthrough his mill ; but this was enough, and the Provincial Con- \ngi-ess soon had powder. Eevere was of the Tea Party; Avas \nlieutenant-colonel of a regiment of mihtia raised after the evacu- \nation ; and was in the ill-starred Penobscot expedition of 1779. \nAfter the peace of 1783 he estabhshed a cannon and bell founcby \nat the ISTorth End, and, later, works at Canton for the manufac- \nture of malleable copper bolts, spikes, etc. A company at the \nlatter place still bears his name. Paul Ptevere was also the first \nPresident of the Mechanic Charitable Association. \n\n\"When the engraver was at work upon the caricature of the \nseventeen members of the Legislature who voted, in 1768, to \nrescind the resolution to issue a circular to the Colonies calling \na convention to oppose taxation without representation, entitled \n\" A warm place, Hell,\" Dr. Church, who afterwards betrayed \nthe patriot cause, dropped in, and, seeing what Eevere was do- \ning, seized a pen and wrote : — \n\n\" 0 brave Rescinders ! to yon yawning cell, \nSeventeen such miscreants will startle hell. \nThere puny villains damned for petty sta, \nOn such distinguished scoundrels, gaze and grin ; \nThe outdone devil will resign his sway, — \nHe never curst his millions in a day.\" \n\nWhen Amos Lawrence first came to Boston, in 1807, from \nhis native tovm of Groton, he began business in Cornhill, on \nthe. corner which makes the turn into Dock Square. We are \nassured that the rental of $ 700 per annum seemed, at that \ntime, to presage ruin to the future miUionnaire. Mr. Lawrence, \nwhom we find set down as a shopkeeper, removed afterwards to \nthe situation on the opposite side of Cornhill, now occupied by \na well-known carpet firm. At this time he boarded with Mrs. \nDexter, in Portland Street, as did also his brother Abbott, an \napprentice in his store. The munificent public and private \ncharities of Amos Lawrence will long perpetuate his memory. \nTo WiUiams College he gave upwards of $40,000, and to \nBunker Hill Monument large sums and personal effort. \n\nAbbott Lawrence, the apprentice, became an eminent Boston \nmerchant, besides holding many offices of pubhc trust. He \n\n\nBKATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 121 \n\nwas the founder of the city of Lawrence ; was in the City \nCouncil in 1831, a member of Congress two terms, and minister \nto England from 1849 to 1852. He also founded the Lawrence \nScientific School at Cambridge, endowing it munificently. \n\nWe have mentioned among the peculiar features of the town \nthe arches, which in various places tunnel the buildings, and \nfurnish a short cut from street to street. A covered passage is \nnow before us, the oldest, it is believed, in Boston. Altera- \ntions have taken place in the buildings, but a similar way was \nhere long prior to the Eevolution. At the time of the Boston \nMassacre, and for two years previous, Brattle Square was a sort \noi place d^armes for British troops, and in the alley began a col- \nhsion between some grenadiers of the 29th and a few citizens \non the evening of the memorable 5th of March. \n\nAs early as 1734 John Draper, who published the Boston \nNews-Letter in 1732, and was printer to the Governor and \nCouncil, lived on the east corner, and from him it took the \nname of Draper's Alley. In 1776 Benjamin Edes, the printer, \ntook the house next to Draper, part of which formed the alley, \nso that its present occupation by a large printing firm is entirely \nlegitimate. The passage was known both as Draper's and \nBoylston's Alley. \n\nOpposite the opening into Brattle Street was Murray's Bar- \nracks, in which the 29th were quartered. This regiment was \nthoroughly hated by the Bostonians before the Massacre, and \nafter tliis tragedy, in which it was the chief actor, there is little \nquestion that it would have been exterminated in detail but for \nits removal to the Castle. It is a singular fact that a major of \nthe 29th, Pierce Butler, became a citizen of the United States \nand a Senator from South Carolina, becoming, in 1812, an ad- \nvocate for war against his native country. The officers of the \n29th lodged at Madame Apthorp's. Her house stood in the \nangle now covered by the Central House. \n\nWhere the City Tavern now is was once the locality of the \n\nBlue Anchor Tavern, but this was not the original \"Blew \n\nAnchor,\" which was in Cornhill, very near the site of the \n\nGlobe newspaper building. The old tavern was kept in 1691 \n\n6 \n\n\n122 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nby George Monck, and as early as 1664 by Eobert Turner. \nSavage says : \" At the sign of the Blue Anchor, Turner fur- \nnished lodgings and refresliments to members of the govern- \nment, to juries, and to the clergy, when summoned into synod \nby our General Court.\" The rooms in the Blue Anchor were \ndesignated as the \" Cross Keyes,\" \" Green Dragon,\" the \"Anchor \nand Castle Chamber,\" and the \" Eose and Sun Low Koom.\" * \nWhat should Ave think in these days of such a bill as the fol- \nlowing abstract of an election dinner to the General Court in \n1769 presents'? — 204 dinners, 72 bottles of Madeira, 28 of Lis- \nbon, 10 of claret, 17 of port, 18 of porter, 50 \"double bowls\" \nof punch, besides cider. A double bowl of punch held two \nquarts, enough to satisfy thirsty Jack Falstaff himself. \n\nAt about the same time Joseph Ingersoll, of the \" Bunch of \nGrapes,\" furnished the Council with two dozen Madeira, three \ndozen Lisbon, four and a half gallons Vidania (\" to mix with \nthe water \"), and six double bowls of punch. Only fifty cents \nin our currency was charged for anything eatable. Verily, \nHutchinson and his associates were no ascetics. \n\nAt ovir left hand rises the wreck of Old Brattle Street Church. \n\" The tower that long had stood the crash of thunder and the warring winds \" \nis now, as we write, all that is left of the historic edifice which \ndated back to 1772, just one hundred years before its demolition. \n\nThe first building was erected in 1699, of wood, and was for \na time known as the \" Manifesto Church,\" in consequence of a \ndeclaration of princij)les by it, in answer to a protest from the \nolder churches against its more liberal form of worship. The \nold church was never painted, and the toAver and bell were on \nthe west side, while the entrance was at the south side. Its \nruinous condition caused it to be rebuilt of brick, as it lately \nstood. John S. Copley, the painter, made a plan for the new \nbuilding, but it was rejected on account of the expense, and \nthat of Major Thomas DaAves accepted. Governor Hancock \ngave a thousand pounds, and a beU, on which was inscribed, — » \n\n\" I to the Chm'ch the living call, \nAnd to the grave I summon all.\" \n\n* Whitmore's Notes to .John Dunton's Letters. \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. \n\n\n123 \n\n\nTliis was the church of Cohnan, the Coopers, Thacher, Buck- \nminster, Edward Everett, Palfrey, and Lothrop, an array of \nclerical talent unsurpassed in the Boston pulpit. General Gage \nquartered the 29th in the church and vicinity, taking up his \n\n\nBRATTLE STREET CHURCH. \n\n\nown quarters in the house opposite. Gage told Mr. Turell that \nhe had no fears for his men while quartered within such walls. \nISTevertheless, the night before the evacuation a tAventy-four \npound shot from Cambridge struck the tower, and falling to \nthe ground was picked up by Mr. Turell, and in 1824 was \nimbedded in the masonry, whsre it remained until the work \nof demolition began. \n\nWhen the society sold the church, they reserved the ancient \nquoins, pulpit, bell, and cannon-ball. The bell given by Gov- \nernor Hancock became cracked, and was sold ; the present one \nhaving been purchased in London in 1809. The society voted \n\n\n124 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nWINDOW OF BRATTLE STREET \nCHURCH, WITH BALL. \n\n\nto make Mr. \"Wakefield the custodian of the cannon-ball, to be \nplaced by him in the front of his new building on the old site, \n\nand occupy the same position as in \nthe church. The rustic quoins, of \nConnecticut stone, have been placed \ninside the tower of the new church \non Commonwealth Avenue. One of \nthese, which had the name of John \nHancock inscribed upon it, was mu- \n~^ tilated by the King's soldiers, Avho \nowed a special spite to King Han- \ncock, as they styled him. Dr. John \nGreenleaf 's name was on another of \nthe quoins. \n\nDuring the occupation by troops, \nservices appear to have been held \noccasionally in the church, as the Boston Gazette, of Septem- \nber 21, 1775, states that \"the Eev. Dr. Morrison received \na call to preach in the elegant new church in Brattle Street, \nvacated by the flight of Dr. Cooper, and on Sunday he deliv- \nered an excellent discourse to a genteel audience.\" The tenor \nof this discourse was upon the fatal consequences of sedition, \nand was adapted to the \" genteel \" audience. Of the pastors, \nbesides Cooper, noted as a zealous coworker Avith the patriots, \nthere was Buckminster, who had taught Daniel Webster at Ex- \neter Academy, and was one of the originators of the Anthology \nClub ; Everett, whom Lafayette styled the young American \nCicero, who left the pulpit for a distinguished career in public \nlife ; and others who have been prominent in our annals. \n\nBesides Governors Hancock and Bowdoin and their famiUes, \nJoseph Warren, Harrison Gray Otis, Madame Scott, Daniel \nWebster, John Coflan Jones, and many other distinguished \nBostonians, have sat under the ministration of the pastors of \nOld Brattle Street. \n\nGeneral Thomas Gage, whom some wit proposed to create \nLord Lexington, Baron of Bunker Hill, on account of his dis- \nasters here, was well acquainted with Washington, having \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 125 \n\nfought under Braddock at Fort du Quesne, where he (Gage) \nled the advance. \"Washington, in July, 1775, became his \nadversary. Another of these intimacies existed between Gen- \neral Charles Lee and Burgoyne, who had served together in \nPortugal. \n\nGage succeeded Hutchinson as governor, in 1774, when it \nwas determined by the Ministry to crush the rising spirit of \nrebellion in the Colonies. He was at first well received, but \nthe course of events soon led to a wide separation between him \nand the people. After Lexington, Gage proclaimed martial \nlaw, offering pardon to all offenders except Samuel Adams and \nJohn Hancock. Bunker Hill followed, and the British general \nsoon found himself shut up in the town. In October he \nresigned and returned to England, being succeeded by Howe. \nHowe, Clinton, and Bm-goyne, all arrived in Boston in the Cer- \nberus, May 25, 1775. As they came up the harbor they met a \npacket outward bound, and Burgoyne hailed the master and \ninquired the news. Learning that Boston was closely besieged \nby the provincials, he demanded, \"How many regulars are \nthere in the town 1 \" Being answered about five thousand men, \nhe exclaimed, \" What ! ten thousand peasants keep five thou- \nsand King's troops shut up ; well, let us get in and we '11 soon \nfind elbow-room.\" This name stuck to Burgoyne, and on a \nsecond visit to Boston, when the fortune of war had made him \na prisoner, he landed at Charlestown Ferry, — where the bridge \nnow is, — ' but was extremely annoyed by an old woman, who, \nperched on a neighboring shed, kept crying out, \"Make way \nthere, - — elbow-room, — elboAV-room.\" \n\nIn 1768 John Adams, the future president, but then a young \nbarrister, took up liis residence with Mr. Bollan in Brattle \nSquare. The house was known as the White House. His son, \nJohn Quincy Adams, was then only a year old. I© his diary \nMr. Adams remarks that \" the town was fuU of troops, and \nthrough the whole succeeding fall and winter a regiment was \nexercised by Major SmaU directly in front of my house.\" On \nthe night of the Massacre Mr. Adams was passing the evening \nat the house of Mr. Henderson Inches at the South End, where \n\n\n126 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\na club, of which Adams was a member, used to assemble. \nThinking the alarm was for a fire, he snatched his hat and \ncloak, and went out to assist in putting it out. He did not \nreach the Town House imtil the affair was ended, and passed \non, through the little alley we have taken in our route, to \nBrattle Street. The 29th were drawn up in front of theu' \nbarracks, and Adams had to pass along their ranks to reach \nhis lodgings, but not a word was spoken on either side. At \nthis time he lodged in Cole Lane, now Portland Street. \n\nMr. Adams was elected to the General Court of Massachusetts \nin. 1770, though laboring under some obloquy on account of \nhis defence of Captain Preston. He has been called the father \nof our navy, as the act passed under \"Washington's administra- \ntion authorizing the construction of six frigates, was vitalized \nby him, while at a still earlier day, in the Continental Congress \nof 1775, he drew up a code of regulations for a navy, that has \nformed the basis for the government of that branch of the \nservice. Ambassador to England and Holland, and finally \nCliief Magistrate, John Adams, by a coincidence, died on the \nsame day as Thomas Jefferson, July 4, 1826. Mr. Adams was \ntermed by Jefferson the \" Colossus \" of Congress, \n\nBefore leaving Brattle Square and its vicinity, it must not \nbe forgotten that this street, with Elm and Union, formed the \ngreat headquarters of the stages before the day of railways. \nWilde's and Doolittle's were chief among the taverns for stage \ntravel, and on a clear morning the air resounded with the \ncrack of the whips and halloo of the drivers. The starting of \nthe stages was always witnessed by a gaping crowd, and their \ndiurnal passage over the country roads was an event to the \ndwellers along the route, scarcely equalled by the later advent \nof the iron horse. The Tony Wellers of the box were great \nmen in the eyes of the stable-boys and country lasses. One at \nleast among them has reached the eminence of M. C, while \nanother presides over the traffic of a great railway. \n\nIn exploring Dock Square, we find that the old Town Dock, \nfrom which its name is derived, flowed up to a point opposite \nthe entrance of Elm Street, formerly Wing's Lane. On the \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 127 \n\nbrink of tlie Dock was a watch-house, and in the space \nformed \"by the junction of North (Anne), Union, and Elm \nStreets was the Flat Conduit. Tliis conduit was merely a \nreservoir of water, about twelve feet square, raised in the \ncentre and sloping at the sides. It was covered with planks, \nand the platform served on Saturdays as a meal market. It is \nmentioned as early as 1657, and was constructed perhaps not \nlong after the fire of 1653. Anne Street was originally Con- \nduit Street as far as Cross, and Union Street is described in \n1732 as leading from the Conduit to the MiU Pond. \n\nBefore Faneuil Hall was built — as early as 1708 — the \nspace it covers and which siirroimds it was occupied as a \nmarket-place, and at the foot of Merchants' Eow the Dock \nwas crossed by a swing-bridge, in two equal parts. That part \nof the Dock lying west of Merchants' Eow was filled up about \n1 780 ; it was known as the Market Dock, The lower section \nof the Dock was narrower, and is now covered by North \nMarket Street. At the time of the improvement of this region \nby Josiah Qu.incy, in 1826, the Town Dock came up as far as \nthe head of Faneuil HaU Market, or, as this name is now \napplied to the market in Faneuil Hall, we wiU say Quincy \nMarket, which the popular wiU has christened it. On the old \nplans of 1738 the Town Dock was flanked by \"Woodmansie's \nwharf on the south, and by Borland's, Bridgham's, Hill's, and \nPitt's wharves on the north. The Mill Creek, connecting the \nMill Cove with the Town Cove, emptied into the latter on a \nline with, and a httle south of Blackstone Street. \n\nIn the primitive order of things, it is apparent that the tide \ncovered all the level ground in Dock Square, as far as the bot- \ntom of Brattle Street, and aU east of Union Street from Creek \nLane on the west. Between the Mill Creek and the Town \nDock was a triangular tongue of land, or rather marsh. All \nof the north side of the. Dock seems to have been known at \none time as the Fish Market. Shaw says, \" The chief part of \nthe town was built on the cove or bay which has since been \ncalled the Town Dock.\" The first paragraph in the town rec- \nords establishes the fact that in 1634 this was the chief landing- \nplace. \n\n\n128 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe improvement by Mr. Quincy was the greatest enterprise \nof the kind that had been undertaken in Boston. By reference \nto Quincy 's History, we learn that \" a granite market-house, \ntwo stories high, 535 feet long, covering 27,000 feet of land, \nwas erected at a cost of $150,000. Six new streets were \nopened, and a seventh greatly enlarged, including 167,000 feet \nof land, and fiats, docks, and wharf rights obtained to the \nextent of 142,000 square feet. All this was accomplished in \nthe centre of a populous city, not only without any tax, debt, \nor burden upon its pecuniary resources, but with large perma- \nnent additions to its real and productive property.\" This im- \nprovement also facilitated the opening of Fulton and of Com- \nmercial Streets, the latter making direct communication north \nand south instead of a long detour through North Street. S. \nS. Lewis was the projector of Commercial Street. \n\nQuincy Market, though not at once pecuniarily successful, \nsoon became so. It is a moniiment to Mr. Quincy's genius and \nperseverance. Any other man would have succumbed to the \nobstacles he had to encounter, but he pressed on to the accom- \nplishment of his purpose. He invested the sluggish town with \nnew life, and brought into practical use a new watchword, — \nProgress. At a very early hour Mr. Quincy was in the habit \nof mounting his horse, and riding through every quarter of the \ntown, remedying evils or projecting new enterprises. \n\nThe interior of the market has always been a scene of attrac- \ntion to visitors, and a model of its kind. Admirable system \nand order prevails. Here are haunches that would have caused \nthe royal sword to leap from its scabbard, as when \n\n\"Our second Charles of fame facete, \nOn loin of beef did dine ; \nHe held his sword pleased o'er the meat, \n' Rise up, our famed Sir-loin ! ' \" \n\nHere are sausages in festoons ; roasting pig that would have \nmade Charles Lamb's mouth water ; vegetables in parterres, \nand fruits from every clime. Here one may have fish, flesh, \nfowl, or good red herring. The countenances of those who \nseek their daily food before the stalls is a study. The poor \n\n\nBKATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 129 \n\nwoman lingering over the coveted joint far beyond her slender \npurse is jostled by the dame who gives carte hlanche to her \npurveyor. What quantities we eat ! Sydney Smith thought \nhe had eaten wagon-loads more than was good for him. The \nopen mouths of the gazers upon this scene of plenty have \nbeen likened to so many graves yawning for the slaughtered \nherds. \n\nYet plenty has not always prevailed in the town. Putnam \ncame with his drove of sheep to succor the inhabitants in 1774. \nIn 1775 the Town Bull, aged twenty years, was killed and sold \nfor the use of the generals and officers, at eighteen pence sterling \nper pound. Perhaps Gage, in Brattle Square, with his subordi- \nnates, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, sat in gloomy conclave \nover a tough morsel of the patriarch, hoping vainly that \" good \ndigestion might wait on appetite.\" \n\nFaneuil Hall Market was begun in 1824, the corner-stone \nlaid in 1825, and was finished in N'ovember, 1826. It occupied \na little more than two years in building. N\"orth and South \nMarket Streets were built at the same time, and are respectively \nsixty-five and one hundred and two feet wide. The diff'erence \nin the width of these streets, and in fact the position of the \nmarket itself, is due to the refusal of the heirs of Nathan Spear \nto part with their estate on any terms. By the increased width \nof South Market Street, the difficulty was overcome, as the city \nthen took the estate for the street with a clear legal conscience. \nCodman's, Spear's, Bray's, and the wharves extending between \nIforth Market and State Streets towards the present line of \nCommercial Street, were reclaimed in this great improvement, \nand converted into solid ground, and Chatham Street was laid \nout. \n\nBenjamin Faneuil, Jr., was in business in Butler's Eow in \n1767, which, before the improvements, entered Merchants' \nEow between Chatham and State Streets. This Benjamin \nwas the nephew of Peter, of noble memory, and was one of \nthe consignees of the tea ships whose cargoes were emptied \ninto the dock in 1773. \n\nAs a merchant, John Hancock had a store at the head of \n\n\n130 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nwhat is now Soutli Market Street, or, as it was then described, \n\" Store No. 4, at the east end of Faneuil Hall Market. A \ngeneral assortment of English and India Goods, also choice \nNewcastle Coals, and Irish Butter, cheap for Cash. Said Han- \ncock desires those persons who are still indebted to the estate \nof the late Hon. Thomas Hancock, Esq., deceased, to be speedy \nin paying their respective balances to prevent trouble.\" * \n\nIn Winthroj)'s Journal, a market is mentioned as set up by \norder of the court in March, 1634. Its locality is not men- \ntioned, but it is believed to have been on the site of the Old \nState House. In 1734 the town located three markets, and \nappropriated £ 300 towards their erection.' They were situ- \nated in jSTorth Square, Dock Square, and on the present ground \nof Boylston Market. A bell was rung daily at sunrise to give \nnotice of the opening, and one o'clock p. m. was the hour of \nclosing. On the 4th of June the three markets were opened \nfor the first time, and the people and dealers flocked in great \nnumbers to them. \n\nThe market in Dock Square was always the most fre- \nquented. Faneuil Hall, of which we shall presently relate the \nhistory, did not long provide sufficient accommodations. At \nthe time of Mr. Quincy's improvements there was a row of \nsheds, for the sale of vegetables, on the north side of Faneuil \nHall, in what is now the street. The neighboring streets were \noften obstructed with market-wagons, while farmers were com- \npelled to occupy Union Street with their stands, nearly to Han- \nover, and Washing-ton, almost to Court Street. In 1819 a \nnumber of citizens erected what was known as the City Mar- \nket, in the large building at the foot of Brattle Street, now \nused as a furniture warehouse by Blake and Alden ; the upper \npart was occupied as a GaUery of Fine Arts. The General Court \nrefused to incorporate the proprietors, and the city subsequently \nrejected the offer of the market as a donation. \n\nRetracing our steps along North Market Street, the first \nobject of interest is the Triangular \"Warehouse, which stood on \nthe border of the town dock, opposite the swing-bridge, until \n\n* Boston Evening Post, December 25, 1764. \n\n\nBKATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. \n\n\n131 \n\n\ntaken doAvn in 1824 to make room for the sweeping changes \nthen inaugurated. Its site is now covered by the buildings at \nthe head of North Market Street, with a moiety in Merchants' \nEow and CKnton Street. \n\nThis singular old building was built of brick, of two stories, \non a stone foundation, with a tower at each angle ; a tower also \nrose from the centre of the roof Each of these towers termi- \nnated in a pointed roof of slate, and were capped with a stone \nball set in lead, except the middle tower, which had a wooden- \none. The strength with which it was constructed, with the \nquaint architecture, led for a time to the supposition that it \nwas intended for a Custom House, or some other similar \npurpose, but no \nproof being \nfound to support \nthe belief, the \nopinion became \ngeneral that it \nwas erected by \nLondon mer- \nchants for a \nwarehouse, about \n1700. \n\nOne side of \nthe Triangular \n\"Warehouse fronted Eoebuck Passage, which has become, by \ntransition, the extension of Merchants' Eow. The passage, \nnamed from a tavern called the Eoebuck, within its limits, \nwas a tortuous defile a hundred feet in length, varying in width \nfrom thirteen to twenty feet, but was still the main thorough- \nfare from the market north and south. The tavern itself was \na building with a projecting upper story, and was a notorious \nresort of doubtful repute. It was the scene of at least one \ndeadly affray. Eichard \"Whittington, a descendant of the Lord \nMayor of London, is said to have been the builder. \n\nClinton Street was one of the new avenues which arose out \nof the chaos of this region. The Old Mill Creek crossed it at \n\n\nTRIANGULAR WAREHOUSE. \n\n\n132 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON, \n\nthe point \"where now stands the Xew England House, the last \nof the Boston coffee-houses. The hotel is built on made land. \nThe course of the creek was altered at this point, so as to flow \nthrough the lower part of Clinton Street into the harbor, instead \nof following its old channel into the dock. To effect this plan, \nthe city bought Governor Eustis's wharf, through which the \ncreek found an artificial outlet. Blackstone Street has taken \nthe place of the creek. \n\nOpposite the north side of Faneuil Hall is a little alley, and \non the alley, with a front on North Street, is an old landmark. \nThis lofty wooden building of five cramped stories was the Old \nBoston Museum, established in 1804, by PhiUp Woods. After \na removal to another location in Dock Square for a short time, \nthe Museum returned to its old stand. In 1822 the IS^'ew \nEngland Museum fell heir to the greater part of the collection. \nThe building fronted originally on Market Square, and was \nsometimes designated the Market Museum. The timbers are a \nfoot square ; the chambers scarcely allow a tall man to stand \nerect, whilst the staircase in its almost perpendicular ascent is \nextremely suggestive of broken bones. \n\nAt the corner formed by iNorth Street and Market Square \nwas another of those ancient structures now extinct among us. \nIt was known as the \" Old Cocked Hat,\" from its fancied \nresemblance to an article of wear now as obsolete as itself. \nUnder the western gable, fronting Dock Square, Avas the date \nof 1680. The building was of wood, covered with plaster on \nthe outside, Avith which Avere mixed fragments of glass bottles. \nVarious ornamental figures Avere traced upon this rough surface. \nOn two sides, south and southwest, the water once flowed, and \nin digging not far from here some years ago to settle a disputed \nboundary question, the capstan and ring-bolt of the old wharf \nwere uncovered within the present sidcAvalk. \n\nThe \" Old Cocked Hat \" Avas of two stories, the upper pro- \njecting, and is supposed to have been built the year folloAving \nthe destructive fire of August 3, 1679, which began about \nmidnight and raged till midday of the 4th. A hundred and \nfifty dAvellings and warehouses, Avith several ships and their \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AXD THE TOWN DOCK. \n\n\n133 \n\n\nANCIENT HOUSE IN DOCK SQUARE. \n\ncargoes, were consumed. This old house was at first a dwell- \ning, and for a time, according to Snow, the principal apothe- \ncary's shop of the town was kept there. It was taken down \nin July, 1860. \n\nThe fame of Faneuil Hall is as wide as the country itself. \nIt has been caUed the \" Cradle of Liherty,\" because dedicated \nby that early apostle of freedom, James Otis, to the cause of \nliberty, in a speech delivered in the h&U in March, 1763. \nSomewhat of its early history has appeared in the account of \nthe town government. Its walls have echoed to the voices of \nthe great departed in times gone by, and in every great public \nexigency the people, with one accord, assemble together to take \ncounsel within its hallowed precincts. Though much too small \nfor popular gatherings of the present day, its long use for this \npurpose, with the many glorious associations that cluster around \nit, still mark it as the centre from which the will of the people \nof Boston should proceed. \n\nThe Old Market-house, mentioned as existing in Dock Square \nin 1734, was demolished by a mob in 1736-37. There was \n\n\n134 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\ncontention among the people as to whether they would be \nserved at their houses in the old way, or resort to fixed locah- \nties, and one set of disputants took this summary method of \nsettling the question. Pemberton says, tliis mob were \" dis- \nguised Hke clergymen.\" \n\nIn 1740, the question of the Market-house being revived, \nPeter Paneuil proposed to build one at his own cost on the \ntown's land in Dock Square, upon condition that the town \nshould legally authorize it, enact proper regulations, and \n\n\nTANEUIL HALL BEFORE ITS ENLARGEMENT. \n\n\nmaintain it for the purpose named. Mr. Paneuil's noble offer \nwas courteously received, but such was the division of opinion \non the subject, that it was accepted by a majority of only seven \nvotes, out of seven hundred and twenty-seven persons voting. \nThe building was completed in Sejjtember, 1742, and three \ndays after, at a meeting of citizens, the hall was formally \naccepted and a vote of thanks jjassed to the donor. Hon. \nThomas Gushing, the moderator of the meeting, the selectmen, \nand representatives of the town, were appointed a committee, \n\"to wait upon Peter Paneuil, Esq., and in the name of the \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 135 \n\ntown, to render him their most hearty thanks for so bountiful \na gift.\" Besides this, the town voted that the hall should be \ncalled Faneuil Hall forever ; to procure Mr. Faneuil's portrait \nto be placed therein ; and later, to purchase the Faneuil arms, \ncarved and gilt by Moses Deshon, to be fixed in the hall. \n\nThe fii'st architect of Faneuil Hall was John Smibert the \npainter ; Samuel Euggles was the builder. It was not at first \nintended by Faneuil to build more than one story for the \nmarket, but with noble generosity he went beyond his original \nproposal, and built another story for a toAvn hall. The original \nsize of the building Avas forty by one hundred feet, just half \nthe present width ; the hall would contain one thousand per- \nsons. At the fire of January 13, 1763, the whole interior was \ndestroyed, but the town voted to rebuild in March, and the \nState authorized a lottery in aid of the design. The first meet- \ning after the rebuilding was held on the 14th March, 1763, \nwhen James Otis delivered the dedicatory address. In 1806 \nthe Hall was enlarged in width to eighty feet, and by the \naddition of a third story. \n\nBut little is left of the original building, but a rule has been \nlaid down for such as may be curious to trace the old outline : \n\" Take a northeast view of the HaU, — there are seven win- \ndows before you in each story, — run a perpendicular line, from \nthe ground, through the centre of the middle window to the \ntop of the belt, at the bottom of the third story, carry a \nstraight line from that point nearly to the top of the second \nwindow, on the right, in the third story. That point is the \napex of the old pediment. From that point draw the corre- \nsponding roof-Kne doAvn to the belt, at the corner; and you \nhave a profile of the ancient structure.\" \n\nA grasshopper, which stiU decorates the vane, made by that \ncunning artificer Deacon Shem Drowne, was long thought to be \nthe crest of the Faneuils ; especially as a similar insect adorned \nthe vane of the summer-house in Tremont Street. But the arms \nwere extant not many years ago on some of Peter Faneuil's \nplate, in the possession of liis descendants, and disproved tliis \ntheory. No better reason has been assigned for the adoption \n\n\n136 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nNEW FANEUIL HALL, WITH QUINCT MAEKET. \n\nof the grasshopper than that it was an imitation of the vane \nof the Eoyal Exchange, London. \n\nCuriously enough, the first pubhc oration dehvered in Faneuil \nHall was a funeral eulogy, pronounced on the death of Peter \nFaneuil, March 14, 1743, by Master Lovell of the Latin School. \nIn the course of his address the orator said, \" May Liberty \nalways spread its joyful wings over this place. May Loyalty \nto a king under whom we enjoy that Liberty ever remain our \ncharacter.\" Master Lovell, himself a tory fugitive when Boston \nwas freed from the British occupation, did not dream of the ful- \nfilment of his \"uish — divested of its dependence on a king — \nwhen he uttered it. \n\nFaneud Hall was illuminated, by a vote of the town, on the \nnews of the repeal of the Stamp Act, and the selectmen were \nrequested to make provision for drinking the king's health. \nDuring the winter of 1775-76 the British officers, under the \npatronage of General Howe, fitted the haU into a very neat \n\n\nBEATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 137 \n\ntheatre, devoted cliiefly to performances ridiculing the patriots. \nThe Sunday after the battle of Lexington there was a meeting \nheld in the hall by the citizens to agree with General Gage on \nregulations under which the people might leave the town. The \nstrictness with which the Sabbath was then observed testifies \nto the importance the subject had assumed. Gage communi- \ncated with the meeting tlirough Captain Sheriff, his aide-de- \ncamp, the proposal that the inhabitants might be allowed to \ndepart after surrendering their arms. Many of the old provin- \ncial officers, men who had served at Louisburg, were present, \nand viewed with deep chagrin the proposition to give up the \narms they had worn in many honorable campaigns. Gage had \nthe bad faith afterwards to render his promise nugatory by ap- \npointing a Town Major, to whom applications were made. This \nofficer discriminated against those whose attachment to the \npatriot cause was known. \n\nIn Faneuil Hall is the rendezvous of the \" Ancient and Hon- \norable Artillery Company.\" Its original designation was the \n\" Military Company of the Massachusetts \" ; it was also styled, \nat different periods, \" The Artillery Company \" and \" The Great \nArtillery.\" The name \"Ancient and Honorable \" was not ap- \nplied until 1 720 ; no military organization can dispute its title \nto be the oldest band of citizen-soldiery in America. The com- \npany was formed in 1637, and at once applied for an act of in- \ncorporation, which was not granted, the rigid Puritans fearing \nto establish a privileged military body which might, on occasion, \nsubvert the government. The Praetorian Band of the Romans \nand the Templars of Europe were cited to enforce this wise \ndetermination. The company was, nevertheless, permitted to \nchoose a captain and make use of the common arms in their \nexercise. A charter was granted in 1638. \n\nCaptain Keayne, the first commander, has been noticed. The \ncharter prohibited any other military company from parading \non the days appointed by law for the \" Artillery \" ; and this ex- \nclusive privilege was maintained against the \" Winslow Blues,\" \nin 1808, when that company assembled in Paneuil Hall on one \nof the field-days of the \" Ancients.\" \n\n\n138 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nIt does not appear what tlie vmiform of the company — if \nany was adopted — was at the beginning. Blue and buff was \nsupposed to be the dress in 1738. By 1770 the corps stood \narrayed in gold-laced hats, blue coats, buff under-clothes, and \nsilk stockings, with white Hnen spatterdashes. In 1772 an \norder was issued that wigs and hair should be clubbed. Some \nfew changes were made in 1787, when shoulder-straps, to secure \nthe cross-belts, and a black garter, worn below the knee, were \nadopted ; the hair to be worn en queue. Chapeau-bras and \ncockade, with black plume, eighteen inches long, took the \nplace of the old cocked-hat in 1810, with red facings for the \ncoat instead of buff. \n\nThe company was assembled by beat of drum, which re- \nmained the practice for many years. On days of parade the \ndrummer passed through the principal streets beating the rappel \nvigorously. The colors were disj)layed on these occasions from \nColonel Daniel Hencliman's bookstore, at the corner of King \nStreet and Old Cornhill, — the vacant area which then existed \nu.nder the Old State House serving the corps for a rendezvous \nimtil the town provided an armory in Faneuil Hall. In 1743 \nhalberds were used by sergeants, and pikes and half-jDikes by \nthe captain and lieutenant. \n\nThe roll of the '' Ancients \" presents a host of names distin- \nguished in Colonial and Revolutionary history. To enumerate \nthem would be impossible witliin our limits. The old custom \nof \" Artillery Election,\" when the old officers retire and the \nnew are commissioned by the governor, is still scrupulously \nobserved. The \" Election Sermon \" is still preached as in the \ndays of Colman and Sewall. \n\nDuring the reception of Count D'Estaingin September, 1778, \na superb entertainment was given liim at Faneuil HaU, at which \nfive hundred guests were present. \n\nWhen Lafayette was in Boston, in 1784, the merchants gave \nhim a dinner at Faneuil Hall. At every toast thirteen cannon \nwere discharged in Market Square by Major Davis's train of \nArtillery. The picture of \"Washington had been concealed by \ndrapery, and when in the course of the banquet it Avas un- \n\n\nBRATTLE SQUAKE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 139 \n\nveiled, the Marquis rose to his feet, clapped his hands, and \nseemed deeply moved as he gazed on the features of his old \ncommander. The audience was not less affected than the dis- \ntinguished guest. The Marquis was fond of identifying him- \nself with the Americans, and in this way won their love and \nadmiration. Being asked by a lady on one occasion if the black \ncockade was not the color worn by the Continental officers, he \nreplied : \" Yes, madam e, but we added the white out of com- \npliment to the French when they joined us.\" \n\nThe following anecdote is related by Mr. Dean, in his memoir \nof Daniel Messinger : — \n\n\n^o\"- \n\n\n\"An amusing mcident occurred once at a dinner given Prince \nJerome Bonaparte in 1804. It is stated on the aiithority of Josiah \nQuincy, that after dinner Colonel Daniel Messinger sang the favorite \nold song of ' To-morrow.' As the audience joined in the chorus of \n' To-morrow, To-morrow,' a cloud came over the countenance of the \nPrince, and taking his next neighbor by the arm he exclaimed, ' To \nMoreau ! To Moreau ! Is it a song in honor of General Moreau ? ' \nHe was quickly undeceived, and smiled when he found that no one \nbut himself was thinking of the great rival of his brother.\" \n\nPresident Jackson visited Boston in June, 1825, accompanied \nby Secretaries Cass and Woodbury, and Mr. Poinsett of South \nCarolina. The occasion was the opening of the new Dry Dock \nat Charlestown, and the docking of the frigate Constitution. \nThe President held a public reception in Faneuil Hall. Com- \nmodore Hull, Mr. AVinthrop, and Mr. Van Buren were present. \nThe Vice-president was described as a tight, snug, compact, \nvigorous-looking little body, with a bright, keen, twinkling \nlittle eye and winning smile. Both he and Mr. Woodbury were \nvery bald. Mr. Cass was not present. \n\nThe visit of the Prince de Joinville to Boston in November, \n1841, was rendered memorable by a gTand ball given in his \nhonor at Faneuil Hall. The Prince had come over to Kew \nYork in La Belle Poule frigate, the same that conveyed the \nashes of the great !N\"apoleon from St. Helena to France. The \ntown was all agog for the expected visit of the Prince, and when \nhe appeared at the ball simply attired in a blue naval uniform. \n\n\n140 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nthe enthusiasm was extreme. The Prince wore no decoration, \nexcept the ribhon of tlie Legion of Honor, and devoted himself \nassiduously to the ladies to whom he was introduced. The old \nhall was beautifully decorated with flags and devices specially \ndesigned for the occasion. \n\nAlexander Baring, Lord Ashburton, negotiator with Mr. \nWebster of the treaty which bears his name, was welcomed to \nBoston in Faneuil Hall, August 27, 1842, by Mayor Chap- \nman. From him Ashburton Place takes its name. As one of \nthe great house of Baring Brothers, he resided some time in \nthe United States. He and Webster were on terms of close \nintimacy. \n\nThe Earl of Elgin, while governor-general of Canada, visited \nBoston to attend the jubilee upon the opening of the Grand \nTrunk Eailway. He was accompanied by a numerous staff, \nand received the honor of a grand ball at Faneuil Hall. \nAmong the officers who accompanied him, none attracted more \nattention than those of a Highland regiment, — stalwart, bare- \nlegged fellows in bonnet, kilt, and tartan. \n\nAmong the attractions to the old Cradle of Liberty, the por- \ntraits which adorn the walls are not the least, and it is to be \nregretted that some which have hung there and would now be \nhighly prized were either destroyed or spirited away by vandal \nhands. Shortly after the death of Mr. Faneuil, Governor Shir- \nley informed the selectmen that he had received his Majesty's \npicture through the hands of the Duke of Grafton, and soon \nafter the likeness of George II. was hung in the hall. The \ntown had solicited the portraits of Colonel Barre and General \nConway, their able defenders on the floor of Parliament. The \nrequest was complied \\vith, and the pictures sent over in 1767, \nbut they disappeared from the hall after the British evacuated \nthe town. \n\nThe west end of the hall is covered with paintings. The \nlarge picture by Healey, representing Webster replying to \nHayne in the Senate, first attracts the view. The portraits of \nJohn Hancock and Samuel Adams are by Copley, as is that \nof Joseph Warren, The Adams has been called Copley's mas- \n\n\nBEATTLE SQUARE AND THE TOWN DOCK. 141 \n\nter-piece, and was painted for Governor Hancock, but on the sale \nof his effects became the property of S. A. Wells, and finally of \nAdam W. Thaxter, who presented it in 1842 to the city. The \nfull length of Peter Faneuil is a copy of a smaller painting in \nthe Historical Society's possession. It is by Colonel Henry Sar- \ngent, and was presented by Samuel Parkman, as was also the full \nlength of Washington, by Stuart. The portraits of Rufus Choate \nand Abraham Lincoln are by Ames, that of Governor Andrew by \nHunt. General Henry Knox is by Gilbert Stuart. The superb \nclock on the eastern gallery was presented to the city by the \nschool-children in 1850 ; the eagle's antecedents have been given. \n\nCorn Court took its name from the corn market which was \nonce held on the south side of the Town Dock. Entering its \nrecesses, unknown to half the town, we find the oldest inn in \nBoston, now called the Hancock House. This may well have \nbeen the site of Samuel Cole's old inn. Altered in some re- \nspects, the building presents a front of brick, with wooden side- \nwalls. A dilapidated sign, bearing the weather-stained featiu^es \nof Governor Hancock, retains a feeble hold of its fastenings. \n\nThis was the old Brasier Inn, at which Talleyrand sojourned \nwhen in Boston in 1795. He afterwards became the guest of \nMr. William Lee, in Water Street. Mr. Lee's residence, a \ntwo-story Avooden house, stood near the site of the new Post- \nOffice, and was removed not many years ago. TallejTand, the \nfuture prime minister and evil genius of I^apoleon, was ban- \nished from Prance, and made his way to the United States, \naccompanied by the Due de la Eochefoucauld Liancourt and \nM. de Beaumetz. At the same time Robespierre proscribed \nliim in Prance, Pitt also proscribed him in England. He went \nfirst to Philadelphia, where Congress was sitting, and entered \nfreely into the political questions then being agitated. He was \nintimate with Jefferson, and intrigued with the opposition to \nprevent the accomplishment of a treaty between England and \nthe United States. On his return to France, after an absence \nof little more than a year, he was accused of having worn the \nwhite cockade in America. He wrote from the United States \nto Madame de Genlis : \"I think no more of my enemies ; I \noccupy myself in repairing my fortune.\" \n\n\n142 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nTalleyrand visited the studio of Gilbert Stuart. The latter, \nwho was a great physiognomist, after an attentive examination of \nthe features of his \"visitor, remarked to a friend, \" If that man \nis not a villain, the Almighty does not Avrite a legible hand.\" \nTalleyrand was no friend to the United States, as was soon \nmanifest in the capture of our vessels by the French cruisers \nwhen he came into power, which resulted in a quasi state of \nwar with the French Eepublic. \n\nM. de Talleyrand returned to Europe in an American vessel, \ncommanded by a man named Yidal, to whom he took a great \nliking. He signalized his arrival in Hamburg by an amour, \nwhich, in its deplorable results, made the language of Stuart \nprophetic. His adventure with the young and beautiful Baron- \ness de S , a pupil of Madame de Genlis, is a matter of \n\nhistory. The unfortunate lady, better known as \" Cordelia,\" \nbeing deserted by Talleyrand, put an end to her life with a \nsmall American penknife, the gift of her lover, which she \ntlirust into her heart. Upon her table was found an oj^en note \ndirected to M. de TallejTand. The contents were as follows : — \n\n\" I have burnt all your letters. They did no honor to my memory \nnor to yom heart. You are the author of my death ; may God for- \ngive you, as I do ! \"Cordelia.\" \n\nThe brick building now occupied as a wine store, on the \nsouth side of Faneuil Hall, is one of the antiquities of the \nneighborhood, having stood for nearly a century immoved \namid the mutations that have swept over that locality. \n\nOpposite the southeast corner of Faneuil Hall was located \nthe Custom House under the State government, James Lord, \nCollector. Hon. James Lovell was Collector in 1789. \n\nDock Square was the scene of one of the incidents of the \nConscription Eiots of 1863. The mob, after a fruitless assault \nupon the gun-house in Cooper Street, proceeded in this direction \nwith intent to supply themselves with arms from the stores of \nthe dealers in weapons. They were so promptly met, however, \nby the police force, which behaved with signal bravery on this \noccasion, that no serious results followed, and, the miUtary soon \narriving on the grouiid, the riot fell still-born. \n\n\nFKOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOKTH BATTEKY. l-io \n\n\nCHAPTEE V. \n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY, \n\nTlie North End. — Boston Stone. — Painter's Arms. — Louis Philippe. — \nUnion, Elm, and Portland Streets. — Benjamin Franklin's Residence. — \nThe Blue Ball. — Lyman Beecher's Church. — Benjamin Hallowell. — \nGreen Dragon. — Pope Day. — St. Andrew's Lodge. — Mill Pond. — Cause- \nway. — Mill Creek. — Nortli Street. — Sir D. Ochterlony. — Eastern Stage - \nHouse. — Cross Street. — The Old Stone House. — New Brick Church. — \nThe Red Lyon. — Nicholas Upshall. — Edward Randolph. —North Square. \n\n— Sir H. Frankland. —Major Shaw. — Pitcaim. —Old North Church. — \nCotton, Samuel, and Increase Mather. — Governor Hutchinson. — General \nBoyd. — Fleet Street. — King's Head Tavern. —Bethel Church. — Father \nTaylor. —Hancock's Wiarf. —Swinging Signs. —First Universalist Church. \n\n— First Methodist. — New North. — Ship Tavern. — Noah's Ark. — Salu- \ntation Tavern. — The Boston Caucus. — The North Battery. — Tracks and \nTruckmen. \n\n\nWE now invite the reader to accompany us into the North \nEnd, a section of the town which became settled after \nthe more central portion we have been traversing. It contains \nmore of its original features than any other quarter ; many of \nits old thoroughfares are but little altered, and retain their \nancient names. As for the buildings, as we plunge deeper into \ntlais region, we shall find some of \nthose old structures that still link \nus to the olden time. Weather- \nstained, tottering, and decrepit as \nthey are, not many years will \nelapse before the antiquary will \nseek in vain for their relics. \n\nImbedded in the rear wall of a \nbuilding which fronts on Hanover \nStreet, and presents its westerly \nside to Marshall Street, is the Boston Stone. Of the thou- \nsands who daily hurry through this narrow way, the greater \n\n\nfe^K \n\n\n[BO S TOWl \n>, STONE,-:;' \n\n\n144 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npart are unconscious of its existence. Tlie stone bears the \ndate 1737, and seems to have got its name from the famous \nLondon Stone, which served as a direction for the shops in its \nneighborhood, as did the Boston Stone for its vicinity. It was \nbrought from England about 1700, and was used as a paint- \nmill °by the painter who then occupied a little shop on these \npremises. The spherical stone which now surmounts its felloAV \nwas the grinder, and was for a time lost, but was discovered in \ndigging the foundation for the present edifice. The larger stone \nis ''only a fragment of the original, which was split into four \npieces when placed in its present position. Its capacity is said \nto have been nearly two barrels. \n\nFoUowing the custom of the times, the painter placed in the \nfront of his house the coat of arms carved in wood now in the \nHanover Street front, from which his dwelling was known as \nthe \"Painter's Arms.\" Though it bears the date of 1701, the \ncoat of arms, representing probably the guild of painters, ap- \npears in excellent preservation. In 1835 the old \" Painter's \nArms \" was taken down, and the tablet transferred to the build- \ning which replaced it. \n\n^Opposite to Boston Stone is an antiquated but well-preserved \nbrick building standing quietly aloof from the neighboring and \nbusy street. This building makes the corner — on Creek Lane \nof a row of three or four venerable brick structures extend- \ning towards Blackstone Street. These were built shortly after \nthe peace by John Hancock, and are to this day called \" Han- \ncock's Eow.\" Times were depressed, and Hancock's bounty gave \nemployment to many deserving and needy artisans. The row \nat first extended to the creek whose waters have long since \n\nceased to flow. \n\nThe building fiirst mentioned was the office of Ebenezer \nHancock, brother of the governor, and deputy paymaster-gen- \neral of the Continental army. Here, when the town was under \nthe government of Greene and Heath and Gates, a sentinel \npaced before the door, never, we may believe, deserted by the \nneedy officers of the Continental line. The lower floor has \ngroaned beneath the weight of the French crowns sent us by \n\n\nI \n\n\n1 \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 145 \n\nhis Most Christian Majesty, our excellent ally, brought over \nby the fleet of D'Estaing. \n\nHow the poor fellows' eyes must have sparkled when they \nreceived their long arrears in King Louis's bright silver \ncrowns ! The order of Gates or Heath was now a taHsman to \nunlock the strong-box of the paymaster, and for once it was \nnot empty. Paymaster Hancock occupied the house also as Ms \nresidence. \n\n\"William Pierce was a well-known barber at Boston Stone in \n1789, and he continued to follow his calling until nearly a \nhundred years old. His shop was a sort of exchange for the \ngossip current at the ISTorth End, and was frequented by many \ncelebrated residents of that locality. It Avas Pierce's boast that \nhe had shaved Franklin, and he related that Franklin told him \nhe was born at the corner of Union and Hanover Streets. He \nhad also preserved a tradition that the Hancocks formerly \nresided in Hatters' Square. John N\"orman, also known as an \nengraver of some repute, had his printing-office at Boston Stone \nin 1784. \n\nAt the comer of Marshall and Union Streets lived, in 1798, \nJames Amblard, a tailor. Amblard, a Frenchman by birth, \nhad the honor of being the host of the Due de Chartres, after- \nwards Louis Philippe, during his residence in Boston, to which \nallusion has been made. While awaiting funds from Europe, \nLouis found himself obhged to resort to teaching the French \nlanguage here, until he and his brothers were relieved by remit- \ntances from their mother. The Duke returned to London in \n1800, and resided at Twickenliam. According to Mr. K'ason, \nthe future king of France was intimate with the father of \"Wm. \nB. Fowle, Esq., the educator, and often played chess with him \nof an evening, presenting on his departure a set of chessmen \nstill preserved in the family. \n\nUnion Street was named from the British Union. Creek \nLane reminds us of the mill creek to which it led. Cole Lane, \nor Cold Lane, has taken the name of Portland Street, and at \nfirst extended only as far as the MiU, Pond. Elm Street was \n\"Wing's Lane. Elm, Hanover, and Salem Streets were all \n7 J \n\n\n146 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nwidened tuider the town government ; before this they were \nthe merest lanes. \n\nEmerging from Union Street into Hanover, we stand on the \ncorner which disputes \"with Milk Street the honor of being the \nbirthplace of Benjamin Franklin. The student who patiently \ninvestigates the claims of the rival localities will be likely at \nlast to exclaim with Mercutio, — \n\n\"A plague o' both the houses ! \" \n\nFranklin's own statement, as given by himself to a person \nworthy of credit, was that he was born on this now famous \ncorner, while other evidence goes to contradict it. That his \nearly youth was passed here is certain. Here he practised the \nart of making tallow candles for his father, and employed his \nleisure in throwing rubbish into the neighboring Mill Pond. \nFrom here he wended his way through Hanover and Court \nStreets to the Latin School, and, after his father's business \nbecame distasteful to him, to his brother's printing-office in \nQueen Street. \n\nThe sign of Josias Franklin, father of Benjamin, was a Blue \n\nBall, suspended by an \niron rod from the front \n\"^ \"-^ \"^^a °^ ^^ shop, which stood \nat the southeast corner \nof Hanover and Union \nStreets. Before the streets \nwere numbered, and while \nthe buildings were scat- \ntered, it was the universal \ncustom among the inhab- \nTHE BLUE BALL. itants to dcslgnate their \n\nshops by some emblem. Thus we find the \" Heart and Crown,\" \n\" Three l!^uns and a Comb,\" and \" Brazen Head \" in Cornhill, \n\" Three Doves \" in Marlborough Street, \" Tun and Bacchus \" \nand \" Three Sugar Loaves and Canister \" in King Street. This \nlast was thus distinguished from the \"Two Sugar Loaves\" \nin Cornhill : — \n\n\nFEOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOETH BATTERY. 147 \n\n\nSIGN OF THEEE DOVES. \n\n\n» \n\n\n\" Oft the peasant with inquiring face, \nBewildered, trudges on from place to place ; \nHe dwells on every sign mth stupid gaze. \nEnters the narrow alley's doubtful maze, \nTries every winding court and street in vain. \nAnd doubles o'er his weary steps again.\" \n\nThe old house was quite small and of two stories, to which \na third was added in later times. It was \npartially destroyed by fire in 1858, and \nin the same year the city took the build- \ning to widen Union Street. When the \nwidening of Hanover Street took place, \nthe old site was partially taken for that \nstreet. In the same way, by the plan of \ncutting off wholly from one side of the \nstreet, a number of quite noted landmarks \ndisappeared. It was the intention of the \nowners to have removed the Franklin \nbuilding to another location, but it was \nfound impracticable. Two relics of it are, however, preserved. \nThe Blue Ball is in the possession of General Ebenezer \"W. \nStone of Boston, and from the original timbers was made a \nchair wliich was presented to the Mechanic Charitable Asso- \nciation. \n\nThere are two original portraits of Franklin in the PubHc Li- \nbrary, — one by Duplessis, presented by Hon. Edward Brooks ; \nthe other by Greuze, presented by Gardner Brewer. \n\nCorresponding with JSTo. 97 Hanover Street, once stood the \nchurch of Dr. Lyman Beecher, the eminent divine, father of \nHenry Ward Beecher. The church was erected in 1826, and \nconsumed by fire on the night of the 31st December, 1829. \nEeport says, a quantity of liquor was found by the firemen in \nthe cellar. It was built of rough granite, had a central tower, \nand in general appearance was not unlike the old Brattle Street. \nAfter the destruction of their house, the society united in build- \ning the church in Bowdoin Street, which was completed in \nJune, 1831.. Dr. Beecher was the first pastor, having been set- \ntled in March, 1826, but in 1832 he removed to Cincinnati. \n\n\n148 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe society was originally formed from members of Park Street, \nthe Old South, and Union Chnrches. \n\nThe Hanover Church stood on the site of Benjamin Hallow- \nell's old residence, which was ransacked by the same mob that \npillaged Lieutenant-Governor Hutchinson's house in August, \n1765. Mr. Hallowell was a comptroller of customs, and as \nsuch, regarded with special hatred by the populace. The mob \ndestroyed or carried off everything of value, including a small \nsum of silver. Hallowell then removed to an elegant mansion \nat Jamaica Plain, which was afterwards confiscated. One of \nhis sons, B. Carew, became a distinguished British admiral. \nHon. John Coffin Jones also lived on the Hallowell estate. \nCaptain Henry Prentiss, a Eevolutionary soldier and one of \nthe Tea Party, lived also on this spot. He was a distinguished \nmerchant and ship-owner. \n\nThe Green Dragon Tavern in Union Street was the greatest \ncelebrity among all the old Boston hosteMes. It stood facing \ntowards the street, on a little alley running from Union Street \naround by the rear, but by the increased width of the street \nthe site now abuts upon it, and is marked by a freestone tablet \nset in the wall with a dragon sculptured upon it in bas-relief* \nThis was the sign of the old tavern, which was on the Avest \nside of Union, a short distance from Hanover Street. In early \ntimes it was the property of Lieutenant-Governor Stoughton, \nand was used as a hospital during the Eevolution. It was a \ntwo-story brick building with pitch roof From above the en- \ntrance projected an iron rod on which was crouched the fabled \nmonster of antiquity. \n\n\"William Stoughton, Lieutenant-Governor from 1692 to his \ndeath in 1701, was one of the \"Council of Safety\" which \ndeposed Andros. As Chief Justice of the Court he has \nacquired a fearful celebrity in connection with the witchcraft \ntrials. \n\n\"We have seen that Warren, John Adams, Eevere, and Otis \nwere neighbors. The former was the first Grand Master of the \nfirst Grand Lodge of Masons who held their meetings in the \n\n* Many think the tablet incorrectly placed. \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOETH BATTERY. 149 \n\nGreen Dragon. The rest of the patriots came here to plan or \nto confer. How much \" treason \" was hatched under tliis roof \nwill never be known, but much was unquestionably concocted \nwithin the walls of the masonic lodge. It is upon their record \nthat they adjourned on account of the memorable Tea Party, \nfor which they furnished no inconsiderable number. \n\nPaid Eevere says : \" In the fall of 1774 and winter of 1775 \nI was one of upwards of thirty, chiefly mechanics, who formed \nourselves into a committee for the purpose of watching the \nmovements of the British soldiers and gaining every intelli- \ngence of the movements of the tories. We held our meetings \nat the Green Dragon Tavern. This committee were astonished \nto find all their secrets known to General Gage, although every \ntime they met, every member swore not to reveal any of their \ntransactions except to Hancock, Adams, Warren, Otis, Church, \nand one or two more.\" The traitor proved to be Dr. Church, \nwho was afterwards arrested for treasonable correspondence \nwith the enemy. \n\nThe early meetings of the Massachusetts Charitable Associa- \ntion, organized in 1795, were held here and at Concert HaU. \nIt was always a favorite resort for the mechanics of the ISTorth \nEnd. When the convention was sitting which was to consider \nthe adoption of the Federal Constitution, a great mass meeting \nof Boston mechanics assembled in the Green Dragon, which \ngave so emphatic an expression in favor of its acceptance that \nSamuel Adams said, \" If they want it, they must have it.\" \n\nOne of the old customs long observed in Boston was the \ncelebration of Pope Day, as ^November 5th, the aimiversary of \nthe Gunpowder Plot, Avas caUed. A bitter animosity existed \nbetween the l!^orth and South Enders, whose line of demarca- \ntion was the Mill Bridge on Hanover Street. Each section had \nits procession and its pope, and when the rival parties met, a \nbattle ensued with fists, sticks, and stones, and one or the other \nof the popes was captured. The North End pope was never, \nit is said, taken but once. \n\nPope Day was a saturnalia. A stage was erected on wheels, \non which was placed a figure of the pope seated in a chair. \n\n\n150 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nBehind this was a female scarecrow called l!^ancy Dawson, with \nefl&gies of Admiral Byng and the Devil hanging from a gallows. \nMuch Ul-blood arose from these conflicts, the effects of which \nremained until the anniversary came round again. Governor \nHancock, considering this foolish rivalry prejudicial to the pa- \ntriot cause, used every effort to subdue it, but without effect. \nHe at last gave a supper at the Green Dragon Tavern, which \ncost him $ 1,000, to which he invited all the leading men of \nboth parties, and invoked them in an eloquent speech to lay \naside their animosity for their country's sake. The ajDpeal was \nsuccessful, and the rival parties shook hands before they sepa- \nrated. From that time Pope Day ceased to agitate the warring \nfactions.* \n\nThe Green Dragon, also known as the \" Freemason's Arms,\" \nis specially noted in the annals of Masonry in Boston. It was \npurchased by St. Andrew's Lodge before the Eevolution, and \nremained in their possession more than a century. The lodge \nwas organized under a charter from the Grand Lodge of Scot- \nland in 1756, and was chiefly composed of residents of the \nNorth End. There were several lodges in the British regi- \nments that landed in Boston in 1768 and 1774, and St. An- \ndrew's Lodge united with them in organizing a Grand Lodge. \nThe first Lodge of Freemasons met in Boston July 30, 1733, \nIt was the first in the Colonies, receiving authority from Lord \nMontague, Grand Master of England. Daniel Webster styled \nthe Green Dragon the Headquarters of the Eevolution, a name \nto which it has an undoubted claim. In the Green Dragon the \nSandemanians held their first meetings in America. In later \ntimes it was kept by Daniel Simpson, the veteran musician. \nOn the corner where now stands the Baptist Church building \nwas formerly a brewery. \n\nThe Mill Pond, or Cove, mentioned in the Introduction, once \ncovered all the tract embraced within North and South Margin \nStreets, being divided from the sea on the northwest by the \nCauseway, now Causeway Street. The station-house of the \nBoston and Maine Eailway stands in the midst of this Mill \n\n* General Sumuer's Reminiscences. \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 151 \n\n\nFIRST BAPTIST CHURCH IN 1853. \n\n\nPond, while the Lowell, Eastern, and Fitchburg occupy sites \nbeyond the Causeway rescued from the sea. The high ground \nsloping away from Green and Leverett Streets once marked the \nboundary of the Cove ia that direction, whilst the eastern mar- \ngin, reaching to Distill-house \nSquare, included all of Haymar- \nket Square. On the northern \nshore the water covered Endicott \nStreet, reaching to Prince, below \nThacher, and penetrated to the \nrear of Baldwin Place, almost to \nSalem Street. When the Second \nBaptist Church was situated in \nBaldwin Place, candidates for \nbaptism were immersed in the \nrear of the church. Before En- \ndicott Street was laid out, about \n1836, over a part of what was \nknown as the \" Old \"Way,\" Prince Street was the thoroughfare \nto Charlestown. The Mill Pond thus embraced an area as large \nas the Common. \n\nThe origin of the Causeway was in a footpath of the Indians \nover a more elevated part of the marsh. One Mr. Crabtree \nraised and widened this primitive path into a dam to retain the \nwaters of the pond. \n\nIn 1643 the town granted Henry Simons and others a tract, \nincluding the Mill Pond and flats west of the Causeway, on \ncondition of their building one or more corn-mills, and bridging \nthe MiU. Creek at Hanover and North Streets. Mills were ac- \ncordingly erected at the west end of the creek called the South \nMills, and at either end of the Causeway. The North Mills \nstood very near the junction of Thacher and Endicott Streets. \nThese were a grist-mill and a saw-mill ; a chocolate-mill stood \nat a little distance beyond in after times. \n\nIn 1804 the grant came into possession of the Mill Pond \nCorporation. The town in 1807 released the original obliga- \ntion to maintain the miUs and bridges forever, and the work of \n\n\n/ \n\n\n152 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nfilling commenced, Copp's and Beacon Hills furnishing the ma- \nterial for this purpose. The process of filling occupied twenty- \nfive years before it was fully comjDieted, and during that time \nthe Mill Pond was the receptacle for all the rubbish from the \nstreets. \n\nThe Mill Creek, whose outlet into the Town Dock has been \ntraced, was doubtless in some form an original feature of the \npeninsida. The want of an early map is keenly felt in any \neffort to establish the structure of the original surface. Win- \nthrop says, the north part of the town \" was separated from the \nrest by a narrow stream which was cut through a neck of land \nby industry.\" Hanover Street was this neck, and all north of \nthe creek was an island known in times past as the \" Island of \nBoston.\" An order of the court in 1631, levying .£30 on the \nseveral plantations for clearmg a creek and opening a passage to \nthe new town, supports the view that a small water-course \nexisted here wliich finally became a means of communication \nbetween the Town Dock and Mill Cove. \n\nThe creek, at first furnishing a supply of water for the tide \nmills, became in process of time a canal, with walls of stone, \nwide and deep enough to permit the passage of boats and even \nsloops from the harbor on the east to the river on the west. As \nsuch, it was an extension of the Middlesex Canal, incorporated \nin 1793, and of which Loammi Baldwin, was engineer. The \nboats entered the canal at Chelmsford on the Merrimack, and \npassed on to the wharves on the east side of Boston, a distance \nof thirty miles. Blackstone Street, named from the founder of \nBoston, is bmlt upon the bed of the canal. \n\nThe old MUl Bridge thrown over Hanover Street was rebuilt \nin 1686 ; was taken up in 1793 and replaced by a stone arch \nover which the pavement was continued. At iNorth Street \nwhere the creek crossed was a drawbridge, from which this \nstreet was sometimes called Drawbridge Street. The passage \nof vessels being discontinued, the creek, which had an average \nwidth of twenty feet, was planked over here. \n\nThe I^orth End was but tlaree streets wide in older times. \nThese were North, Hanover, and Salem Streets. The former. \n\n\nI \n\n\nFHOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 153 \n\nbesides a number of aliases already given, was known along its \ncourse first as the Fore, or Front Street, and also as Anne, Fish, \nand Ship Street. Hanover was Middle Street from the Mill \nCreek to Bennet Street, beyond which it was ISTorth Street. \nSalem was called Back Street as far as Prince, and at one \nperiod Green Lane. All these retain their origmal names in \npart, except North, which has ever enjoyed a reputation not \ninferior to the Seven Dials of London or Five Points of ISTew \nYork. Crowded at one time tlirough its entire length with \nbrothels and low dram-shops, Anne Street took a new name \nbefore its character was improved. \n\n\"And on the broken pavement here and there. \n\nDoth many a stinking sprat and herring lie ; \n\nA brandy and tobacco shop is near, \n\nAnd hens, and dogs, and hogs are feeding by. \n\nAnd here a sailor's jacket hangs to dry. \n\nAt every door are sunburnt matrons seen. \n\nMending old nets to catch the scaly fry ; \n\nNow singing shrill, and scolding eft between ; \nScolds answer foul-mouthed scolds ; bad neighborhood, I ween.\" \n\nLaid out along the original water-front, wharves extended \nfrom Anne Street into the harbor. Over these Commercial \nStreet is now built. In colonial times Anne Street bore a \nbetter reputation, and many of the magnates of the town found \ntheir residence in it. It was widened in 1859 and greatly im- \nproved, and is now for some extent devoted to business pur- \nposes. \n\nAt the lower corner of I^orth and Centre Streets, formerly \ncalled Paddy's Alley, stands an old two-story brick house. \nThe front wall has apparently been rebuilt, but the remainder \nof the structure bears the genuine stamp of antiquity. This \nwas the home of Sir David Ochterlony, Bart., son of a royal- \nist, and a Bostonian by birth. \n\nIt was not those alone who served under their country's flag \nthat gained celebrity during the Eevolutionary War. Among \nthose who entered the British service were seven young Bosto- \nnians, who arrayed themselves against their native land, and \nfinally became generals or admirals in that service. Their \n■ 7* \n\n\nL \n\n\n154 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nnames are General John Coffin, Thomas Aston Coffin, Bart.,Eoger \nHale Sheaffe, Bart., Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, General Hugh \nMcKay Gordon, Count Eumford, and Sir David Ochterlony. \n\nThe latter, before whose home we are pausing, was a Latin- \nSchool boy, went to India at eighteen, served in the Indian \nwars, and was at the great conffict of DeUii. For his services \nin India Ochterlony was made a major-general in 1814 and \nbaronet in the year foUomng. The name indicates his Scotch \norigin. Unlike his famous companions, Su' David did not find \nhimself compelled to serve against his countrymen. \n\nAt a little distance from this corner we find in Centre Street \nthe old brick stable of the Eastern Stage-House, the headquar- \nters for many years of stages bound to Portland and the east- \nward. It was kept by Colonel Ephraim Wildes, and ranked \nwith Earl's, Doolittle's, and other principal rendezvous of this \nkind. \n\nThe entrance on ]N\"orth Street was by a large arch, through \nwliich you passed into a court-yard of large area. Descending \nfrom the coach you entered the main- building by a flight of \nsteps, where good cheer and hearty welcome always awaited the \ntired traveller. \n\nCross Street, in 1708, extended from the Mill Pond to the \nsea. At the corner of Anne was the Cross Tavern ; its name \nwas, like Middle and Back, descriptive. It was an important \nthoroughfare in former times, but is chiefly interesting to the \nantiquarian on account of the Old Stone House that stood be- \ntween Hanover and iTorth, about midway on the east side. The \ninterest which attached to it was chiefly on account of its age, \nthough conjecture has assigned to it the uses of a jail and gar- \nrison house under the old colony. It was built of rough stone, \nwith the large brick chimneys on the outside, and stood for \nabout two hundred years. It was very early described as the \n\" Stone House of Deacon John Phillips in the cross street.\" \nTradition has ascribed to it the first place of meeting of the \ntown overseers, and Pemberton vouches for the finding of loop- \nholes in the walls while it was under repair. ISTone of these \ngarrison houses, so commonly erected in the scattered villages \n\n\nfROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 155 \n\nfor defence against the Indian foe, are known to have been built \nin Boston. The Old Stone House was removed in 1864, and \na iDart went to make the foimdation of an East Boston church. \nSavage's Police Eecord gives the following description of the \nOld Stone House, which he says, \"at first consisted of two \nwings of uniform size joining each other and forming a right \nangle. Each wing was forty feet long, twenty feet wide, and \ntwo stories high, the wings fronting the south and west. There \nwas one door in the end of each wing on the first story, and a \nsingle circular window in the second story over the doors ; there \nwere also two circular windows in each story of each wing in \nfront, but neither door nor window in either wing in the rear. \nThe foundation walls Avere four feet thick or more ; the walls \nabove ground were two feet in thickness, and built entirely of \nsmall quarried stones, unlike anything to be seen in this neigh- \nborhood, and were probably brought as baUast from some part \nof Europe.\" \n\nPassing the Old Hancock School, now a police-station, and \nBoard AUey, so narrow a drunken man coidd not fall to the \nright or left, we arrive at PJchmond Street, formerly Bridge \nLane, and according to some authorities the old Beer Lane. \n\nThe \"New Brick\" or \"Cockerel\" Church was first built on \nthis spot in 1721, and originally came out of the ISTew I^orth \nChurch. The figure of the cock was placed upon the first vane \nin derision of Eev. Mr. Thacher, whose Christian name was \nPeter. A fierce controversy at the ordination of Mr. Thacher \nas pastor of the ISTew IN'orth Church caused the division which \nled to the formation of the society of the l!^ew Brick. Dr. \nEliot says, \" that when the cock was placed upon the spindle, \na merry fellow straddled over it and crowed three times to com- \nplete the ceremony.\" This church went by the name of the \n\" Eevenge Church,\" rmtil Dr. Lathrop took charge and healed \nthe breach with the parent church. \n\nThe Kew Brick, a name given to distinguish it from the Old \nBrick in Cornhill, originally fronted upon Hanover Street, but \nnow stands sidewise upon that street and facing towards Ptich- \nmond. It is one of the very few Boston churches occupying \n\n\n156 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\ntheir original sites. In 1845 it was rebuilt of brown stone, and \npuUed down in 1871 during the widening of Hanover Street. \nThe historic rooster is seen on Paul Eevere's picture of 1768. \nIt is now, after having breasted the storms of a century and a \nhalf, safely deposited within the new church. \n\nPassing through Eichmond to North Street, we find ourselves \nin a region where even that veteran antiquary, Jonathan Old- \nbuck, would have felt at home ; \n\n\" Wliere -winding alleys lead the doubtful way ; \nThe silent court and opening square explore, \nAnd long perplexing lanes untrod before.\" \n\nAt our left hand the ground rises towards the triangular en- \nclosure known as North Square. ' In front of us, on the north- \neast corner of North and Eich- \nmond, is a brick building to which \ntradition has long attached the im- \nportance of standing on the site of \nthe first Colonial Custom House, \nunder Edward Eandolph and his \nsuccessors. Evidence is wanted to \nsupport this statement, — an im- \nportant one in the investigation of \nthe old landmarks ; but the tra- \ndition is firmly fixed in the minds \nof old residents of the North End, \nand is generally credited. When \nthe old building was taken down, \nabout twenty years ago, many a pilgrimage was made to it and \nthe wish expressed that its walls could speak. \n\nEandolph was Collector in 1681, but the \" Bostoneers,\" as \nHutchinson calls them, refused to recognize his office. He had \nbeen appointed \" Collector, Surveyor, and Searcher \" in New \nEngland. His authority was treated with contempt by Gover- \nnor Leverett, who sat with his hat on while the King's letter \nof appointment was being read before the Council. His public \nnotification of the establishment of his office posted at the Town \nHouse was torn down by an officer of the Court. In 1682, \n\n\nNEW BEICK CHURCH. \n\n\nFEOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOETH BATTEKY. 157 \n\nfearing they had gone too far in resistance to the King's com- \nmands, the Court estabHshed a Custom House, but the loss of \nthe Colonial Charter soon followed. \n\nThe removal of the papers belonging to this department at \nthe evacuation of Boston leaves few materials wherewith to \nestablish its history, and these are connected by imperfect links. \nThe old building was long known as the \" Eed Lyon Inn,\" \nprominent among the early North End taverns. The tablet in \nthe front of the building bears the initials of the Wadsworths, \nformer proprietors. The old \"Eed Lyon\" gave its name to \nTJpshall's wharf below, which became Eed Lyon Wharf. The \nordinary itself was one of the oldest, and was kept by Nicholas \nUpshall probably as early as 1654, when he had a nimiber of \nsoldiers billeted upon him, and certainly in 1666. He was one \nof the first to feel the rigor of the persecution of the Quakers. \nHe was banished, imprisoned, and at length in his old age died \na martyr to the faith which, amid all his sufferings and hard- \nships, he seems stoutly to have upheld. He was in Boston as \nearly as 1637, and then owner of aU the property on the north- \neast side of Eichmond Street from Hanover Street to the water. \nHis first banishment was for an attempt to bribe the keeper of \nBoston jail to give food to two starving Quaker women in his \ncharge. Upshall was one of the first members of the Ancient \nand Honorable Artillery Company ; his remains lie in Copp's \nHill Cemetery, and his friends the Quakers were not forgotten \nin his will. \n\nAs little as North Square is known to the present generation, \nfew locahties can surpass it in the interest which attaches to the \nhistoric personages who have dwelt within its confined area. \nBut our readers shall judge as we proceed. \n\nStanding before an entrance still narrow, the relics of demol- \nished walls on our right show that the original opening was \nonce even more cramped than now, and scarce permitted the \npassage of a vehicle. The point made by North Street reached \nconsiderably beyond the present curbstone some distance into \nthe street, both sides of which were cut off when the >videning \ntook place. This headland of brick and mortar, jutting out \n\n\n158 LaiJdmaeks of boston. \n\ninto old Fish Street as a bulwark to protect the aristocratic \nresidents of the square, was long known as \" Mountfort's Cor- \nner,\" from the family owning and occupying it. It was the \nestablished custom of those early times to fix the limits of the \nstreets from corner to corner. Thus Fish Street is described in \n1708 as \"from Mountjoy's corner, lower end of Cross Street, \nnortherly to the sign of the Swan, by Scarlett's Wharf.\" \n\nOpposite to us, reached by a little alley from the street, was \nthe residence of Dr. Snow, the historian of Boston. Where \nwe stand, a narrow passage opens at our left hand, through \nwhich, beyond the crazy tenements, we see the brick walls of \nthe Second Church. Through this passage Governor Hutchin- \nson is said to have passed from his residence to the old church, \na door having been constructed in the rear of that edifice ex- \npressly for his excellency's convenience. \n\nFronting the street and bounding upon this alley was the \nresidence of Francis Shaw, father of Samuel Shaw, the Eevo- \nlutionary soldier, and grandfather of Eobert G. Shaw, the \nwealthy merchant and pliilanthropist. In this house were the \nquarters of the old Major of Marines Pitcairn, and Lieutenant \nWragg of the same corps. Troops were scattered in detach- \nments throughout the ]N'orth End, a cordon extending from the \nworks on Copp's Hill to the South Battery. K'orth Square was \nthe rendezvous for those nearest the battery, and Pitcau'n \nappears to have been intrusted Avith the supervision of liis \nquarter. \n\nYoung Shaw, who became a major in the Continental army, \nserved in the Eevolution from the beginning to its close, first \nas a heutenant in Knox's artillery, rising by successive grades \nto be a captain of artillery in 1780. He was secretary of the \nofficers who formed the Society of the Cincinnati, major and \naide-de-camp to General Knox, his old commander, at the \npeace, and was appointed by him to a post in liis bureau when \nsecretary-at-war. In 1794 Major Shaw received an appointment \nas consul to China from Washington, and sailed for that country \nin the first American sliip that ever set sail for those shores. \nOn this voyage he died, and his epitaph may be seen on the \n\n\nFEOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTEIlY. 159 \n\nfamily moniunent in Copp's Hill. The company of artillery \nattached to the Boston regiment gave to the Continental ser- \nvice upwards of forty young men, most of whom became dis- \ntinguished officers of that arm. \n\nA tradition is preserved that Wragg, the lieutenant of ma- \nrines, one day made some remark at the family board dispar- \naging the \" rebels,\" whereupon he was challenged by young \nSamuel Shaw. The interposition of Pitcairn, it is said, pre- \nvented a hostile meeting. \n\nProceeding up the square, which still preserves its cobble- \nstone pavement, we pass a tottering, ruinous wooden building \nsaid to have been once in the family of Commodore Downes, \nand come to another somewhat fresher specimen of the same \norder. This was the habitation of Paul Revere, and his prob- \nable birthplace. From this house he gave the striking exhi- \nbition of transi3arencies on the evening of the anniversary of \nthe Massacre. We have found Revere at his shop in Cornhill, \nand briefly alluded to his engraving on copper, his first efforts \nhaving been on silver plate. He also engraved the plates, \nmade the press, and printed the paper money for the Provincial \nCongress at Watertown. The house has not altered in appear- \nance in fifty years. \n\nOn the other side the square stood the old Town Pump, in \nfront of the present ISTaval Rendezvous. One of the old town \nwatch-houses was near at hand. \n\nAmong the older families resident here were the Holyokes. \nThe father of the celebrated President of Harvard was a re- \nspectable soap-boiler. \n\nWithin the compass of a few rods we find buildings of \nundeniable antiquity, some extremely ruinous, with shattered \npanes and leaky roofs, while others, improved upon to suit \nmore modern tenants, have the jaunty air of an old beau in \nmodern habiliments. One patriarch stands at the corner of \nSun Court and Moon Street. Its upper story projects after the \nfashion of the last century ; the timbers, which tradition says \nwere cut in the neighborhood, are of prodigious thickness, \nwhile the clapboards are fastened with wrought nails. If the \n\n\n160 Landmarks of boston. \n\nfathers of Boston liad not built strongly, these relics would not \nnow be left to us. Their chimneys were a marvel, and contain \nthe materials for a good-sized modern dwelling. \n\nTliis narrow, contracted space was once the court end of the \ntown. It was first called Clark's Square, from an old resident, \nand afterwards Frizell's Square. Where now is a brick block \nfacing the square was built the Second Church in Boston, better \nknown as the Old ISTorth. This was the church of the Mathers, \n— Samuel, Increase, Cotton, and Samuel the son of Cotton. \nBuilt in 1650, it was destroyed by fire in 1676, and rebuilt the \nnext year. Both houses were of wood, and the latter edifice \nwas pulled down in the winter of 1775- 76 for fuel, as were also \nupwards of a hundred other wooden buildings. General Howe \nsanctioned the act. \n\nDr. Lathrop says : \" l^o records of the Old North Church \nexist for more than a year after the memorable 1 9th of April. \nAt this time most of the churches in town were broken up, and \nthe greatest part of the inhabitants went into the country. \nWhile the pastor and members were dispersed, a number of \nevil-minded men of the King's party obtained leave of General \nHowe to pull it down.\" The society then joined the ISTew \nBrick, which took the name of the Second Church. \n\nCotton Mather, the son of Increase and grandson of John \nCotton, is regarded as the most celebrated of the Boston clergy. \nA Bostonian by birth, he graduated with honor at Harvard, \nand was a scholar of high attainments. Mather was a j)rohJic \nauthor, and his numerous works are valuable contributions to \nthe early history of 'New England. He was a firm believer in \nwitchcraft, and his name is identified with the persecution of \nthe unfortunates who fell under the ban of suspicion. \n\nSamuel and Increase Mather were sons of Eev. Richard \nMather, who was settled in Dorchester in 1636. Both were \nmen of learning and high consideration. Increase received the \nfirst degree of D. D. conferred in America. He went to Eng- \nland as agent of the colony, and returned in 1692 with the \nnew charter. Unlike his son, he did not pursue the witchcraft \ndelusion, wliich desolated so many homes and left an indelible \nblot upon our history. \n\n\nI \n\n\nFKOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 161 \n\nCotton Mather lived on Hanover Street, in a house built by \nCaptain TureU. It was not far from the Cockerel Church on \nthe opposite side of the street, and was afterwards occupied by- \nMaster Harris of the I^orth Grammar School. Samuel Mather \nlived on the east side of Moon Street, about midway from Sun \nCourt to Fleet Street, on the corner of what was formerly known \nas Moon Street Court. The house was demolished about 1832, \nand a tobacco warehouse erected on the site, which became \nafterwards a Catholic Church. Increase Mather lived on [N'orth \nStreet, near Clark, in a house afterwards used as a seamen's \nboarding-house. \n\nDuring the year 1676, when great scarcity prevailed, Dr. \nIncrease Mather procured from his friends in Dubhn a ship- \nload of provisions. Boston paid this debt of long standing \nwith interest, when she sent by E. B. Forbes a ship laden with \nfood for the starving in Ireland. \n\nThe following version of the humorous pen photographs of \nthe Boston clergy of 1774 is from Mrs. Crocker's memoir. \nThere were two distinct productions, which appear somewhat \ninterroixed in the published versions. The lines given here \nwere the first to appear, and were attributed to Dr. Benjamin \nChurch. They were the rage of the town : — \n\n\" Old Mather's race will not disgrace \n\nTheir noble pedigree, \nAnd Charles Old Brick * both -well and sick \n\nWill plead for liberty. \nThere 's puffing Pern, + who does condemn \n\nAll Freedom's noble sons, \nAnd Andrew Sly, J who oft draws nigh \n\nTo Tommy skin and bones. § \nIn Brattle Street we seldom meet \n\nWith silver-tongued Sam, || \nWho smoothly glides between both sides \n\nAnd so escapes a jam. \nThere 's Penuel PuffjII is hearty enough, \n\nAnd so is Simeon Howard ; \nAnd Long Lane Teague ** will join the leagiie \n\nAnd never prove a coward. , \n\n* Chauncy. + Pemberton. J Eliot. § Hutchinson. \n\nII Cooper. •[ Bowen. ** Moorhead. \n\nE \n\n\n162 landmark;s of boston. \n\nThere 's little Hopper,* if you tliink proper. \n\nIn Liberty's cause so bold, \nAnd Jolui Old North,-!- for little worth, \n\nWon't sacrifice for gold. \nThere 's p\\my John X from North Hampton, \n\nA meek mouth moderate man. \nAnd colleague stout, § who, without doubt. \n\nIs linked in tory clan. \" \n\nAccording to Mrs. Crocker, the residence of Samuel Mather \nin E\"orth Square was built by Captain Kemble, who in 1673 \nwas condemned to stand in the stocks two hours for lewd and \nunseemly conduct in saluting his wife at the step of the door, \non the Sabbath day, when he first met her after three years' \nabsence. His daughter, Mrs. Sarah Knight, kept in the same \nhouse a school, said to have been the first writing-school in that \npart of the town, from 1701 till her death in 1708. Dr. Mather \nafterwards occupied the same premises. All three of the Mathers \nare interred in Copp's Hill. Mrs. Crocker, here referred to, was \na granddaughter of Cotton Mather. It was she whom Frank- \nlin told that he was born at the Blue Ball in Union Street. \n\nOn the corner of Garden Court and Prince Streets, formerly \nBell Alley, was the residence of Sir Charles Henry Frank- \nland, who was Collector of Boston in 1741 under Governor \nShirley. He was said to have been removed from this office \nfor inattention to its duties. Sir Charles led a romantic and \neventful life. On one of Ms official visits to Marblehead he \nmet with the lovely Agnes Surriage, maid-of-all-work at the inn. \nThe attachment he conceived for her appears to have been \nreturned, though Sir Charles did not offer her marriage. \n\n\"The old, old story, — fair and young. \nAnd fond, — and not too wise, — \nThat matrons tell, with sharpened tongue, \nTo maids \"nath downcast eyes.\" \n\nSir Charles had a fine estate at Hopkinton, Mass., where he \ndehghted to pass the time with his beautiful companion. Ee- \nturning to England, Agnes was made to feel the scorn of her \nnoble lover's family, and the pair went to Portugal. They \nwere at Lisbon during the great earthquake of November 1, \n* Stillman. + Lathrop. J Hunt. § Bacon. \n\n\nFKOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 163 \n\n1755, in which Sir Charles, while riding out, was overwhelmed \nby the falling ruins. The faithful Agnes succeeded in reaching \nand rescuing the entombed baronet, and carried hina bruised \nand bleeding to their apartments. For this act of heroism the \npoor Marblehead girl became Lady Frankland. She survived \nher lord, and resided, until the breaking out of the Revolution, \nprincipally on the estate at Hopkinton, when she returned to \nEngland. The following lines were addressed to Sir H. Frank- \nland on receiving the present of a box of lemons, by S. M. \n(supposed to be Samuel Mather), February 20, 1757 : — \n\n\" You Icnow from Eastern India came \nThe skill of making pimcli, as did the name ; \nAnd as the name consists of letters five, \nBy five ingredients it is kept alive. \nTo purest water sugar must be joined, \nWith these the grateful acid is combined ; \nSome any sours they get contented use, \nBut men of taste do that from Tagus choose. \nWlien now these three are mixed with care, \nThen added be of spirit a small share ; \nAnd that you may the drink quite perfect see, \nAtop the musky nut must grated be.\" \n\nThe Frankland estate at Hopkinton is now owned by Eev. \nMr. ISTason, who has written a most interesting account of its \nformer possessor. Sir Charles attended King's Chapel in \nBoston. The house in which the baronet resided was built by \nWilliam Clark, for whom the square and wharf were named. \nHe was contemporary with the elder Hutchinson, Faneuil, \nBelcher, and Hancock, who may be said to have controlled \nin their day the commerce of Boston. He was also a Council- \nlor of the Province, and a man of marked distinction in the \naffairs of the town. Clark, it is said, met with reverses in \nthe French wars, losing forty sail of vessels, which so impaired \nhis fortune and depressed liis spirits that he died soon after. \nHe was one of the original attendants at Christ Church, and \nis buried in Copp's Hill in a tomb on which is blazoned the \nfamily arms. \n\nThe Clark-Frankland house was a monument of human pride. \nIn all colonial Boston we have not met with its peer, and it was \n\n\n164 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nSIR H. FRANKLAITD'S HOUSE. \n\nwithout douLt built to outvie that of Hutchinson, Clark's \nwealthy neighbor. A brick dwelling of three stories was, in \nitself, a unique feature for the period in which it was con- \nstructed ; its solid brick walls were traversed by belts at each \nstage. The tiers of windows at either end of the front were \nnarrower than the others, and opened upon closets that would \nhave gladdened the eyes of modern housekeepers and put mod- \nern architecture to the blush. The entrance door was low, a \ncommon fault in our old biiilders ; but what was imusual, the \ndifferent flats or stories were ten feet in the clear. The dormer \nwindows in the roof varied enough in form to break the mo- \nnotony of the outline. \n\nEntering by the front on Garden Court upon a hall twelve \nfeet wide, you were ushered into a reception-room, or saloon, at \nthe right of the hall of entrance. You walked on a floor cu- \nriously inlaid with alternate squares of pine and cedar, much \nafter the fashion in vogue at the present day. Exactly in the \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 165 \n\nmiddle of the floor was a centre-piece of a yard square, on which \nthe mechanic had expended his utmost skill. The pieces of \nvariegated wood were heantifully interwoven around a shield \nbearing the family device, — a bar with three white swans. \nThis was before the day of carpets, when floors were kept \nbrightly polished, even by the poorer classes. \n\nThe walls were wainscoted around and divided by wooden \npilasters into compartments with panels, on each of which was \npainted armorial bearings, landscapes, or ruins. Similar panels \nin the wainscot were ornamented with various devices. A \nheavy moulding of wood, supported by the gilded capitals of \nthe pilasters, enclosed the ceiling. One of the panels of this \nroom bore an exact resemblance of the building, from a copy \nof which our engraving is taken. \n\nThe house was similarly finished with wooden pilasters in \nevery story. Some of the mantels were exquisitely carved in \nimitation of fruit and flowers. There has been preserved a \npicture taken from a compartment built expressly for it into the \nwall, representing two children richly attired and of a tender \nage. Conjecture has been busy as to the authorship of this \nreally fine work of art. It is evidently antecedent to Copley, \nand may have been from the pencil of Smibert. This relic, \ntogether with others, is in the possession of Eowland Ellis, Esq., \nof this city. \n\nAfter the death of the baronet, he gave the house to the \nwidowed Lady Agnes, who resided in it for a time. It ulti- \nmately came into possession of the Elhs family, during whose \noccupancy the entrance was somewhat enlarged, and the old \nwooden fence replaced by one of iron. The native hue of the \nbrick had been improved upon with yellow paint. The con- \nversion of old Bell Alley into an extension of Prince Street \ncut off\" a considerable portion of the building, and it was taken \ndown. Mr. Cooper, the novelist, visited the Frankland house \nand examined it minutely before he wrote \" Lionel Lincoln,\" in \nwhich the house is described as the residence of Mrs. Lechmere \nand located in Tremont Street. Mr. Cooper talks about the \n\" saKent lions \" of the tesselated floor, into which a fertile im- \n\n\n166 LANDMARKS Oi\" BOSTON. \n\nagination converted the peaceful swans of the Clarks. It \nshould be observed that the coat of arms in Copp's Hill bears \na leafless branch, and is otherwise different from the escutcheon \nof the floor. \n\nEedford \\Vebster, an old Boston apothecary, and father of \nJohn White Webster, the slayer of Dr. Parkman, also lived in \nthe house we have been describing. \n\nNext to Sir Charles Frankland, on Garden Court, resided \nThomas Hutchinson. Under his administration, as Heutenant- \ngovernor and governor, were enacted the most turbulent scenes \nthat preceded the Eevolution. By birth a Bostonian, his love \nfor office led him at length into a position of antagonism with \nhis countrymen. Bancroft describes him as sordid and ava- \nricious, smuggling goods and using every means to put money \nin his purse. By his townsmen he was nicknamed \" Stingy \nTommy.\" He held at one time the offices of lieutenant-gover- \nnor, member of the Council, cormnander of the castle, judge of \nprobate, and cliief justice of the Supreme Court. Dr. Franklin, \nin 1772, obtained possession in England of some of Hutchinson's \nconfidential letters, which he forwarded to this country. They \nshowed that Hutchinson had advocated the most repressive \nmeasures by the home government. \n\nOn the night of the 26th of August, 1765, during the Stamp \nAct troubles, the mob attacked and sacked the governor's ele- \ngant mansion, destroying his furniture, drinking his Avine, and \nscattering the streets far and wide with the debris. The gover- \nnor and family escaped personal violence, but an irreparable \ninjiuy occiured in the destruction of the valuable hbrary and \nmanuscripts, — for Hutchinson was a man of literary tastes and \nscholastic attainments. Hutchinson at first took refuge with \nhis sister at the house of Dr. Samuel Mather in Moon Street. \nThe mob, however, demanded his person, and he was compelled \nto retreat by a back way to the house of Thomas Edes, a baker, \nguided by little Hannah IMather, as she herself relates. Here \nhe remained during the night, returning to his brother's house \nto breakfast. The next day he was compelled to open court \nwithout gown or wig, both having been destroyed by the mob. \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 167 \n\nThe Massacre increased liis unpopularity, although he appeared \non the scene and censured the unauthorized and fatal action of \nCaptain Preston. The destruction of the tea in December, \n1773, was followed in a few months by the governor's depar- \ntiire for England. \n\nThe governor's mansion-house has been minutely described \nby Lydia Maria Child in the \" Eebels.\" The house was of \nbrick, painted a neutral tint, and was ornamented in front with \nsix Corinthian pilasters. One of the capitals of these is now \nin the Historical Library. The crown of Britain surmounted \neach window. The hall of entrance displayed a spacious arch, \nfrom the roof of which a dimly lighted lamp gave a rich twi- \nlight view. The finely carved and gilded arch in massy mag- \nnificence was most tastefully ornamented with busts and statues. \nThe light streamed full on the soul-beaming countenance of \nCicero, and playfully flickered on the brow of Tulliola. The \npaneUing of the parlor was of the dark, richly shaded mahog- \nany of St. Domingo, and ornamented with the same elaborate \nskill as the haU. just quitted. The busts of George III. and \nhis young queen were placed in front of a splendid mirror, with \nbronze lamps on each side covered with beautiful transparencies, \none representing the destruction of the Spanish Armada, the \nother giving a fine view of a fleet of line-of-battle ships drawn \nup before the Eock of Gibraltar. On either side of the room \nwere arches surmounted with the arms of England. The library \nwas hung with tapestry, representing the coronation of George \nXL, interspersed with the royal arms. The portraits of Anne \nand the Georges hung in massive frames of antique splendor, \nand the crowded shelves were surmounted with busts of the \nhouse of Stuart. In the centre of the apartment stood a table \nof poHshed oak. The gardens of the old mansion extended \nback to Hanover and to Fleet Streets. In 1832 the building \nwas taken down, and ceased to be a noted attraction of the \nKorth End. Governor Hutchinson received a pension and was \nreimbursed for his pecuniary losses, but died at last, it is said, \nof a broken heart. On Pope Day Hutchinson's effigy was often \nexhibited with two faces. \n\n\n168 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nThe Hutcliinson House was built about 1710 by Thomas \nHutcliinson, father of the governor, who was born in it the \nyear following. The estate was entailed to the male heirs, but \nwas conliscated and sold for a mere song. The premises after- \nwards became the property of WiUiam Little, at which time \nMrs. Child visited them. \n\nGeneral John P. Boyd also lived in the Hutchinson house. \nHe had been in the service of the native East Indian princes, \nwith a force raised and equipped by himself. Eeturning to the \nUnited States, he re-entered the army as colonel of the 4th \ninfantry, and commanded at Fort Independence when the em- \nbargo of 1809 was laid. General Boyd distinguished himself \ngreatly at Tippecanoe, AVilliamsburg, and Fort George during the \ncampaigns of 1811-13. He was naval officer of Boston in 1830. \n\nFleet Street, formerly Scarlett's Wharf Lane, is another of \nthose names by which the Bostonians loved to testify theu' love \nfor Old London. It is an old street, bearing this name in 1 708. \nFrom the lower end projected Scarlett's Wharf, now a part of \nEastern Avenue, while from the junction of Fleet and l^Torth \nthe latter anciently took the name of Sliip Street, to its terminus \nat Battery \"\\^^larf, from the ship-yards that lined its course. \n\nThe \" King's Head,\" another inn of \" y^ Olden tyme,\" was at \nthe northwest corner of Fleet and Xorth Streets, by Scarlett's \nWharf. It belongs to the first centiuy of the settlement ; was \nburnt in 1691 and rebuilt. James Davenport kept it in 1755, \nand his widow in 1758. The site was long a bake-house kept \nby Joseph Austin. This neighborhood must bear off the palm \nfor inns, being, before the construction of Long \"V^^larf, the \nchief commercial centre of the town. \n\nIn Xorth Square were barracks for British troops at the time \nof the battle of Lexington. These troops were mustered in the \nsquare the night of the expedition, and sentinels, posted at all \nthe entrances, turned the citizens from the spot. The prepara- \ntions for this afiair were so secretly conducted that Gage hoped \nhis intentions would escape discovery until the blow was struck. \nXo changes were made in the disposition of the troops, except \nto detach the grenadier companies. Dr. Lathrop, the pastor of \n\n\nFKOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 169 \n\nthe Old North, occupied a wooden building erected on the site \nof his old church after its demolition, in front of which were \nsome handsome elm- trees destroyed by the gale of 1815. \n\nThe Bethel Church, which stands on the east side of North \nSquare, was long the scene of the labors of Father E. T. Tay- \nlor, the eloquent Methodist preacher. His parishioners were \nthe sailors that found themselves in port for the time being, \nand having himseK followed the sea, Father Taylor was pecu- \nliarly fitted to preach to the seafaring class. His discourses \nwere filled with graphic illustrations from the language of the \nocean, and went straight to the comprehension of his hearers. \nFrequently he woidd have his audience wrought up to the \nhighest pitch of excitement by some graphic picture. On one \noccasion a rough, weather-beaten mariner became so interested \nin the preacher's wonderful portrayal of the impending destruc- \ntion of a gallant vessel, that, forgetful where he was, he ex- \nclaimed, — \" Let go your best bower ; nothing else will save \nyou.\" Father Taylor quickly turned the interruption to good \npurpose. He was chaplain to the frigate sent with supplies to \nthe famishing Irish, and spoke in Cork and Glasgow. A \ndaughter married Hon. Thomas Eussell, Collector of Boston. \nFather Taylor lived in the building at the corner of Prince \nStreet, erected on the Frankland estate. \n\nIn 1676, November 27, happened the greatest fire that had \noccurred in the town up to this time. It broke out early in \nthe morning near the Red Lyon, and consumed forty-five dwell- \nings, the Old North Meeting-House, and several warehouses. \nThe wind blew with great violence, carrying flakes of fire across \nthe river and endangering Charlestown. Hubbard, in his His- \ntory of New England, says the fire occurred \"through the \ncarelessness of a boy called up to work very early in the morn- \ning, who falling asleep, as was said, the candle set the house on \nfire.\" A change of wind from southeast to south, with a co- \npious rain, arrested the flames at last. Increase Mather's dwell- \ning was burned in this fire, which swept over the district now \nembraced within Eichmond, Hanover, and Clark Streets to the \nwater side, \n\n8 \n\n\n170 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nClark's Wharf, subsequently Hancock's, was the most noted \nin the early liistory of the town, but was gradually rivalled by \nLong Wharf. It noAV coincides with the north side of Lewis's \nWharf, although it originally formed no part of it. Thomas \nHancock Avas the principal proprietor in 1761, owning seven \neighths, as appears by an original statement of the income for \nthat year. This wharf formerly opened into Fish, now K'orth \nStreet, and John Hancock's warehouses were upon it. \n\nIn June, 1768, John Hancock's sloop Liberty arrived from \nMadeira loaded -with wine. As she was lying at Hancock's \nWharf, says Drake's History, Thomas Ku-k the tidewaiter came \non board, and was followed by Captain John INIarshall, who \ncommanded Hancock's ship, the London Packet, with five or \nsix others. These persons confined Kirk below until they had \nremoved the vnae from the ship, of which no entry was made \nat the Custom House. The next morning the master of the \nsloop entered, it is said, a few pipes of wine, and made oath it \nwas all he brought. It was resolved to seize the vessel, and \nJoseph Harrison, collector, and Benjamin Hallowell, comj)troUer, \nrepaired to the wharf and affixed \" the broad arrow.\" Appre- \nhensive of the mob which had collected on the wharf, the \nsloop was moored under the guns of the Eomney frigate. \n\nThe exasperated people now turned upon the officers, and \nbeat and maltreated them so that Mr. Harrison was for some \ntime confined to his bed, while his son, Eichard Acklom, Avho \nwas not present in any ofiicial capacity, was very roughly used. \nHallowell and Irving, inspectors, fared no better. The mob \nbroke the windows of Mr. John Williams, inspector-general, \nand also those of Mr. Hallowell's house, and finished by drag- \nging the collector's boat to the Common, where they burnt every \nfragment of it. The revenue officers retired after this affair to \nthe Castle, where they remained until the arrival of the troops \nin October. \n\nOn the 4th of July, ominous day to British rule, the 38th \nregiment landed at Hancock's Wharf, and marched to the Com- \nmon and encamped. When the British retreated from the \ntown they scuttled a new ship of 300. tons then lying at this \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 171 \n\nwharf, and left behind about 1,000 bushels of salt and 3,000 \n\nblankets. \n\nOpposite the head of Hancock's Wharf, which we remind \nour readers once extended to the present North Street, was \nthe mrth End Coffee House kept in 1783 by David Porter, who \nadvertised that he had taken the Coffee House, where \" gentle- \nmen shall be entertained in a genteel manner.\" This was the \nfather of David Porter of renown, and grandfather of the pres- \nent Achniral David D. Porter. The elder Porter was himself \nan old ranger of the main, having commanded the private-armed \nvessels Aurora and Dehght in the Eevolutionary War. At the \npeace he took the Coffee House, located at one of the most im- \nportant wharves of the town, but soon removed to Baltimore, \nwhere he engaged in trade. The Coffee House was occupied in \n1789 by Ptobert Wyre, distiller, and was for some time known \nas the Philadelphia Coffee House. The same house was after- \nwards the dwelling of Jonathan Amory, and later, of Colonel \nJohn May. It had, however, a prior importance, having been \nbuilt and inhabited by Edward Hutchinson, brother of Thomas. \nDavid Porter, the hero of the Essex, was born, it is said, in \nCharter Street. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, \nand fought his way to a captaincy in 1812. He was in the \nConstellation when she captured L'Insurgente ; first officer in \nthat busy little craft the Enterprise before TripoH ; of the frigate \nNew York, under Eodgers ; and of the Philadelphia, under Bain- \nbridge, when he became a prisoner for eighteen months. He \nsailed from New York in the Essex, tliirty-two guns, in July, \n1812, and soon captured the British sloop Alert of twenty guns. \nGoing around to the Pacific he annihilated the British whale- \nfishery, and captured the Nocton packet with £ 1,100 sterling \non board, without finding a cruiser to molest him. Blockaded \nby the British ships Phoebe and Cherub in Valparaiso, he at- \ntempted to get to sea, but losing some of his spars by a sudden \nsquall, was forced to anchor. Here he maintained a bloody and \ndetermined resistance until his ship was on fire and incapable \nof fighting, when his flag was hauled down. Porter afterwards \ncommanded the Mexican navy, and filled the post of minister \nfrom his native country to Turkey. \n\n\n172 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nReturning through Fleet Street to Hanover, we find that the \nuse of swinging signs, and carved figures for the shop fronts or \nhouses of entertainment is by no means as unusual as has been \nsupposed. To be convinced of this, it is only necessary to walk \nover the district we are describing. Jack is represented in \nevery conceivable attitude. We are in no danger of losing our \nreckoning, for quadrant or sextant are pendent from every cor- \nner, while a jolly tar with spyglass to his eye forever scans the \nneighboring shipping. Female heads, with features as weird as \nthose of the famed lady of the Eed Eover, gaze from the en- \ntrance of some ship artisan, while figm-es of Venus, Hebe, or \nMary Ann start forth as if in the act of leaping from the \npainter's window to the pavement below. \n\nThe First Universalist Church was at the corner of North \nBennet and Hanover Streets. It was a wooden building erected \nby seceders from the Old N\"orth, with Rev. Samuel Mather for \ntheir pastor. After the decease of Mather, in 1785, the house \npassed by purchase into the hands of the Universalists. The \nfirst pastor of the society was the Rev. John Murray, the father \nof American Universalism, who, it is said, was greeted with a \nshower of stones when he first attempted to preach in Boston. \n\"While the building stood, it was the last of the old wooden \nchurches, but after ninety-six years of service it was succeeded by \nthe brick edifice built in 1838, now a Baptist Seamen's Bethel. \n\nThe brick chapel, on the north side of iS'orth Bennet Street, \nand only a few j)aces from Hanover, was the second house of \nworship of the Methodists in Boston. They first occupied a \nsmall wooden structure in Methodist Alley, now Hanover Ave- \nnue. The society, which has now such numerical strength in \nthe land, had, it is asserted, its beginning among the British \nsoldiers who arrived in 1768, a few of whom were Methodists. \nIn 1772 Mr. Boardman, colleague of Fillmore, the first Metho- \ndist preacher sent to America by Wesley, formed a small society, \nwhich soon dissolved. In October, 1784, Rev. William Black, \nof Halifax, preached in the Sandemanian Chapel, on Hanover, \nnear Cross Street, and in the Second Baptist Church. The \nbuilding in Methodist Alley was dedicated in May, 1796, and \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NOKTH BATTERY. 173 \n\n\ncontinued to be used by tbe society until September, 1828, \nwhen the North Bennet Street Chapel was dedicated. \n\nA distressing accident occurred at the laying of the corner- \nstone of this chapel. The floor gave way under the pressure of \nthe great number of people attending the ceremony, and precipi- \ntated the living mass into the cellar beneath. No lives were \nlost, but many received serious injuries. \n\nThe famous eccentric preacher, Lorenzo Dow, occasionally \npreached in the little church in Methodist Alley, He was ex- \ntremely theatrical in his manner, but an effective speaker. In \nthis small house the preacher might almost shake hands with \nhis hearers in the front seats of the gallery. \n\nThe New North Church is one of the monuments still pre- \nserved in the North End. Seventeen substantial mechanics \nformed the nucleus of this, the \nSecond Congregational Society \nin this part of the town. In \n1714 they erected a small \nwooden building at the corner \nof Clark and Hanover (North) \nStreets, \" unassisted by the more \nwealthy part of the community \nexcept by their prayers and good \nwishes.\" This house required \nenlargement, in 1730, to accom- \nmodate its increasing congrega- \ntion; and in 1802 was superseded \nby the present edifice. In 1805 \na beU from the foundry of Paul Severe was placed in the tower. \nJohn Webb was the first minister, the two Mathers assisting at \nthe ordination. Within a few years the church has been \nmoved back to conform to the increased width of the street, \nand is now used by the Catholics. \n\nThe installation of Eev. Peter Thacher, in 1719, as Mr. \nWebb's colleague, was attempted to be prevented by the minor- \nity opposed to him, who assembled at the house of Thomas \nLee, in Bennet Street, next the Universalist meeting-house, \n\n\nNEW NOETH CHURCH. \n\n\n174 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nresolved to resist the progress of the minister and the council \nwhich met at Mr. \"Webb's, on the corner of North Bennet and \nSalem Streets. A crowd gathered and matters looked serious, \nwhen Mr. Webb led his party out by a back way to the church, \nthus out-manoeuvring the rival faction. The house of Dr. \nEliot, of the New North, is still standing. It is next but one \nto the north corner of Hanover and THeston Streets, is of wood, \nand appears in good preservation. \n\nOn the southwest corner of North and Clark Streets stood, \nwithin a few years, an ancient brick building, reputed to be \nover two hundred years old. It was certainly built as early as \n1650, and probably dated back a few years anterior. It had \nbeen one of the oldest inns or ordinaries in Boston, and was \ncalled the \" Ship Tavern.\" It stood at the head of or opposite \nClark's shipyard, and was kept by John Vyal in 1663. Vyal's \nwas a favorite resort of the King's Commissioners, who were \nsent over by Charles II., after the restoration, with instruc- \ntions to visit the New England Colonies, and adjust all \nmatters of dispute. Colonel Eichard Nichols, a soldier of \nTurenne, Colonel George Cartwright, Sir Eobert Carr, and \nSamuel Maverick, the founder of East Boston, composed the \ncommission. \n\nSir Eobert Carr having assaulted a constable at the Ship \nTavern, Governor Leverett sent a letter requesting Sir Eobert \nto attend at his house to answer the complaint lodged against \nhim. Carr replied as foUows : — \n\ngr Yo\" I receyved last night in answer to w\"\" as I am S' Robert \nCarr I would have complyed w* yo' desyres, but as I am w\"\" y' Kyng's \nCommission, I shal not grant yo' requests, both in respect of his \nMajesty es honor and my oune duty, and rest yours \n\nBoston Jan. 23. 1666. Robert Carr \n\nFor Major General John Leverett, these * \n\nA second summons to Carr was received with a reply more \ninsulting in its tenor than the first, and the beUicose commis- \nsioner seems to have avoided the arrest. \n\nAs far back as Vyal's proprietorship the tavern was known \n\n* Hist, and Antiq. of Boston. \n\n\nFROM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 175 \n\nas the \" Noah's Ark,\" doubtless from the fancied resemblance \nof the ship on its sign to the Ark of Scripture. By this name \nit was subsequently known until its disappearance in 1866, both \nin the proprietor's deeds and by common repute. \n\nThe old Ship Tavern, or Noah's Ark, was probably built by \nThomas Hawkins, whose shipyard was below. It became later \nthe property of Thomas Hutchinson, father of the governor, and \nwas given by him to his daughter Hannah, the wife of Eev. \nSamuel Mather. The original building was of two stories, to \nwhich a thh'd was added by a modern proprietor. The walls \nwere of brick, laid in the English Bond, with overhanging eaves, \nand roof with projecting Lutheran windows. A seam in the \nold front wall was attributed to the earthquake of 1663. It \nwas altogether a remarkable specimen of the antique style of \nbuddings, of which not a single pure specimen is now existing \n\nin Boston. \n\nBesides the tavern, Vyal carried on a brew-house, one of the \nfirst of which we find any mention, at the corner of Clark and \nNorth Streets, where Mathews' Block now is. This brew- \nhouse obtained a wide reputation both in the Colonies and \nabroad, rivalling Burton's or Alsopp's of our day. The old \ntavern of Vyal was used as a barrack by the British troops. \nWhile there, a contagion broke out among them which carried \noff a large number. \n\nWhat is now Harris Street, next north of Clark, was once \nknown as White-Bread Alley, and is so laid down on the maps. \nIt was so named from the circumstance that the first penny rolls \never offered for sale in Boston were baked there by Madam \nTudor. She was an Englishwoman, and began by sending her \nlittle son, afterwards Deacon John Tudor, around among the \nneighbors with her bread. She died at ninety, and the busi- \nness was continued by her son. \n\nWe next come to Salutation Street, raised in modern times \nfrom the meaner appeUation of \" alley \" without any particular \npretension to the dignity. Its singular name comes from the \nold Salutation Tavern, in former times at the corner of the \naUey and North Street. A grotesque sign, descriptive of the \n\n\n176 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nmeeting of two gentlemen of the era of small clothes, cocked \nhats, etc., in the act of greeting each other, gave the hostelry \nits name. Samuel Green kept there in 1731, and William \nCampbell in 1773. \n\nThe Salutation, also called the Two Palaverers, while kept \nby Campbell, was the rendezvous of the famous ]S\"orth End \nCaucus. In the \" Hundred Boston Orators \" it is stated that this \nEevolutionary association originated with Warren, and that the \nresolutions for the destruction of the tea were there drawn up. \nIt consisted at first of sixty-one members. Dr. John Young \nwas the first president. When the best means of ridding Bos- \nton of the regulars was -under discussion, Hancock, who was a \nmember, exclaimed, \" Burn Boston and make John Hancock a \nbeggar, if the public good requires it.\" \n\nThe word \" caucus \" is said to occur first in Gordon's \" History \nof the American Eevolution,\" Vol. I. p. 240, published in 1788. \nHe says that more than fifty years previous to his time of writ- \ning, \" Samuel Adams and twenty others in Boston, one or two \nfrom the ITorth End of the town, where aU the ship busiuess is \ncarried on, used to meet, make a caucus, etc.\" From the fact \nthat the meetings were held in a part of Boston where all the \nship business was carried on, Mr. Pickering, in his Vocabulary \n(Boston, 1816), infers that \"caucus\" may be a corruption of \n\" calkers,\" the word \" meeting \" being understood. This deriva- \ntion has been adopted by others. \n\nA few steps bring us to Battery Street, likewise an alley in \n1708, receiving its name from the IsTorth Battery below, to \nwhich it conducted. It formerly run from Charter Street to \nthe Battery, but now to Hanover Street only. \n\nThe first mention of what was afterwards called the ITorth \nBattery occurs in the records in January, 1644, when a work \nat Merry's Point was agreed upon. There was, however, no \ndefinite action taken until 1646, when there appear propositions \nabout a fortification at the I^orth End, \" att Walter Merry's \npoint.\" Johnson's \" Wonder- Working Providence \" speaks of the \nforts on Copp's and Fort HiU as \" the one well fortified on the \nsuperficies thereof with store of great artillery well mounted. \n\n\nFEOM BOSTON STONE TO THE NORTH BATTERY. 177 \n\nThe other hath a very strong battery built of whole timber and \nfilled with earth,\" the latter being the North Battery. In 1706 \na project was brought before the town to extend the North \nBattery one hundred and twenty feet, with a breadth of forty \nfeet, and £ 1,000 were voted for the improvement and security \nof the work. John Steele had command in 1750. \n\nThe town sold the North Battery to Jeffrey and Eussell. It \nbecame Jeffrey's Wharf between 1789 and 1796, and is now \nBattery Wharf, in memory of its ancient purposes. \n\nThe 5 2d, 43d, and 47th British regiments, with companies \nof grenadiers and light infantry, embarked from the North \nBattery on the day of Bunker Hill, as did also the 1st Battahon \nof Marines, led by Major Pitcairn, of Lexington fame, who \nfell a victim to the murderous fire from the fatal redoubt whde \ngallantly urging on his men to the attack. \n\nWhen Lord Howe evacuated Boston the North Battery was \narmed with seven twelve-pounders, two nine-pounders, and four \nsix-pounders, — aU rendered unserviceable. From its position \nthe work commanded the entrance to Charles Eiver as well as \nthe Town Cove ; and was deemed of the highest military im- \nportance in those days of short-range artillery. \n\nWhile in the neighborhood of the prominent wharves, we \nmay appropriately refer to the long trucks once used in Boston \nfor conveying heavy merchandise. As long ago as 1720 trucks \nwere used, when we find, by an order regulating them, none \nwere to be \" more than eighteen feet long ; to employ but two \nhorses in one team ; to carry no more than one ton at a load ; \nand wheel tires to be four inches wide ; the driver to go at the \nhead of the thill horse, which he must govern by a halter to be \nkept in the hand.\" These ponderous vehicles finally disap- \npeared, and with them that distinctive body of men, the \" Bos- \nton Truckmen,\" who once formed a leading and attractive feature \nof our public processions, with their white frocks and black \nhats, mounted on their magnificent truck-horses. Hardy and \nathletic, it would have been hard to find their equals on either \nside of the water. The long jiggers now used are scarcely less \nobjectionable than the old trucks. \n\n\n178 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nCHAPTEE VI, \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. \n\n\nEarly Ship-Builcling. — Boston Shipyards. — Massachusetts Frigate. — New \nEngland Naval Flag. — First Seventy-Four. — Hartt's Naval Yard. — The \nConstitution. — Her Launch, History, and Exploits. — Anecdotes of Hiill, \nBainbridge, and Decatur. — Old Ironsides Rebuilt. — Josiah Barker. — \nNicholson. — Preble. — Stewart. — Other Distinguished Officers. —Escape \nfrom the British Fleet. — Anecdote of Dr. Bentley. — Action with the \nGuerriere. — The Java. — Cyane and Levant. — Relics of Old Ironsides. — \nAffair of the Figure-Head. — Captain Dewey. — The Frigate Boston. — \nCapture of Le Berceau. — The Argus. \n\nWE have now brought the reader among the shipyards, \nwhich were in bygone days a princij)al feature of the \nNorth End. The first ship built in the vicinity of Boston was \nthe \" Blessing of the Bay,\" at what is now Medford. It was a \nbark of thirty tons ordered by Governor Winthrop, and was \n\nlaunched on the 4th of July, 1631. \nInl632-33a\" shippe of a hundred \ntunnes \" was launched in the same \ntown, so that the Medford ship- \nwrights seem to bear off the pahn in \nestablishing this industry in our \nneighborhood. The first mention of \nship-building in Boston occurs in \n1640, and a hundred years later \nthere were on the stocks at the same \ntime forty topsail vessels with seven thousand tons' capacity. \n\nAs early as 1645 Captain Thomas Hawkins built the Seafort, \na fine ship of four hundred tons, at his yard at the foot of \nClark Street ; she was lost on the coast of Spain. John Eich- \nards succeeded to the yard on the north of the Ship Tavern in \n1688. Clark's yard was the same in 1722. In 1708 Joshua \n\n\nANCIENT SHIP. \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYAKDS. 179 \n\nGee had a shipyard at the foot of Copp's Hill, and fourteen \nyears later there were no less than six yards lying around the \nbase of the hill, two below Fort Hill, and another beyond the \ncauseway at West Boston. In 1745 was built the Massachu- \nsetts Frigate, which, under command of Captain Edward Tyng, \naccompanied Sir WiUiam PeppereU's expedition against .Louis- \nburg, where she rendered efficient service, capturing the Vigi- \nlant, French man-of-war of sixty-four guns, — more than double \nher own force. According to Captain G. H. Preble's \" Notes on \nEarly Ship-Building,\" \" when it was designed to reduce Louis- \nburg, Governor Shirley directed Captain Tyng to procure the \nlargest ship in his power. He accordingly piu-chased one on the \nstocks nearly ready for launching, and made such improvements \nupon her that she was able to carry twenty-four to twenty-six \nguns.\" On her return to Boston this frigate brought Governor \nShirley and lady, who had been to the theatre of war. They \nmet with a splendid ovation at the hands of the Bostonians, as \nwe have related elsewhere. \n\nWe may appropriately mention here the colors which were \nused on the sea by the colony before 1700, a \nrepresentation of which is given heremth. \nThe field and cross were red, the tree green, \nand the union white. The tree appears as a \ndistinctive emblem on the coins as weU as the \nflag, \n\nPemberton, in his description of Boston, \nwritten in 1794, says : — ne^ England flag. \n\n\" Ship-building was formerly carried on at upwards of twenty- \nseven dock-yards in the towii at one and the same time, and em- \nployed a large number of mechanicks. In one of the yards, twelve \nships have been launched in twelve months. In all the dock-yards, \nI am credibly informed there have been upwards of sixty vessels \non the stocks at one time. Many of the ships built here were sent \ndirectly to London with naval stores, whale oil, etc., and to the West \nIndies with fish and liunber. The whale and cod fishery employed \nmany of our smaller craft. They were nurseries, and produced many \nhardy seamen. About the year 1750, when paper money was sup- \npressed in this then colony, the sale of ships lying in England, on \n\n\n180 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\naccomit of the owners here, occasioned a loss to them from twenty \nto forty per cent. Few sliips were built here, and ship-building grad- \nually decHned. Vessels are now built in the country towns not far \nfrom where the timber grows. \n\n\"The harbor of Boston ia at this date\" (November, 1794), con- \ntinues Pemberton, \"crowded Avith vessels. Eighty-four sail have \nbeen counted lying at two of the wharves only. It is reckoned that \nnot less than four hundred and fifty saO. of ships, brigs, schooners, \nand sloops, and small crafts are now in. port.\" \n\nThe first war-ship built in Boston was a seventy -four, laid \ndown at the yard of Benjamin Goodwin, — afterwards Tilley's \nWharf, — a short distance from Charlestown Bridge. She was \nordered by the Continental Congress, and Thomas Gushing, \nafterwards lieutenant-governor, then agent of the government, \ntook possession of the dwelling-house, stores, wharf, and yard \nof Goodwin for this purpose. In 1784, the exigency having \npassed by, the ship was sold on the stocks by Thomas Eussell \nas agent of the United States, This was the first seventy-four \nbuilt in the United States. \n\nIt is stated in Emmons's excellent \" History of the E'avy \" that \n\nthe America, built at Portsmouth \nin 1782, the command of which \nwas destined for the renowned \nPaul Jones, was the first vessel \nof this class built for our navy. \nShe appears, however, to have \n\n\nbeen the second. The America, \nawarded by a unanimous vote \nof Congress to the conqueror of \nthe Serapis, was given to the \nFrench to supply the loss of the \nMagnifique, lost in Boston har- \nbor in the above year. She was \nfinally captured by the English. \nEdmund Hartt's shipyard will be forever famous in our an- \nnals as the place where the Pride of the American Kavy was \nbuilt. The Hartts were a family of shipwrights. Besides \nEdmund, there were Edward, Zephaniah, and Ralph the mast- \n\n\nSHIP OF THE TIME OF THE PILGRIMS. \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 181 \n\nmaker. Edmimd lived opposite his yard, in what was then Ship \nStreet. He was one of the original trustees of the Mechanic \nCharitable Association. \n\nBefore the estabUshment of government dockyards, private \nyards were used for building national vessels, and Hartt's went \nfor a long time by the name of \" Hartt's Naval Yard.\" Thorn- \nton's yard on the map of 1722 corresponds with Hartt's, which \nis now known as Constitution Wharf. \n\nThe frigates Constitution and Boston and brig Argus were \nall bunt here. All three are known to fame ; but the glorious \ncareer of Old Ironsides is indelibly associated with the downfall \nof England's naval supremacy. The proud boast of Waller — \n\n\" Others may use the ocean as their road, \nOnly the English make it their abode \" — \n\nwas rendered obsolete by the deeds of a navy unborn when he \nwrote. \n\nIn consequence of the depredations of the Algerine corsairs \nupon our commerce, an act was passed at the first session of \nthe Third Congress to provide, by purchase or otherwise, four \nships to carry forty-four guns and two to carry thirty-six. This \nact was approved by President Washington, March 27, 1794. \nThe keel of the Constitution was accordingly laid by Mr. Hartt \nin i^ovember of that year, and preparations made for setting \nher up. Mr. Cooper, in his l!^aval History, says her keel was \nlaid on Charlestown Xeck, — a situation somewhat remote from \nher actual birthplace, — and has also incorrectly stated the \ndate of her launch, an error into which many historians have \nbeen led by the two unsuccessfid attempts made before she \nfinally passed to her destined element. \n\nPeace being concluded with the Dey of Algiers, work was \nordered stopped on tliree of the new frigates, and the mate- \nrials sold. The act of July 1, 1797, approved by President \nJohn Adams, makes the first official mention of the Constitu- \ntion. The President was authorized to cause the frigates \nUnited States, Constitution, and Constellation to be manned \nand employed. \n\nThe names of aU who contributed by their labor to the \n\n\n182 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nbuilding of Old Ironsides deserve to he perpetuated, but the \nrecords of the Navy Department having been destroyed when \nWashington was captured in 1814, the loss of the mechanics' \nrolls has been supplied only after diligent search. She was \ndesigned by Joshua Humphries of PMladelphia, and constructed \nunder the superintendence of Colonel George Claghorn of New \nBedford. Captains Barry, Dale, and Truxton of the navy agreed \nwith Mr. Humpliries upon the dunensions of the Constitution, \nand Mr. Humphries prepared the drafts, moulds, and building \ninstructions. Her masts and spars were made in the yard be- \ntween Comey's Wharf and the shipyard ; Paul Eevere furnished \nthe copper bolts and spikes, drawn from malleable copper by a \nprocess then new ; and Ephraim Thayer, who had a shop at the \nSouth End, made the gun-carriages for the frigate. He after- \nwards made those used on the gunboats built under Jefferson's \nadministration. Isaac Harris, who worked as an apj)rentice in \nthe mast-yard in 1797, put new sticks into the frigate during \nthe war of 1812. To him is said to belong the honor of first \napplying in this country the important improvement of making \nships' masts in sections. He constructed the first shears used \nat the Navy Yard at Charlestown for placing \nthe heavy masts of war-vessels in position. \nA brave act is recorded of liim in connection \nwith the Old South, and Ave shall presently \nallude to Mm in connection with a very cele- \nbrated flag-raising. The anchors of the Con- \nstitution were made in Hanover, Plymouth \nCounty, Mass. \n\nMr. Hartly of Boston, father of a subse- \nquent naval constructor, assisted Colonel Clag- \nhorn ; and Captain Nicholson, who was ap- \nTHE WAK OF 1812. polnted her first commander, exercised a \ngeneral supervision, in which he was aided by General Jackson \nand Major Gibbs of Boston. Under the orders of Colonel \nClaghorn, Edmund Hartt was the master carpenter. The frig- \nate's sails were made in the Old Granary, at the corner of Park \nand Tremont Streets, where now stands Park Street ChurcL \n\n\nCONSTITUTION S FIG- \nURE-HEAD CARRIED IN \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYAEDS. 183 \n\n'No other building in Boston was large enough. The Messrs. \nSkillings of Boston were the carvers of the figure-head and stern \nornaments and of the cabin. She first carried at her prow a fig- \nure of Hercules with uphfted club. This was shot away before \nTripoli, and seems to have been exchanged at the beginning of \n1812 for a Neptune, which is alluded to in the old song, — \n\" By the Trident of Neptune, brave Hull cried, let 's steer, \nIt points to the track of the bullying Guerriere.\" \n\nShe subsequently bore a plain billet-head scroll, now preserved \nat Charlestown Navy Yard by the thoughtful care of some un- \nknown commander at that station. Finally, the bows of the \ngallant old craft were decorated with a bust of General Jackson. \nThe Constitution first carried an EngUsh battery ; her frame \n\nwas live-oak. \n\n\" Day by day the vessel grew, \nWitli timbers fashioned strong and true, \nStemsou and keelson and sternson knee, \nTill, framed with perfect symmetry, \nA skeleton ship rose up to view.\" \n\nAt length came the 20th September, 1797, the day on which \nColonel Claghorn had announced that he would launch the \nConstitution. People poured into the town from all quarters. \nThe day was pleasant, but cold, and the neighboring wharves \nwere crowded with spectators, who received warning that the \npassage of the vessel into the water would create a swell that \nmight endanger their safety. About six hundred people went \nover to Noddle's Island, where they could obtain a fine view of \nthe expected launch. At high water, twenty minutes past \neleven, the signal was given, but the ship only moved about \neight feet. Her colors were then lowered, and the assembled \nmultitude dispersed with disappointment and anxious forebod- \nings. \n\nOwing to an accident to the United States, launched at Phil- \nadelphia, by which she ran off the ways an hour before it was \nintended, damaging her keel and injuring several people, the \nways of the Constitution were laid too level, to prevent a simi- \nlar accident. Part of the site of Hartt's yard was natural, and \npart artificial ; the latter sank under the immense weight. The \n\n\n184 LANDIVlARKS OF BOSTOIJ. \n\nvessel might have been forced off, but the constructor decided \nnot to attempt a measure so hazardous. \n\nOn Friday, the 22d, a second effort was made to get the \nfrigate afloat. She moved a httle and then stuck fast. Grave \ndoubts were now expressed as to the practicability of moving \nher, and the \" Ul-fated ship,\" as the superstitious now regarded \nher, remained seemingly fixed in her position. \n\nSaturday, October 21, a third attempt was made, the high \ntides having afforded an opportimity of completing the ways. \nThe day was lowering and cold, with an easterly wind. But \nfew people assembled, the general behef being that this would, \nlike the other attempts, prove abortive. A few dignitaries, \nspecially invited, gathered within the narrow limits of the yard. \nAt half past twelve p. m. all was ready. \n\n\"And at the mast-head. \nWhite, blue, and red, \nA flag unrolls the stripes and stars.\" \n\nCommodore James Sever stood on the heel of the bowsprit, \nand, according to the usage of the time, baptized the ship with \na bottle of choice old Madeira from the cellar of Hon. Thomas \nEusseU, a leading Boston merchant. A few in\\'ited guests, \namong whom were some ladies, stood on the vessel's deck. At \nlast, at the given signal, — \n\n\" She starts, — she moves, — she seems to feel \nThe thrill of life along her keel ; \nAnd, spuming vrith her foot the ground, \nWith one exulting, joyous bound. \nShe leaps into the ocean's arms ! \" \n\nWe have extracted the following incident of the launch from \nthe manuscript of Captain Preble's \" History of the Flag \" : — \n\n\" We are glad to be able to record the name of the person who \nfirst hoisted our flag over her, little imagining the glorious history \nshe would make. When the Constitution was about ready to launch, \nCommodore Nicholson, who had charge and superintendence of her \nconstruction, left the shipyard to get his breakfast, leaving express \norders not to hoist any flag over her imtil his return, intending to \nreserve the honor to himself. Among the workmen upon her was a \nshipwright and calker named Samuel Bentley, who, with the assist- \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYAEDS. 185 \n\nance of another workman named Harris, Lent on and hoisted the \nstars and stripes during the commodore's absence. When the com- \nmodore returned and saw our flag, contrary to his orders, floating \nover her, he was very wrath y, and expressed himself in words more \nstrong than polite to the ofiending workmen. Could he have fore- \nseen the future of the noble frigate he would have been still more \nexcited. He had, however, the satisfaction of being the first to com- \nmand her, and we know she was the first of the new frigates to carry \nthe fifteen stars and strijDes under canvas upon the deep blue sea. \nBentley died in Boston in 1852. The fifteen stars and stripes were \nworn by her before Tripoli and throughout the war of 1812.\" \n\nIn Emmons's !Naval List the Constitution is described as a \nship of 44 guns, 400 men, 1,576 tons, and cost, ready for sea, \n$302,719. She has been several times rebuilt, but the orig- \ninal model, tonnage, and general appearance were preserved. \nIn 1834 the frigate was taken into the new Dry Dock at \nCharlestown in the presence of the Vice-President Mr. Van \nBuren, Lewis Cass, Secretary of \"War, the Secretary of the \n'Eavj Mr. \"Woodbury, and other distinguished personages. The \nPresident, General Jackson, was to have been present, but was \nprevented by illness. Commodore Hull had charge of her on \nthis interesting occasion, and his clear voice was frequently \nheard ringing from the quarter-deck of his former glory. \nLoammi Baldwin, engineer of the Dry Dock, also assisted at \nthe ceremony. The frigate was entirely dismantled and dis- \nmasted, with aU her gingerbread-work stripped off preparatory \nto a thorough overhaiiling. Her hull presented a most venera- \nble appearance, the bottom being covered with mussels, many \nof which were gathered as relics. \n\nHere she was rebuilt by Josiah Barker, the eminent naval \nconstructor of the Vermont and Virginia ships-of-the-Kne, the \nfrigate Cumberland, sloops-of-war Marion, Cyane, Bainbridge, \nand many others. Mr. Barker's first shipyard occupied the \nsite of the present ISTavy Yard. There is now in this yard a \nmast-maker, named Harding, who has more than once masted \nand sparred this good ship. \n\nThe Constitution first moved under canvas July 20, 1798, \nproceeding to sea August 13. The roil of her commanders em- \n\n\n186 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nbraces in their order Samuel Nicholson, who had been a lieu- \ntenant with Paul Jones in his action with the Serapis ; Edward \nPreble, styled \"the father of our navy,\" who had served in the \nold Protector and Winthrop, and who in 1804 gallantly laid \nOld Ironsides under the walls of Tripoli ; Isaac Hull, fourth \nlieutenant of the old bark in her first cruise, executive officer in \n1800, and finally in 1812, as commander, the victor in the \nfamous action with the Guerriere ; Wilham Bainbridge, a tried \nofficer of the old navy, captured in the Philadelphia at Tripoh \nin 1803, and subsequently conqueror in December, 1812, of the \nJava, British frigate ; Charles Stewart, who closed the war so \ngloriously for his flag by the capture of two British frigates, the \nCyane and Levant. This action was fought on a beautiful \nmoonlight evening off Madeira after peace was concluded, but \nby the terms of the treaty the capture was legalized. \n\nBesides these names, so illustrious in the pages of naval war- \nfare, the Constitution was commanded a short time in 1804 by \nthe brave but ill-fated Decatur ; by John Eodgers ; by Jacob \nJones ; by T. Macdonough, J. D. Elliott, and others, whose \ndeeds have passed into history. The brave Lawrence, gallant \nDavid Porter, Charles Ludlow, and Charles Morris have served \nin her as first-lieutenants, while Isaac Chauncey was a master \ncommandant, and Shubrick a lieutenant. The latter officer, \nnow rear-admiral and blind, is the only survivor among the \nofficers of the battle with the Cyane and Levant, in which he \nwas engaged. \n\nThe first crew of the Constitution were, with few exceptions, \nnatives of Massachusetts. Her career and exploits are as fa- \nmiliar as household words. ISTo ship was ever so loved by a \nnation, not even the famous old Victory of Nelson. Good luck \npursued her without the intervention of the horse-shoe which \nNelson carried nailed to his mast-head. \n\n\"Aye, put her atop on the log-book of fame, \n\nHer voice always roared from the van, \nWlien she bore down in thunder and darkness and flame, \n\nCrash foundering each foe that before her came, \nThe old sailors' love flashes up at her name, \n\nFor her yards Young Americans man.\" \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 187 \n\nThe first cruise of Old Ironsides under Nicholson and the \nsecond under Talbot are void of any interesting features, and \nit was not until Preble commanded her in the Mediterranean, \nin 1803, that she fired a broadside at an enemy. \n\nCooper says that Preble was appointed to the Constitution as \nfirst lieutenant under Commodore Nicholson, but got relieved, \nhis relations with his commander not being cordial. Preble \nhoisted his flag on board the Constitution, May 21, 1803. The \nship, having been lying in ordinary for ten months, was unfit for \nimmediate service, and the commodore caused a thorough over- \nhauling of the vessel to be made, personally scrutinizing every \nrope and timber in her. Under his orders she achieved her \nearly reputation, and was, Avhen he turned her over to Decatur, \na ship to be proud of. After lying some time in President's \nRoads taking in powder, etc., the Constitution weighed anchor \nand sailed on her famous cruise to the Mediterranean, Sunday, \nAugust 14, 1803. \n\nHer escape from the British squadron in July, 1812, was due \nto Yankee ingenuity. The method by wliich this was accom- \nplished is, it is believed, understood by few. The Constitution \ncarried two umbrellas, so called, made of stout spars attached to \na central one precisely like an umbrella frame. These Avere \ncovered with canvas, and were capable of being expanded or \nclosed ; the weight of the iron-work caused them to sink. \nAVhile the becalmed British vessels were towing with their \nboats, Hull caused his umbrellas to be carried out ahead and \nwarped his vessel up to them, so contriving, that while one \nwas being hauled in the other was being put in position. In \ntliis way, he left his pursuers astern before they discovered the \nmeans employed to escape them. These umbrellas are now in \nthe Charlestown ^arj Yard, where, it is hoped, they may be \npreserved with care. The Constitution ran into Marblehead on \nSunday. \n\nWhile Dr. Bentley, pastor of the Second Church at Salem, \nwas in the midst of his sermon, some one called out under the \nwindow of the church, \" The British fleet is chasing the Con- \nstitution into Marblehead.\" The minister instantly dismissed \n\n\n188 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nhis congregation, seized his hat, and ran out of the church, fol- \nlowing the men and cannon towards the scene of action. Being \na short, tliick-set man, and the mercury at eighty-five, the good \ndoctor soon gave out, when he was lifted astride one of the \ncannon, and in this way proceeded to the beach. Dr. Bentley \nwas a Boston boy, graduate and tutor at Harvard, and for a \nlong time editor of the Essex Gazette. \n\nThe following anecdotes of Hidl are printed in Miss Quincy's \nMemoir : — \n\n\" Toward evening on the 29th of August, 1812, a frigate (recog- \nnized as the Constitution) came in under full sail and dropped her \nanchor beside Rainsford Island, — then the quarantine ground. The \nnext morning a fleet of armed ships appeared off Point Alderton. \nAs they rapidly approached, the Constitution was observed to raise \nher anchor and sails and go boldly forth to meet the apparent \nenemy ; but as the frigate passed the leader of the fleet, a friendly \nrecognition was exchanged instead of the expected broadside. They \njoined company, and the Constitution led the way to Boston. It \nwas the squadron of Commodore Rodgers returning unexpectedly \nfrom a long cruise. \n\n\"A few days afterwards, Hull, who had just taken the Guerriere, \ncame Avith Decatur to breakfast at Quincy. When this incident was \nmentioned, Hull said, ' I must acknowledge I participated iu the \napprehensions of my friends on shore. Thinking myself safe in \nport, I told my officers to let the men wash their clothes, and get the \nship in order to go up to Boston ; and being excessively fatigued, \nwent to my stateroom. I was sound asleep when a lieutenant rushed \ndown, exclamiing, ' Captain, the British are upon us ! — an armed \nfleet is entering the harbor ! ' No agreeable intelligence, certainly ; \nfor I was wholly unprepared to engage with a superior force. But \ndetermined to sell our lives as dear as I could, I gave orders to clear \nthe decks, weigh anchor, and get ready for immediate action. I con- \nfess I was greatly relieved when I saw the American flag and recog- \nnized Rodgers.' In speaking of the confhct with the Guerriere, he \nsaid, * I do not mind the day of battle ; the excitement carries one \nthrough : but the day after is fearful ; it is so dreadful to see my \nmen wounded and suffering.' \n\n\" These naval officers formed a striking contrast. Hidl was easy \nand prepossessing in his manners, but looked accustomed to face \n* the battle and the breeze.' Decatur was uncommonly handsome, \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 189 \n\nand remarkable for the delicacy and refinement of his appear- \nance.\" \n\nHull, Avho had a good deal of the bluff sailor about him, \nexclaimed when he saw the mast of the Guerriere go by the \nboard, — \" Huzzah, my boys, we Ve made a brig of her.\" A \nshipmaster, prisoner on board the Guerriere, gives an interest- \ning relation of his experience during the action. While the \nConstitution was manoeuvring for position. Captain Dacres asked \nhis prisoner, \" Do you think she wiU strike without firing 1 \" \n\nObtaining permission to retire into the cockpit, the captain \n\nsays : — - \n\n\" Within one moment after my foot left the ladder the Constitu- \ntion gave that double-shotted broadside which threw all in the cock- \npit over in a heap on the opposite side of the ship. For a moment \nit seemed as if heaven and earth had struck together ; a more terrific \nshock camiot be imagined.\" \n\nAfter the firing had ceased, the prisoner returned to the deck, \nand continues : — \n\n\" What a scene was presented, and how changed ui so short a time, \nduring which the Guerriere had been totally dismasted and otherwise \ncut to pieces, so as not to make her worth towing into port. On the \nother hand, the Constitution looked perfectly fresh, and even those \non board the Guerriere did not know what ship had fought them. \nCaptain Dacres stood with his officers surveying the scene, — all in \nthe most perfect astonishment.\" \n\n\" At this moment a boat was seen putting off from the hostile ship. \nAs soon as within speaking distance, a young gentleman (Midship- \nman, late Commodore Reed) hailed and said, ' Commodore Hull's \ncompliments, and wishes to know if you have struck your flag '? ' \nAt this Captain Dacres appeared amazed, but recovering himself and \nlooking lip and down, he deliberately said, — ' Well, I don't know ; \n— our mainmast is gone, our mizzenmast is gone, and upon the whole \nyou may say we have struck our flag.' \" \n\nThe little hurt received by the Constitution rn this engage- \nment — her hull showing only here and there a scar — gave her \nthe name of Old Ironsides, by which she was familiarly known. \nHer crew, indeed, afl&rmed that the Guerriere's shot fell harm- \nless from her \" iron sides.\" \n\n\n190 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nOld Ironsides arrived in Boston on a Sunday, about noon, \nfrom this cruise. The ship was soon surrounded by boats \neager to learn the news, which was communicated to the first \nthat came alongside. Instantly the word was passed to the \nother boats, \" The Constitution has captured the Guerriere ! \" \nThe men cheered, swung their hats, and spread the joy fid \ntidings to the shore, where thousands gathered on the wharves \ntook up the refrain until it echoed from one extremity of the \ntown to the other. \n\n\" On Brazil's coast she ruled the roast \nWhen Bainbridge was her captain ; \nNeat hammocks gave, made of the wave, \nDead Britons to be wrapped in.\" \n\nBainbridge, who succeeded Hull in the command of the Con- \nstitution, next fought a weU-contested action with the Java on \nthe coast of Brazil, December 29, bringing his own ship victo- \nriously out of the fight. The Java, indeed, only struck her \nflag after the loss of every mast and spar, bowsprit included. \nHer gallant commander, Lambert, was mortally wounded. The \ndisabled condition of his pri^e, with the great distance from our \nOAv^n shores, compelled Bainbridge to destroy the Java, as Hull \nhad destroyed the Guerriere. When the officers of the Java \nleft the Constitution at St. Salvador, they expressed the warm- \nest gratitude for the humane and generous treatment they had \nexperienced. \n\nBainbridge returned to Boston from this cruise, arriving on \nthe 15th of February. He was received on landing by a salute \nof artillery, and a procession was formed at Faneuil Hall headed \nby the \" Boston Light Infantry \" and \" Winslow Blues,\" which \nescorted the commodore to the Exchange Coffee House, where \nthe company sat down to a superb banquet. Hull and Eodgers \nwalked with Bainbridge in the procession, and shared the ap- \nplause bestowed upon him. At the dinner Governor Gore pre- \nsided, assisted by H. G. Otis, Israel Thorndike, T. L. Winthrop, \nWilliam Sullivan, and others. The Legislature being in session \npassed complimentary resolutions. \n\nThe commodore, with some of his officers, visited the Federal \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 191 \n\nStreet Theatre, where they were immediately recognized by the \naudience, which rose up as if by one impulse, while cheer upon \ncheer shook the house from pit to dome. The veteran Cooper, \nwho on that night was playing Macbeth, flung his bonnet in \nthe air and joined in the applause. \n\nIn June, 1813, Stewart was appointed to command her, and \nproceeded to sea December 30, although Boston was then block- \naded by seven of the enemy's ships. She returned in April, \n1814, and was chased into Marblehead by the frigates La \nNymphe and Junon. The country was alarmed, and the local \nmilitia from K'ewburyport to Boston marched to defend the \nfrigate ; one Boston company, the I^ew England Guards, pro- \nceeded as far as Charlestown, when they learned that the pursuit \nhad been abandoned. They then found that their cartridge- \nboxes were empty. \n\nIn December, 1814, Stewart sailed on his second cruise and \nencountered, February 28, off Madeira, the British frigates \nCyane and Levant, which were both cajDtured after a contest \nin Avhich the Constitution was handled with consummate skill \nby her commander. Of the prizes, only the Cyane succeeded \nin reaching the United States, the Levant being recaptured by \nSir George Collier's squadron, which suddenly appeared off Port \nPraya, where Old Ironsides was quietly lying with her captives. \nAll tlu'ee vessels were compelled to cut their cables and run for \nit. The Cyane arriving first at New York, great anxiety was \nfelt for the Constitution, and on her arrival at that port on the \n15th of May, 1815, the ship and commander were gTeeted with \nthe utmost enthusiasm. \n\nOn the 4th of July, 1828, Old Ironsides returned from a long \ncruise in the Mediterranean to the place of her nativity. As \nshe passed up to the I^avy Yard, the roar of her guns mingled \nwith the echoes from the Castle and from Constitution \"Wharf, \nthe place of her birth. The guns were firing peaceful salutes \ninstead of round shot and grape, but the presence of the idohzed \nfrigate gave additional eclat to the national holiday. \n\nIt was at one time decided to break her up, and orders had \nactually been issued to this effect. The destruction of her old \n\n\n192 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON, \n\n\ntimbers seemed like an act of sacrilege, and gave rise to Holmes's \nmuch, admired lines expressive of the universal feeling of con- \ndemnation. To the poet's impassioned outburst is due the \npreservation of the Constitution on the roU of the American \n\nNavy : — \n\n\"0, better that her shattered hull \nShould sink beneath the wave ; \nHer thunders shook the mighty deep, \n\nAnd there should be her gi-ave. \nNail to the mast her holy flag, \n\nSet every threadbare sail, \nAnd give her to the god of storms, \nThe lightning, and the gale. \" \n\nFrom the old timbers were made a number of relics which \nhave no doubt been highly prized by their possessors. Mr. \nBarker, the constructor, sent a cane to Joshua Humphries, her \norigiual designer. In 1836 a beau.tiful coach was built entirely \nof the wood of the old frigate at Amherst, Mass., intended as \n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION HAULED UP ON THE WATS. \n\na E'ew- Year's present to General Jackson from several gentlemen \nof !N'ew York City. Commodore Hull presented canes from the \noriginal wood to President Jackson, Mr. Yan Buren, and Mr. \nPoinsett at the time the ship was docked. \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS, 193 \n\nThe captured flags of the Cyane, Levant, Guerriere, and Java \nare in the Naval Academy at AnnapoHs, but of her original \nbattery, before which the \" wooden walls of Old England \" went \ndown, no traces have been found. One of the guns was dented \nby the enemy's shot ; but we have reason to apprehend that these \ndogs of war were broken up and treated as so much old iron. \n\nThe Constitution carried out Ministers Barlow and Cass to \nFrance, and brought home Mr. Livingstone and family. Her \nflag has been seen in nearly every sea, and her deck has been \ntrod by many noble personages. In 1822, while in the Medi- \nterranean, she was visited by Lord Byron, who, while endeavor- \ning to preserve his incognito, was much embarrassed at finding \nall the officers on deck in full uniform to receive him. Lord \nByron was accompanied by Count Gamba, father of the Count- \ness Guiccioli. A beautifully bound volume of his poems was \nlying on the cabin table, which he took up with evident pleasure \nat the delicate compliment implied. \n\nAn episode of this visit caused Byron to remark, \" that he \nwould rather have a nod from an American than a snuff-box \nfrom an emperor.\" This is in pleasing contrast with the surly \nsaying of Johnson, — \"I am willing to love all mankind except \nan American.\" At this time Commodore Jacob Jones flew his \nbroad pennant on board the old craft. \n\nAfter Old Ironsides had emerged a new ship from Mr. Bar- \nker's hands, there happened to her an adventure that awakened \nat the time the most intense excitement in Boston, and which, \nfrom its peculiar aspects, was soon communicated all over \nthe seaboard. This was known as the \" Affair of the Figure- \nHead.\" Andrew Jackson was President, and had been greeted \nwith the consideration due his official station during his visit to \nBoston of the previous year. Under this outward courtesy, \nhowever, was an undercurrent of political antagonism, apparent \nenough in the public prints of the day. Cheers were raised for \nMr. Clay in Faneuil Hall at the time of General Jackson's re- \nception there. The old political party wliich controlled Boston \nwas putting on the new title of \" \"Whig,\" under which it subse- \nquently fought. Not even the LL, D. conferred upon the Pres- \n9 M \n\n\n194 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON, \n\nident at Harvard could reconcile the opposition with, the acts \nof his administration. \n\nThe appearance of the frigate Constitution, therefore, with a \nfigure-head of President Jackson was greeted with a storm of \ndisapproval. When it was known that it was the intention of \nCommodore Jesse D. Elliott, the then commander of the Xavy \nYard, to thus ornament the frigate's bows, and that Lahan S. \nBeecher, the well-known Boston carver, was at work upon it, \ntlireats were freely made that she would not be allowed to go \nto sea with the obnoxious image. Large bribes were also offered \nto the artist to destroy his work, but he remained true to his \nemployers, working on the figure-head in his garret, which \nserved alike as his atelier and citadel. Alarmed, however, by \nthe menaces against Beecher, and thinking the head no longer \nsafe in his custody, Commodore Elliott caused its removal by \nan armed boat's crew to the JSTavy Yard, where it was placed in \nthe engine-house and finished by Beecher at his leisure. The \nfigure represented the President in the Hermitage scene, holding \nin his hand a scroll with the motto, \" The Union it must be \npreserved.\" Beecher was also engaged upon the busts of HuU, \nBainbridge, and Stewart for stern ornaments of the frigate. \n\nThe graven image was placed at the Constitution's stem, but \non the 3d of July (1834) was discovered to have been muti- \nlated, — the head being sawed completely off, leaving only the \nbody of the Chief Magistrate. The affair caused a great noise. \nIt was committed during the prevalence of a violent thunder- \nstorm, with sentinels pacing the ship's deck, while she lierself \nlay moored between two seventy-fours (the Independence and \nColumbus) off the yard. The act was a daring one, and con- \njecture was for a long time busy as to its author, who, however, \nmaintained a prudent reserve until the excitement caused by \nthe affair had time to cool. What this excitement was may be \nunderstood when it is stated that the people of Wheeling, Va., \nrang the bells, assembled in public meeting, and passed resolu- \ntions approving the act. \n\nOn the night in question. Captain Dewey, a Boston ship- \nmaster, obtained a small row-boat, and dropped quietly down \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 195 \n\n\"witli the tide to where the frigate lay moored. Securing his \nboat he proceeded to his work, in the accomplishment of which \nhe had to cut through a copper bolt. Several times the sentry \noh deck looked over the bow, — hearing perhaps the noise of \nthe saw, — when the workman ceased his labor for the time. \nThe rain poured in torrents, which, with the intense darkness, \nfavored the bold operator. The head of Jackson, like a victim \nof the seraglio, fell into a sack. Dewey pulled to the shore \nand repaired to meet some friends at a public-house, where his \nsuccess was duly celebrated. \n\nIn this plight the Constitution — she was then in commis- \nsion — proceeded to ISTew York, where, in due time, a second \nfigure-head bearing the same features took the place of the \nheadless one. To secure it from a similar mutilation, a copper \nbolt of extraordinary thickness was placed perpendicularly in \nthe head. At the Charlestown JSTavy Yard may be seen the \nbust of General Jackson from which the original was mod- \neUed. \n\nIn March, 1835, the Constitution sailed from New York for \nthe Mediterranean as flag-ship of Commodore Elliott, since \nwhich time her history is that of a useful but peaceful ship. \nAt the outbreak of the EebeUion she was lying at Annapolis, \nwhere she would doubtless have shared the fate of the govern- \nment vessels at Norfolk and elsewhere, had not our soldiers \nopportunely secured the place. Edward E. Preble, a grandson \nof the commodore, was on board the Constitution at this time. \nAfter being used as quarters for the midshipmen of the Naval \nAcademy at Newport and Annapolis, she was, in 1871, towed \nround to Philadelphia and laid up. She will bear a conspicuous \npart in the centennial celebration of 1876. \n\nFrom sources already mentioned it is ascertained that she \ncaptured eight armed vessels carrying one hundred and fifty- \neight guns, and ten unarmed prizes. From this statement it \nwin be seen that her crews shared more hard knocks than prize \nmoney. \n\nThe next war-vessel built at Hartt's yard was the Boston \nfrigate of seven hundred tons, so called because she was built \n\n\n196 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nby the subscription of Boston merchants and others, and given \na free-will offering to the government. She was designed, \nprobably, by Mr. Hartt, and buUt under his superintendence. \nHer rate was to have been a thirty-six, but she mounted only \ntwenty-eight guns. On the 22d of August, 1798, her keel was \nlaid, and in April, 1799, President Adams appointed Captain \nGeorge Little, of Massachusetts, to command her. June 12 \nshe hauled into the stream, and sailed on her first cruise July \n24, 1799. She was declared to be one of the handsomest ves- \nsels that ever floated. \n\nThe names of those persons who contributed to build the \nBoston are worthy of preservation. A notice appeared in the \nCentinel of June 27, 1798, that a subscription would be opened \nin the chamber over Taylor's Insurance Office (corner of State \nand Kilby Streets) at one o'clock, \" where those who wish to \njoin in this testimonial of public spirit \" might affix their sig- \nnatures. At this meeting $115,250 was raised, of which Hon. \n\"William PhUHps gave $ 10,000. This subscription was subse- \nquently increased to $130,000; the frigate cost $137,969. \nDavid Sears, Stephen Higginson, Eben Parsons, John Codman, \nJoseph Coolidge and Son, Theodore Lyman, Boot and Pratt, \nand Thomas Dickinson gave $ 3,000 each. Samuel Parkman \nand Samuel Elliott gave $ 4,000 each. Benjamin Joy, James \nand T. H. Perkins, Thomas Walley, John Parker, Stephen Hig- \nginson, Jr., Abiel Smith, and Thomas C. Amory are down for \n$ 1,500 each. St. Andrew's Lodge gave $ 1,000. Benjamin \nand Nathaniel Goddard and Josiah Quincy gave $ 500. The \ngivers of smaller sums are not less deserving of mention, but \nare too numerous for our limits. \n\nThe Boston got to sea during the hostilities with Prance, and \nsoon distinguished herself on the West India station by cap- \nturing Le Berceau, a ship of twenty-four guns and two hundred \nand twenty men ; Les Deux Anges, ship of tAventy guns ; tlu-ee \nbarges, and three unarmed prizes. At this time she was one of \nCommodore Talbot's squadron. The next year, under command \nof Captain McNeil, the Boston carried a minister to France \nand joined the Mediterranean fleet. \n\n\nA VISIT TO THE OLD SHIPYARDS. 197 \n\nCaptain Little brought Le Berceau, lais prize, into Boston \nearly in November. The Frenchman was completely dismasted \nin the engagement, but was repaired and restored to the French \nunder treaty stipidations. For circumstances attending this \ncapture, Captain Little was court-martiaUed, the court sitting \non board the Constitution, but was honorably acquitted. In \nher action with Le Berceau the Boston had four kiUed and \neight wounded. The French prisoners were confined at the \n\nCastle. \n\nIn 1812 the Boston was reported unworthy of repair, and in \n1814, when the British were advancing on Washington, she was \nburned to prevent her faUing into the enemy's hands. \n\nThe brig Argus, sixteen guns, two hundred and twenty-six \ntons, was built at Hartt's yard in 1803, at a cost of $37,420. \nShe was designed by Mr. Hartly. In August, 1813, having \nlanded Mr. Crawford, our Minister to France, at Havre, she \nproceeded to cruise off the English and Irish coasts, and cap- \ntured and burnt so many vessels that the Irish declared ^ the \nChannel was aU ablaze. Between the Shannon and the Liffey \nshe captui-ed twenty vessels, most of which were burnt. On the \n14th August, 1813, the Argus fought and was captured by the \nBritish brig PeHcan, of twenty-one guns. Lieutenant Wm. H. \nAllen of the Argus was mortaUy wounded early in the conflict ; \nhe was Decatur's first lieutenant when he took the Macedoman \nThe Argus had also been a busy cruiser during the war with \nTripoli. Both Hull and Decatur had commanded her. \n\n\n198 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nCHAPTEE VII. \n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. \n\nCopp's HHl. —British \"Works . — Ancient Arch. — Wm. Gray. —Old Ferry. \n\n— Reminiscences of Bunker Hill. — The Cemetery. — Curious Stones, \nEpitaphs, etc. — Old Funeral Customs. — Charter Street. — Sir Wm. \nPhips. —John Foster Williams. — John Hull. — Colonial Mint. —Christ \nChurch. — Revere's Night Ride. — The Chimes. — The Vaults, — Legends \nof. — Major Pitcairn. — Love Lane. — North Latin School. — Prmce Street. \n\n— Salem Church. — North End Heroes. — Captam Manly. — Massachu- \nsetts Spy. — First Baptist Church. — Second Baptist Church. — Draft Riot, \n1863. \n\nWE pursue our way, after our long halt among the ship- \nyards, around the base of Copp's HiU. The hill itself \nis the early Mill Field of 1632 and later, so called because the \nwindmill used to grind the settlers' corn was brought from Cam- \nbridge in this year and placed upon the summit. This was the \nfirst windmill erected in the to\\\\ai. The appearance of Copp's \nHlU, which name is from Wilham Copp, an early possessor, is \nvery different to-day from what it was in 1800. At that time \nthe hiU terminated abruptly on the northwest side in a rugged \ncliff almost uiaccessible from the water-side. Southerly, the \nground fell away in an easy descent to the bottom of JSTorth \nSquare and the shore of the Mill Pond, while to the eastward \na gradual slope conducted to the North Battery. The beach at \nthe foot of the headland, opposite Charlestown, was made into \na street with earth taken from the summit of the hill, which \nwas where Snow-HiU Street now crosses it. This made Lynn \nStreet, — our Commercial Street extension, — and afforded a \ncontinuous route along the water. \n\nGoing north, the rising ground at Eichmond Street indicates \nthe beginning of the ascent. The hill has been known as Wind- \nmill Hill and as Snow Hill ; but our ancestors were never at a \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 199 \n\nloss for names, as appears in the redundancy of their street \nnomenclature. The foot of the hill, at the northeasterly side, \nwent in old times by the name of ISTew Guinea, on accomit \nof its being exclusively inhabited by \nblacks. A representation is here given \nof the kind of windmill used by the \nfirst settlers of Boston. Its architecture \ndiffers entirely from the mills used by \nthe French in Canada, the old stone \nmill at ISTewport, or of the western set- \ntlements of the French. It is a copy \nof one set up at West Boston, the de- \nsign for which may have been brought \nfrom the Low Covintries. \n\nThe work erected by the British from ancient mill. \n\nwhich they bombarded the Americans on Bunker HiU and \nset fire to Charlestown, was on the summit of the eminence, \nnear the southwest corner of the Burial Ground. It was a \nsmall afi'air, consisting, when it was visited in the following year \n(1776), of only a few barrels of earth to form parapets. Three \ntwenty-eight pounders, mounted on carriages, were left spiked \nwithin. The battery was covered by a small earthwork to the \nrear designed for the infantry. Traces of these works remained \nuntil the summit was levelled in 1807. \n\nAt the foot of Henchman's Lane, when the work of excava- \ntion was proceeding at this point, there was uncovered an arch \nbuilt of brick, of large dimensions, with an opening at the water \nside. There was originally a high bank at this place, — the \narch spanning the then Lynn Street and communicating with \nthe cellar of a house on the north side. About forty years ago, \nwhen digging for the foundation of the houses on the east side \nof the street, the remains of the arch were found, and are stiU \nto be seen in the cellar of the house opposite Henchman's Lane. \nThose who examined it while it was intact are of the opinion \nthat it was intended as a place of concealment for smugglers and \ntheir contraband goods. Many speculations were indulged as \nto its origin and its uses, the theory that it was a retreat for \n\n\n200 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npirates being the favorite one. Time has disclosed that it was \nbuilt by a Captain Gruchy during the French wars, and used as \na place of deposit for captured goods. Perhaps the captain was \na free-trader, or fitted out privateers to prey upon the commerce \nof the French king. Gruchy was a subsequent owner of Sir \n\"William Phips's house, his land running down the hill to the \nwater's edge. He built him a wharf of two captured vessels, \nwhich he sunk for the purpose.* These old arches were a \nunique feature of Old Boston, and doubtless began to be built \nabout the time Eandolph made the attempt to collect the king's \nexcise. Another is noted built by Edward Hutchinson from \nhis house on North Street. \n\nLynn Street is described in 1708 as from the North Battery \nnorthwesterly to the Ferry-way at Hudson's Point ; it retained \nthis name until after 1828. Before it Avas built into a thor- \noughfare this street was only a narrow Avay around the beach. \nHenchman's Lane is coeval with Lynn Street in receiving its \nname, which was from Captain Daniel Henchman, father of the \nbookseller, who lived within its precincts. \n\nWe next come to Foster Street, in the lower part of which \nwas formerly the cannon and bell foundry of Paul Eevere. Up \nto the time of the establishment of these works both cannon \nand bells were imported ; but Revere cast brass guns success- \nfully, and some of his bells still hang in our steeples. Hollow- \nware, stoves, and a variety of articles for domestic use were \nmanufactured at this foundry, erected previous to 1794. \n\nThe rain had been falling as we continued our walk through \nthe filthy street along the water. The aii- was filled with the \nstench arising under the warm sun from the mud and garbage \nof the gutter, and from every door and window of the over- \ncrowded tenements peered forth a swarm of dirty humanity. \nSome one has called the Irish the finest peasantry in the world, \nbut perhaps he had not seen them herded together in our cities. \nMusing on these disenchanting features of our antiquarian pur- \nsuit, we cast our eyes upward in the direction of Christ Church \nsteeple, which serves us as a guide and beacon, — \n\n* Mrs. Crocker's Memoir. \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 201 \n\n\" And lo ! from out a dirty alley, \nWhere pigs and Irish wont to rally, \nI saw a crazy woman sally. \nBedaubed with grease and mud.\" \n\nThe reader knows what a trifle will suffice to collect a crowd \nin the city. Let a single individual stop in one of our crowded \nthoroughfares and gaze intently in any direction, he will he \ninstantly surrounded by a curious, gaping multitude. We \nquickened our pace, and left behind us the throng gathering \naround the poor creature crazed with drink, blaspheming, and \ntearing her hair by handfuls. In this manoeuvre we were antici- \npated by a prudent pohceman who turned the corner in our front. \nAbout half-way from the ferry to Charlestown Bridge is Gray's \nWharf, built by Hon. WilHam Gray, better known by the so- \nbriquet of \"Billy.\" Beginning at the lowest round of the \nladder, he climbed to the highest mercantile eminence, and at \nthe time of his death, in 1825, was the largest ship owner in \nAmerica, perhaps in the world. He was the owner at one time \nof sixty square-rigged vessels, whose sails whitened every sea. \nMr. Gray, after acting in the State Legislature, was elected lieu- \ntenant-go vera or with Elbridge Gerry in 1810. He was a Dem- \nocrat in politics, sustaining the embargo, notwithstanding it \ninflicted a heavy loss upon him. He lived in Summer Street, \nin the mansion previously occupied by Governor Sullivan. \n\nThere were few to whom the face of the old merchant was \nnot familiar. He was an early riser, and performed a consid- \nerable amount of work before breakfast. Affable in intercourse, \nunostentatious in manner, Mr. Gray was also a man of practical \nbenevolence. He aided the government largely in 1812, and \nit is said but for him the Constitution would not have got to \nsea and electrified the nation by her exploits. Mr. Gray was \nthe first president of the State Bank, the first democratic bank- \ning institution that obtained a charter in Massachusetts. After \nthe Treaty of Ghent, Mr. Gray presided over a public dinner \ngiven to John Quincy Adams, at which the venerable patriarch, \nJohn Adams, was also present. Mr. Gray's old homestead in \nSalem afterwards became the Essex Coffee House. \n\nBenjamin Goodwin, mentioned in the preceding chapter in \n\n\n202 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nconnection with the seventy-four, lived in a house between \nCharter and Lynn Streets extending from one street to the \nother. Goodwin's Wharf extended from a point opposite his \nhouse, and was sixty to eighty rods east of the bridge. He \ncarried on a distillery, bake-house, and blacksmith-shop. The \npremises were seized by order of the British general, and occu- \npied by his troops at the time of the battle of Bunker Hill, \nThe soldiers afterwards wantonly destroyed much of the prop- \nerty and some of the buildings, Mr. Goodwin's damages being \nestimated at £ 1,500, lawful money. \n\nHudson's Point, the extreme northwest point of the town, \nwas named from Francis Hudson, the ferry-man. It is first \ncalled \" y^ Mylne Point,\" in the grant of the ferry to Thomas \nMarshall in 1635. At this point were established both the \nferries to Charlestown and Chelsea. To be exact, the Ferry- \nway was, in 1720, between Mr. Gee's and Hudson's Point, and \nMr. Joshua Gee, the boat-builder, owned the present property \nof the Gas Company, his residence being in Prince Street, a \nshort distance from his yard. This Mr. Gee was also owner of \na large tract on Copi^'s Hill, between Charter, Prince, and Snow- \nHill Streets. The town voted in 1720 to move the General \nCourt to take action about a bridge at this place, but no action \nfollowed. \n\nAmong the reminiscences of the old Ferry, besides being the \nprobable landing of Winthrop's company and the place where \nthe first white woman jumped ashore, it is noted as the point \nof debarkation for the British wounded from. Bunker HOI. \nTheir admitted loss in this battle was two hundred and twenty- \nsix killed, eight hundred and twenty-eight wounded, though \nestimates have been made as high as fifteen hundred. In \nFrothingham's account of the battle is the following description \nof the harrowing scene : — \n\n\" The wounded during the whole night and the next day were \nconveyed to Boston, where the streets were filled with groans and \nlamentation. A letter of June 30, 1775, says : ' I have seen many \nfrom Boston who were eyewitnesses of the most melancholy scene \nthey ever beheld in this part of the world. The Saturday night and \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 203 \n\nSabhatli were taken up in carrying over the dead and woiinded ; and \nall the wood-carts in town, it is said, were employed, — chaises and \ncoaches for the officers. They have taken the workhouse, almshouse, \nand manufactory house for the wounded.' The physicians, surgeons, \nand apothecaries of Boston rendered every assistance in their power. \nThe processions were melancholy sights. 'In the first carriage,' \nwrites Clarke, 'was Major Williams, bleeding and dying, and three \ndead captains of the 52d. In the second, four dead officers ; then \nanother with wounded officers.' The privates who died on the field \nwere immediately buried there, — ' in holes,' Gage's report states. \n' On Monday morning,' a British account says, ' all the dead officers \nwere decently buried in Boston in a private manner, in the different \nchurches and churchyards there.'\" \n\nFrancis Rawdon, afterwards Marquis of Hastings, and George \nHarris, afterwards a peer, were both officers of the 5th, and \nwounded. The 5th, 59th, and the Welsh Fusileers were ter- \nribly cut up. \n\nThe first act of the British commander before the Lexington \nexpedition, which had a hostile look, was the hauling of the \nSomerset man-of-war from the stream where she had been lying \ninto Charles Eiver, so as to command the Ferry-ways. This is \nstated in the Salem Gazette of April 18, 1775, and was to pre- \nvent communication of the intended movement to the country. \nThis vessel served to cover the disorderly retreat of the regulars \nover Charlestown l^eck on their return from Lexington and \nConcord. We shall see that the Somerset's watch was ill-kept, \nand that a ISTorth End mechanic looked into the muzzles of her \nguns as he carried Warren's errand and spread the tidings \nabroad. The Somerset went ashore on Cape Cod during the \n•war, and her officers and crew were made prisoners by the \nmilitia, and sent to Boston. \n\nWhen Burgoyne's army was near Cambridge as prisoners of \nwar, some of the officers pushed on over the ferry into Boston ; \nbut their hopes of comfortable quarters and good cheer were \nspeedily dashed, for they were all peremptorily ordered back to \nthe prisoners' camps at Union, Winter, and Prospect Hills, \nwhere barracks had been prepared for them, Burgoyne him- \nself had the privilege of entree into the town, which he im- \n\n\n204 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nTHE MATHER TOMB. \n\n\nproved as we have seen, tliough times were changed since he \nstood on Copp's Hill and saw his comrades-in-arms advance up \nthe hillside across the river to storm the American redoubt. \nBurgoyne's grapliic account of the battle written to Lord Stan- \nley has supplied the best English version of the battle of \nBunker Hill. A rapier once belonging to the general is in \npossession of a descendant of that Benjamin Goodwin whose \nproperty was so ill-used by the king's troops. \n\nCopp's Hill Burying-Ground, first called the North Burying- \n\nPlace, was the second place of \nsepulture within the town. \nAbout three acres is enclosed \nby the cemetery walls, made \nup of several tracts. The \nfirst was conveyed to the town \nin 1659, and composed the \nnortheastern part. An addi- \ntional parcel was conveyed in \n1711 by Samuel Sewall and his wife Hannah, the daughter of \nJohn Hull, for the purpose of enlargement. In the convey- \nance was reserved \"one rodd square in which Mrs. Mary \nThatcher now lyeth buried,\" which they had previously con- \nveyed to Joshua Gee. The deed also gave the right of way \nacross the burying-ground, so that a small piece of private \nproperty, without any restrictions as to its use, exists in the \nmidst of the cemetery. Another strip of land was added \non the HuU Street side in after years. On the Snow-Hill \nStreet side the hiU has been cut down twenty feet, the cem- \netery being there protected by a heavy granite wall. A gun- \nhouse once stood in the southeast corner of the new part of \nthe cemetery. \n\n\"When we are at King's Chapel, or the Granary Burial- \nGround, amid the bustle of a crowded thoroughfare, the mind \nis wholly divested of those feelings of calm and solitude with \nwhich we are accustomed to view the last resting-places of the \ndead. The superstitious do not huiTy past, nor do the timid \npass by on the other side. The absence of funeral rites for so \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 205 \n\nlong a time deprives them of the awe and reverence which such \nmournful pageants inspire ; the living move on in a continual \ntide, unbroken except in the still watches of the night, sepa- \nrated only by a narrow barrier from the motionless dead. \n\nBut in Copp's Hill it is different. Quiet prevails, and we \nalmost expect to hear the clink of Old Mortality's chisel among \nthe gravestones. \n\n\nb'- \n\n\n\" Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade. \nWhere heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap. \nEach in his narrow cell forever laid, \nThe rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.\" \n\nCopp's Hill is, however, strangely like the Chapel Ground in \none respect. The same mathematical precision is observable in \nthe laying out of the walks and arrangement of the stones. \nWhile a cemetery may be beautified under a competent hand, \nwhat can excuse the wholesale depredations made among the \nbones of our ancestors of the North End ? \n\nApparently the oldest stone in tliis cemetery bears the date \nof 1625, or before the settlement of Boston, being that of \nGrace Berry ; that of Joanna, daughter of \"William Copp, is \ndated 1625-6. It is said that these stones were altered in a \nboyish freak, by George Darracott, and thus made to falsify his- \ntory. It is worthy of remark that in Bridgman's epitaphs of \nCopp's HiU, these inscriptions are given as 'altered, without ex- \nplanation. The true dates are 1695-6. \n\nSince the beautiful symbolic customs of the Greeks and Eo- \nmans, their emblems are to be found in every churchyard. The \nbroken column, the cylinder and sphere, the monumental urn \nand torch, are types derived from antiquity. The pja'amids \nof Egypt, the tombs by the banks of the Nile, now used by the \nliving, and the splendid mausoleums of the Greeks and Eomans, \nare evidences of the respect and veneration felt for the departed \nin centuries gone by. Inscriptions were early used by the \nGreeks until forbidden by Lycurgus, except to such as died in \nbattle. Since then wit, humor, and sentiment have been ex- \nhausted on marble or stone. Too many, perhaps, profess a \nvirtue if they have it not ; others are facetious, marking the \n\n\n206 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npassage of a soul into eternity with a flippant jest. Pope and \n\nByron wrote epitaphs on dogs, and Voltaire on a bird, while \n\nPrior demoUshes the pretensions of Westminster Abbey in four \n\nlines : — \n\n\" Nobles and heralds, by your leave, \n\nHere lies what once was Matthew Prior, \nThe son of Adam and of Eve ; \nCan Stuart or Nassau claim higher ? \" \n\nThe following is from a stone in Copp's Hill : — \n\n\"A sister of Sarah Lucas lieth here. \nWhom I did love most dear. \nAnd now her soul hath took its flight. \nAnd bid her spightful foes good night. \" \n\nMany of the inscriptions are in rude contrast with the beau- \ntifully chiselled armorial bearings here seen, as in King's Chapel \nGround, the best executed specimens of mortuary sculpture being \nusually imported from England. Some of the stones are indeed \nprimitive, being little more than solid blocks, — massy, and . \nscarce shaped into form. Quaint inscriptions, the traditional \ndeath's-head and hourglass, greet you on every hand. Many of \nthe older inscriptions are illegible, — what wonder, after more \nthan two hundred years' conflict with the elements ! Is the \nspirit which prompted the pious work of Old Mortality extin- \nguished in our historical institutions 1 \n\nThe singular juxtaposition of names strikes the reader of the \nheadstones in Copp's Hill. Here repose the ashes of Mr. John \nMilk and Mr. \"William Beer ; of Samuel Mower and Theodocia \nHay ; Timothy Gay and Daniel Graves ; of Elizabeth Tout and \nThomas Scoot. Here lie Charity Brown, Elizabeth Scarlet, and \nMarcy White ; Ann Ruby and Emily Stone. The old familiar \n[N'orth End names are here on every side. The Huguenot \nSigourneys ; the Grays, of rope-making fame ; the Mountforts, \nclaiming descent from the Norman Conquest. Edmund Hartt, \nbuilder of the Constitution ; Deacon Moses Grant and Major \nSeward of Revolutionary memory, and a host of others who go \nto SM^ell the ranks of the unnumbered dead. \n\nOn the Charter Street side, near the northeast corner of the \nground, is a beautiful weeping willow, its foliage drooping grace- \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 207 \n\nfiilly over the monument of Joshua Ellis. This willow came \nfrom the grave of the great Corsican at St. Helena, having been \nbrought in a vessel from the island. \n\nInterments have, of course, long since ceased, and if we ex- \ncept the occasional pilgrimage of a stranger, the cemetery seems \nto be the common playground of the children of the neighbor- \nhood. Brick rises on aU sides to exclude the glorious view \nwhich once expanded before the spectator ; only glimpses are \nobtained of the distant spires and monument of Charlestown, \nwith perhaps a hand's-breadth here and there of the river and \nshipping below. \n\nActs of vandalism are recorded with respect to some of the \ngravestones in the yard. That of Grace Berry and Captain \nDaniel Malcolm having served King George's soldiers for target- \npractice, by wliich they were splintered, and the inscriptions \ndefaced. The names on some of the old tombs have been \nobliterated and others substituted. The beautiful coat of arms \nof the Hutcliinsons has been thus desecrated. So says Thomas \nBridgman in his Epitaphs. The remains of Thomas Hutch- \ninson, father of the governor, once rested here. Besides the \nMathers, Andrew and John Eliot, divines of old celebrity, lie \nhere. \n\nFrom Copp's Hill Burgoyne and Clinton witnessed the fight \non Bunker Hill, and directed the fire of the battery. It was a \nsheU from here that set fire to Charlestown, addinf^ to the oran- \ndeur and horror of the scene. Clinton, seeing the ranks of his \nveterans reel and fall back before the murderous discharges from \nthe redoubt, threw himself into a boat and crossed to the aid of \nHowe. \n\nThe British shipping took a prominent part in this battle, \nespecially the Glasgow, which lay in a position where she swept \nCharlestown Neck with her guns, thus preventing reinforce- \nments passing over to the Americans, and harassing their retreat \nfrom the hiU. An American officer told Putnam no one could \ncross that Neck and live ; nevertheless it is stated, on the au- \nthority of Major Eussell, that a number of Boston school-boys \ncrossed and recrossed during the battle. \n\n\n208 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe Glasgow was also one of the fleet that brought the Brit- \nish troops to Boston in 1768. The engraving is from an original \ndrawing, and shows the style of naval architecture in the last \ncentury. \n\nOut of this tranquiUity we can with difficulty conjure up the \n\nscene of carnage that once \nraged upon the hillside yon- \nder. The stdl, starry night \nthat j)receded the battle, when \na thousand men, stacking their \nfirelocks, Avitli mattock and \nspade threw up the first ram- \npart of the Eevolution. Grid- \n; ley, the veteran engineer, \nmarking out the works upon \nthe wet turf, with Pomeroy, \n\n\nTHE GLASGOW. \n\n\nPrescott, Putnam, and many more that heard \n\n\" The drum that beat at Louisburg and thundered in Quebec ! \" \n\nHow strangely to their ears must have sounded the cry of the \nBritish sentinel, \" All 's weU ! \" as he paced where we now \nstand. To the laborers on that sultry night this cry was hailed \nat every hour as proof of their undiscovered toil. So the de- \nfences grew, hour by hour, until the morning dawned on the \neventful day. \n\nIn this battle General Gage's military reputation was lost. \nBy his neglect to seize and hold Charlestown heights a battle \nwas forced upon him at the loss of British prestige and tAvelve \nhundred of his bravest soldiers. And Howe, notwithstanding \nthe bitter experience of that day, repeated the same experiment \nat Dorchester Heights before a year had passed. \n\nIt was once the custom to hang the escutcheon of a deceased \nhead of a family from the window or over the entrance of a \nhouse from which a funeral was to take place until it was over. \nThe last instance noted is that of Governor Hancock's uncle, \nThomas Hancock, in 1764. Copies of the escutcheon were \ndistributed among the pall-bearers, rings afterward, and gloves \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 209 \n\nwithin fifty years. Scarfs were once given the mourners, but \nthis was prohibited, in 1724, by law. \n\nBefore Copp's Hill was built upon so densely, it served the \nNorth End population as a place of promenade and recreation. \nThe Common was far too distant, and wanted the attraction of \nthe beautiful panorama of the harbor then to be seen from this \neminence. The character of this quarter of the town has since \nthen undergone a change, its residents no longer claiming the \nhigh standing once their due. The hill, fortunately for its \npreservation, is not in the line of the movement of traffic, and \nhas experienced little alteration in the last twenty-five years. \n\nAfter the surrender of Quebec the I^orth-Enders made an \nunexampled bonfire on Copp's Hill. Forty-five tar-barrels, two \ncords of wood, a mast, spars, and boards, with fifty pounds of \nL powder, were set in a blaze, and must have cast a ruddy glow \n\nover the Avaters of the bay. Tliis, with a similar illumination \non Fort Hill, was paid for by the province, together with thirty- \ntwo gallons of rum and much beer for the people. \n\nCharter Street, which makes the northern boundary of the \ncemetery, takes its name from the Charter of King \"William III. \nUnder it Maine, Plymouth, and Massachusetts formed a single \nprovincial government. The name has stood since 1 708. \n\nSir William Phips's name is closely identified with the \nstreet, both as a resident and for having been the first governor \nunder the new charter. His residence was at the westerly cor- \nner of Salem and Charter Streets, which long went by the name \nof Phips's Corner. The house was of brick, altered by the \naddition of a third story in the present century, and was used \nin 1830 as an Asylum for Indigent Boys. The governor's name \nis remembered in Phips Place, near at hand. \n\nGovernor Phips's origin was obscure. An apprentice to a \nship-carpenter in early youth, he is naturally found among his \ncraftsmen of the North End. He received knighthood for the \nrecovery of £300,000 of treasure, in 1687, from a sunken \nSpanish galleon, near the Bahamas, all of which he turned \nover to the English government, receiving £16,000 as his \nshare. He made two expeditions against Canada in 1690, — \n\nN \n\n\n210 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\none against Quebec, resulting unsuccessfully, and another in \nwhich his fleet captured Port Royal. It is said he received his \nappointment through the influence of Increase Mather, while \nthe doctor was agent for the colony in England. \n\nThe occasion of the governor's arrival in Boston, May, 1692, \nwas one of great rejoicing. On the 16th he was escorted from \nhis dweUing to the State House hy the Boston Eegiment and \ncompanies from Charlestown, with the magistrates and people, \nnot only of Boston, but the neighboring towns. The new \ncharter and the governor's commission were then read from the \nbalcony, according to custom, and the old governor, Bradstreet, \nvacated his office. A banquet closed the ceremonies. \n\nDr. Cotton Mather says Pliips dreamed when a poor boy \nthat he would become rich and build him a house on the Green \nLane, the ancient name of Salem Street. He lived to realize \nhis dream, and become the head of the colony. \n\nSir William was a man of ungovernable temper. He assaulted \nBrenton, the collector of the port, and caned Captain Short, of \nthe Nonesuch frigate. He was of large stature and great per- \nsonal strength, which made these personal conflicts undesirable \nto his foes. An instance is given of his having acted a Crom- \nweUian part. Having procured, by a bare majority, the passage \nof an act prohibiting any but residents of the town they repre- \nsented to be members of the General Court, Sir WiUiam rushed \ninto the chamber and drove out the non-resident representa- \ntives, who did not stand upon the order of their going, but left \nthe governor amster of the field. Governor Phips was a mem- \nber of the Old iNTorth under the ministration of the Mathers. \nAside from his impetuous disposition, he is described as a man \nof sterKng traits. He died in London in 1695, and was buried \nin the church of St. Mary Woolnoth, where a long epitaph \ncommemorates his life and public services. \n\nHutchinson relates that once in Sir William's absence his \nwife, whose name was Mary (William and Mary were the \nreigning sovereigns), was applied to in behalf of a poor woman \nwho had been committed under a charge of witchcraft, and that \nout of the goodness of her heart she signed a warrant for the \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. \n\n\n211 \n\n\nwoman's discharge, which mandate was obeyed by the keeper of \nthe jail without question, but with the ultimate loss of his place. \n\nIn Charter Street lived the ancestors of John Foster Wil- \nliams, who, in the Massachusetts frigate Protector, of twenty- \nsix guns, sunk the English ship Admiral Duff, of thirty guns, \nduring the Revolutionary War. In this action Preble, after- \nwards commodore, was a midshipman with Williams, who died \nin Boston in 1814. Foster Street, now Clark, was intended to \nperpetuate the old family. Paul Eevere, the fidus Achates of \nWarren, lived and died in a house in Charter Street which he \nbought near the close of the war of Independence, It stood near \nHanover Street, on the west side, where Revere Place now is. \n\nSpencer Phips, afterwards lieutenant-governor, was origi- \nnally named David Bennet, but took the name of his Uncle \nPhips when adopted by him. He also lived in Sir WiUiam's \nhouse. Spencer Phips was in office while William Shirley \nwas governor, and was of course overshadowed by that remark- \nable man. Phips was succeeded by Hutchinson at his death \nin 1757. \n\nHull Street bounds the cemetery on the south. It is named \nfor John Hull, through whose pasture it was laid out, and was \nconveyed to the town by Judge Samuel Sewall and wife, on \nthe express condition that it should always bear that name. \n\nJohn Hull, the primitive owner of this field, is famed as the \ncoiner of the first \n\n\nmoney in New Eng- \nland. The scarcity \nof silver in the col- \nony for a circulating \nmedium seems to \nhave rendered the \nstep necessary. The \ncolonists being pur- \nchasers as yet, the bullion flowed out of the country. \n\nIn the \"History and Antiquities of Boston\" it is remarked : — \n\n\" It was no small stretch of authority for a Colony or a Province \nto presume to coin monej'' ; but this Colony was now very pecuharly \n\n\nPINE-TREE SHILLING. \n\n\n212 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nsituated, and its presumption in taking this step was greatly favored \nby the recent state of affairs in the mother country.\" \n\nThe mint was established at John Hull, the silversmith's, \nhouse, and he and his coadjutor, Eobert Sanderson, took oath \nthat all the money coined by them should \" be of the just alloy \nof the English cojne ; that every shilHng should be of due \nweight, namely, three penny troj weight, and all other pieces \n\nproportionably, so neere as \n\nthey could.\" This was, in \n\n^t \"\\^\\ /A^'T'-^n/X 1652, the origin of the old \n\npine - tree shilling. Hull's \nhouse is supposed to have \nbeen in Sheaffe Street. \nIn 1654 an order of the Gen- \neral Court prohibited the transportation oiit of its jurisdiction \nof more than twenty shillings \" for necessary expenses \" by \nany person. Searchers were appointed \" to examine all packs, \npersons, trunks, chests, boxes or the like.\" The penalty was \nthe seizure of the whole estate of the offender. \n\nHull began poor, and ended rich, many of his new shillings \nfinding their way into his own \nstrong-box. He was a very worthy \nman, and a member of the First \nChurch under Eev. John Wilson. \nHe married Judith, the daughter \nof Edmund Quincy, ancestor of \nthat family in New England. From her is named that much- \ndreaded point of K'arragansett Bay, where Neptune exacts his \ntribute from voyagers through the Sound. It is said, moreover, \nthat Hannah Hull, his daughter, received for her wedding por- \ntion her weight in pine-tree shillings when she married Judge \nSewall, — a statement jDrobably originating in an ingenious com- \nputation of the weight of the sum she actually received. \" From \nthis marriage,\" remarks Quincy, \" has sprung the eminent family \nof the Se walls, which has given three chief justices to Massa- \nchusetts and one to Canada, and has been distinguished in \nevery generation by the talents and virtues of its members.\" \n\n\nCOPP S HILL AXD THE VICINITY. \n\n\n213 \n\n\nSalem Street was, in 1708, from Mr. Phips's corner in \nCharter Street to Prince Street ; from thence to Hanover it was \nBack Street. \n\nChrist Chiu'ch spire has long dominated over this locality, \nand served as a landmark for vessels entering the harbor. It is \nthe oldest church in Boston standing on its original ground, \nhaving been erected in 1723, — six years before the Old South. \nOf the fifteen churches built previous to 1750, only seven \noccupy their original sites ; the others may be found in the \nnew city which has sprung up as if by magic in the old bed \nof Charles Eiver. \n\nThis was the second Episcopal Church erected in the town. \nIt has been in its day considered one of the chief architectural \nornaments of the North End. The body of the church has the \nplain monotonous style peculiar to all the old houses of wor- \nship, but the \nsteeple — the \ndesign of \nCharles Bul- \nfinch — beau- \ntifies the whole \nstructure. The \nold steeple was \nblown down in \nthe great gale \nof 1804, faU- \ning upon an \nold wooden \nbuilding at the \ncorner of Tiles- \nton Street, \nthrough which \nit crashed, to \nthe consterna- \ntion of the \ntenants, who, \nhowever, es- \n\n\nCHRIST CHURCH. \n\n\nCHRIST CHURCH. \n1723. \n\n\n214 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ncaped injury. In rebuilding, tlie height was shortened about \n\nsixteen feet by Joseph Tucker, the \n\nbuilder. Over the entrance is a plain \n\ntablet with the name and date of the \n\nhouse. \n\nIt is generally known that from this steeple — which was \nvisible far and near — warning was given of the intended \nmarch to Lexington and Concord. Paul Eevere's narrative \ngives a relation of the method : — \n\n\"On Tuesday evening, the 18th of April, 1775, it was observed \nthat a number of soldiers were marching towards Boston Common. \nAbout ten o'clock Dr. Warren sent in great haste for me, and begged \nthat I would immediately set off for Lexington, where were Hancock \nand Adams, and acquaint them of the movement, and that it was \nthought they were the objects. The Sunday before, by desire of \nDr. Warren, I had been to Lexington to see Hancock and Adams, \nwho were at Eev. Mr. Clark's. \n\n\" I returned at night, through Charlestown. There I agreed with \na Colonel Conant and some other gentlemen that if the British went \nout by water we would show two lanterns hi the North Church \nsteeple, and if by land, one, as a signal ; for we were apprehensive it \nwould be difldcult to cross Charles River, or get over Boston Neck. \nI left Dr. Warren, called upon a friend, and desired him to make the \nsignals. I then went home, took my boots and surtout, went to the \nnorth part of the town, where I had kept a boat. Two friends rowed \nme across Charles River, a httle to the eastward, where the Somerset \nlay. It was then young flood ; the ship was winding, and the moon \nwas rising. They landed me on the Charlestown side. When I got \ninto town, I met Colonel Conant and several others. They said they \nhad seen our signals.\" \n\n\"Within the steeple are hung a chime of beUs, placed there \nin 1 744, — the first whose cadences gladdened the town. \n\n\" Low at times and loud at times, \nAnd changing like a poet's rhymes, \nRang the beautiful wild chimes.\" \n\nThese bells were from the famous \"West of England foundry \nof Abel RudhaU, of Gloucester, whose bells have been heard \nin many a town and hamlet of \" Merrie England.\" Each had \nan inscription containing its own and much contemporary his- \ntory, as foUows : — \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY, 215 \n\nFIRST BELL. \n\n\"This peal of eight bells is the gift of a number of generous persons to Christ \nChurch, in Boston, N. E., Anno 1744. A. R.\" \n\nSECOND BELL. \n\n\"Tliis Church was founded in the year 1723. Timothy Cutler, D. D., the \nfirst Rector. A. R. 1723.\" \n\nTHIED BELL. \n\n\"We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America. \n\nA. R. 1744.\" \n\nFOURTH BELL. \n\n\" God preserve the Church of England. 1744.\" \n\nFIFTH BELL. \n\n\"William Shirley, Esq., Governor of the Massachusetts Bay, in New Eng- \nland. Anno 1744.\" \n\nSIXTH BELL. \n\n\" The subscription for these bells was begun by John Hammock and Robert \nTemple, Church Wardens, Anno 1743 ; completed by Robert Jenkins and \nJohn Gould, Churchwardens, Anno 1774.\" \n\nSEVENTH BELL. \n\n\" Since generosity has opened our mouths, our tongues shall ring aloud its \n\npraise. 1774.\" \n\nEIGHTH BELL. \n\n\"Abel Rudhall, of Gloucester, cast us all. Anno 1774.\" \n\nThe chimes or \" ring of bells,\" were obtained in England by \nDr. Cutler, and were consecrated there. They were invested \nwith the power to dispel evil spirits, — according to popular \nbelief. The same bells still hang in the belfry, but few have \nheard their carillon, vibrating harmony on the air of a quiet \nSabbath. There they still hang, voiceless and forgotten, wax- \ning in years hke the old church itself. \n\nThe chandeliers used formerly in the church were given by \nthat Captain Gruchy we visited not long since. Mrs. Crocker's \nrelation is, that they were taken from a Spanish vessel by one \nof Gruchy's privateers, and found their way to a Protestant \nChurch instead of a Catholic Cathedral, as was intended. Dr. \nCutler, the first rector, lived on the corner of Tileston and \nSalem Streets, in close proximity to the church. \n\nThe height of tower and steeple is 175 feet, and the aggregate \nweight of the bells 7,272 pounds ; the smallest weighing 620 \n\n\n216 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npounds, the largest 1,545, General Gage, it is said, witnessed \nfrom Christ Church steeple the burning of Charlestown and \ntattle of Bunker Hill. \n\nIn this church is the first monument ever erected to the \nmemory of Washington in our country. Dr. Byles, the rector, \nleft Boston in 1775, and went to St. Johns, New Brunswick, \nwhere he was settled as rector and cure of the church of that \nplace. This Dr. Byles was the son of Eev. Mather Byles, the \nj)unning parson of Hollis Street. There does not appear to \nhave been a settled pastor after this until 1778. \n\nThe interior has been considerably changed by alterations. \nFormerly there was a centre aisle, now closed, as is also the \nlarge altar window. The chancel is decorated with paintings \ncreditably executed by a Boston artist. The walls of the church \nare of great strength, being two feet and a half thick ; the \nbrick are laid in the style of the last century, in what is termed \nthe English Bond, of which but a few specimens remain in \nBoston. \n\nLike many of the old Boston churches, this has its vaults \nunderneath for the reception of the dead, and with them, of \ncourse, its legendary lore. In Shaw it is recorded that \n\n\" In 1812, while the workmen were employed building tombs, one \nof them found the earth so loose that he settled his bar into it the \nwhole length with a single effort. The superintendent directed him \nto proceed till he found solid earth. About six feet below the bot- \ntom of the cellar he found a coffin covered with a coarse linen clotli \nsized with gum, which, on boiling, became white, and the texture as \nfirm as if it had recently been woven. Within this coffin was another, \nprotected from the air in a similar manner, and the furniture was \nnot in the least injured by time. The flesh was sound, and some- \nwhat resembling that of an Egyptian mummy. The skin, when \ncut, resembled leather. The sprigs of evergreen, deposited in the \ncoffin, resembled the broad-leaved myrtle ; the stem was elastic ; the \nleaves fresh and apparently in a state of vegetation. From the in- \nscription it was found to be the body of a Mr. Thomas, a native of \nNew England, who died in Bermuda. Some of his family were \namong the founders of Christ Church. His remains, when discov- \nered, had been entombed about eighty years.\" \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 217 \n\nMajor Pitcairn's remains were interred under this church, \nand thereby hangs another legend. After being twice wounded, \nPitcau-n raUied his men for a third assault, and received his \ndeath-wound while entering the redoubt, falling into the arms \nof his own son, who bore him to the boat. He was brought \nacross the river and taken to the house of Mr. Stoddard, boat- \nbuilder, near the ferry, where he bled to death in a short time. \nPitcairn was a large, portly man, and so was Lieutenant Shea, \nwhose remains were also deposited under the church. The lat- \nter died of fever ; and when, some time after the events of the \nEevolution, the body of Pitcairn was sent for by his relatives \nin England, it is said that of Lieutenant Shea was forwarded \nby mistake. The sexton was at a loss to identify the remains, \nbut the presence of a large bHstering plaster on the head of the \nbody he sent to England seems to point to a blunder on his \npart. It has been questioned whether the monument in \"West- \nminster Abbey to Pitcairn commemorates his bravery and death \non the battle-field, or that of a man who died from inflamma- \ntion of the brain in his bed. \n\nPitcairn will always be remembered as the leader of the ad- \nvance-guard who fired on the provincials at Lexington, and \nbegan the great drama of the Eevolution. He always main- \ntained that the minute-men fired first, which those present on \nthe American side warmly disputed. This circumstance has \nassociated Pitcairn's name with undeserved obloquy, for he was \na brave officer and a kind-hearted man. Of all the British \nofficers in Boston, he alone, it is said, dealt justly and impar- \ntially by the townspeople in their disputes with the troops. \nHis men were warmly attached to him, and declared they had \nlost a father when he fell. Gage sent his own physician to \nattend him. The bullet which laid the gallant marine low jvas \nfired by a negro soldier from Salem. The regiment which he \ncommanded arrived from England in the latter part of Decem- \nber, 1774, in the Asia, Boyne, and Somerset. \n\nEev. William Montague, rector of Christ Church, was the \nperson to whom Arthur Savage gave the ball which killed \"War- \nren at Bunker Hill. The identity of this ball has been disputed \n10 \n\n\n218 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nby some of the martyr's descendants, on the ground that it was \nsaid to have been taken from the body, while Warren received \nhis death from a ball in the head. The controversy was main- \ntained with considerable wannth on both sides, the general \nopinion favoring the authenticity of the fatal bullet. Arthur \nSavage was an officer of the customs in Boston, and his state- \nment- that he took the piece of lead from Warren's body is \nworthy of belief. Mr. IMontague is said to have been the first \nAmerican Episcopal clergyman who preached in an English \npulpit. Such of the English officers as were billeted in this \nquarter of the town attended services at Christ Church. \n\nTileston Street is the Love Lane of our ancestors, not from \nthe Hymeneal Deity, — else we may believe it would have been \nthe favorite resort of the North End damsels and their love- \nlorn swains. It was thus named from the Love family, who \nOAViied most of the street. Mrs. Susannah Love sold the ground \non which the Eliot School was built, and the name of the lane \nwas changed about 1820, for good old Master John Tileston of \nthat school. Master Tileston presided over the school for two \nthirds of a century, and after he became superannuated his salary \nwas continued ; the only instance of the kind in the history of \nthe town or city. He lived at the westerly corner of Margaret \nand Prince Streets. ]\\Iather Byles is said to have first seen the \nlight in Tileston Street. \n\nThe first Grammar School in this part of the town was erected \nin Beiinet Street in 1713, and was called the North Latin School. \nEecompense Wadsworth was the first master. A wiiting-school \nwas built on the same lot, on Love Lane, in 1718 ; and in 1741, \nwhen an enumeration was made, this school had more pupils \nthan all the others combined. Up to 1800 there were but \nseven schools in the town, and only nine when Boston became \na city. Bennet Street was for soiue time distinguished as North \nLatin School Street. The old schools were known later as the \nNorth Grammar and North Writing, the subsequent name of \nEUot being given to honor the memory of the pastors of the \nOld North Church. Since the city government went into opera- \ntion it seems to have passed into a custom to name the schools \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE \\1CINITY. 219 \n\nfor the mayors. The old school-house stood by the side of the \npresent one, and was the third in the town. Captain Thomas \nHutchinson, father of the too-celebrated lieutenant-governor, \nbunt tlie house and gave it to the town. Three or four edifices \nhave succeeded the original, the present structure having been \ndedicated on Forefather's Day, 1859. Mather Byles, Edward \nEverett, and Dr. Jenks are among the distinguished pupils of \nthe school. Edward Everett lived, in 1802, in Proctor's Lane, \nnow the easterly part of Eichmond Street, and in 1804 removed \nto Eiclimond Street. His mother afterwards removed to New- \nbury, now Washington Street, to a house nearly opposite the \nhead of Essex Street. \n\nThe modern school acquired some notoriety in 1859, from a \nrebellion of the Cathohc pupils against the reading of the Ten \nCommandments, which caused no Httle excitement in the old \njSTorth End. Various attempts have been made from time to \ntime to prohibit the reading of the Scriptures in the public \nschools, one of which gave rise to the following mot of Eufus \nChoate : \" What ! banish the Bible from schools ! ISTever, while \nthere is a piece of Plymouth Eock left large enough to make a \ngim-flint of ! \" \n\nAt Prince Street we reach the old line of division between \nSalem Street proper and Back Street. The origin of Salem and \nLynn Streets are obvious. Back Street was thus distinguished \nfrom Fore, through which our readers have followed us in a \nformer chapter. Prince, named from some scion of royalty, has \noutlived King and Queen. This street was originally from Han- \nover (Middle) to the sea, but now reaches into N'orth Square, \nits easterly terminus. The portion between Salem and Hanover \nwas anciently kno^vn as Black Horse Lane, from an old tavern \non the corner of Back Street. This tavern, corrupted into \nBlack-us-inn, was noted as a place of refuge and concealment \nfor deserters from Burgoyne's army at Cambridge. It was of \nconsiderable antiquity, the lane being so called before 1700, \nThe royal regulars had barracks on the corner of Prince and \nSalem Streets in 1 775 - 76. \n\nSalem Church, at the corner of North Bennet and Salem \n\n\n220 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nStreets, was organized in 1827. Its formation was coeval with \nthe church in Pine Street, and the dedication occurred January \n1, 1828, at which time Eev. Justin Edwards, D. D., was in- \nstalled. Dr. George \"W. Blagden, who has recently resigned the \npastorate of the Old South, was settled here. The building \nhas a simple, substantial look, but may be classed with those \nof no special attractive features. \n\nThough we woidd fain hnger in the old North End, other \nsections claim our attention. In it the spirit of resistance to \nBritish tyranny was strongly developed, and it contained less \nof the tory element than some other quarters of the town. \nThe sturdy mechanics of the !N\"orth End were ever ready to act \nin the cause of liberty, no matter what the sacrifice might be. \nMany of her sons gained a noble reputation in the wars of the \nrepublic. There was that old sea-lion, Jolan Manly, who held the \nfirst naval commission issued by Washington, in 1775, He took, \nin the Lee, the dangerous cruising-ground of Boston Bay, and \ncaptured, in November, the British ordnance brig Nancy, a prize \nso important to the Continental army that the camps were wild \nwith joy. Among other pieces taken was a heavy brass mortar, \nwhich Old Put mounted with a bottle of rum in his hand, wliile \nMifflin christened it the \" Congress.\" The Lee made other im- \nportant captures; and in 1776 Manly was given command of \nthe Hancock frigate, in which he captured the Eox, British \nman-of-war, but was himself taken prisoner by the Eainbow, a \nmuch heavier vessel than his own. He commanded afterwards \nthe Jason and Hague, in both of Avhich he gave evidence that \nhe was a worthy comrade of Paul Jones. Manly was a bluff but \nindiscreet seaman, and for some irregularity was court-martialled. \nHe died in 1793, at his house at the North End. \n\nAnother naval hero, stiU more renowned, was Commodore \nSamuel Tucker of the old Continental navy, who hved in a \nthree-story brick building on the north side of Fleet Street, \nwhere now stands a brick stable. \n\nHis first cruise was in 1776, with a commission signed by \nSamuel Adams in his pocket, and a pine-tree flag at his peak, \nmade by the hands of his wife. This intrepid sailor took from \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 221 \n\ntlie enemy during the war sixty-two sail of vessels, more tlian \nsix hundred cannon, and three thousand prisoners, and when \nat length compelled to surrender the old Boston frigate, which \nhe then commanded, to the British squadron at Charleston, he \nkept liis flag flying until Admiral Arhuthnot sent him a special \norder to lower it. Tucker's reply was, \" I do not think much \nof striking my flag to your present force ; but I have struck \nmore of your flags than are now flying in this harbor.\" \n\nCommodore Tucker carried John Adams to Bordeaux in 1778, \n\" through the six-and-twenty misfortunes of Harlequin.\" Dur- \ning this voyage the sliip was struck by lightning, and the Com- \nmodore narrowly escaped death from the fragments of a falling \nspar. His services, which it is believed were unsurpassed by \nthose of any of his comrades of the old navy, met with tardy \nrequital from the nation. According to his biographer, Mr. \nSheppard, he retired in 1793 to a farm in Bristol, Maine. \nJohn Adams, in speaking of a visit from Tucker, says, \" ^Vhen \nI see or hear of or from one of these old Men, whether in \ncivil, political, military, or naval service, my heart feels.\" \n\nThe brave Lieixtenant James Sigourney, who commanded the \narmed schooner Asp, and fell heroically fighting in an engage- \nment with a British flotUla in Chesapeake Bay in 1812, — Cap- \ntain Samuel ISTewman, lieutenant in Craft's Artillery in the early , \npart of the Eevolution; serving in the navy under Nicholson in \nthe Deane in 1782 ; killed in St. Clair's battle with the Miami \nIndians, — Colonel Josiah Snelling, fighting against the Indians \nand distinguished at Tippecanoe ; afterwards at York, Platts- \nburg, and other fields ; finally colonel of the 5th United States \ninfantry, and giving his name to Fort Snelling, — Colonel John \nMountfort, brevetted for gallantry at Plattsburg, and distin- \nguished in the Florida war, — Captaiu Samuel Armstrong, a sol- \ndier of 1812, — and Lieutenant Robert Keith, who served under \nMacomb at Plattsburg ; all lived in the JJ'orth End. \n\nNext north of Christ Church was a large brick building, end \nto the street, occupied more than fifty years ago as a type and \nstereotype foundry; a part of the site next the church was \nafterwards used for an academy. The north corner of TUeston, \n\n\n222 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nat its junction with Hanover Street, was the home of Professor \nHenry J. Eipley, of the Newton Theological Institute. \n\nAt the northerly corner of Sheaffe and Salem Streets was the \nresidence of Dr. Samuel StUlman, the well-known pastor of the \nFirst Baptist Church from 1765 to his death in 1807. From \nhim Stillman Street takes its name. He preached eloquently \nin the cause of liberty in his house of worship in the rear of \nSalem, near Stillman Street. This church, once cowering under \nthe lash of bigotry, seeking to hide itself in an obscure corner \nof the town, is now translated to the highest eminence in the \ncity, and towers majestically over the neighboring steeples. \n\nThe First Baptist Church, like the Episcopal, had to struggle \nagainst the determination of the magistrates, backed by a ma- \njority of the people, to permit no other church than their own \nto obtain a foothold in their midst, A few individuals consti- \ntuted the church in Charlestown in May, 1665, but were driven \nby persecution to a private dwelling on If oddle's Island. They \nerected their church in Boston without exciting the suspicion \nof the authorities, until its dedication in February, 1679. This \nact of contumacy was summarily dealt with. The church doors \nwere nailed up, and the following notice posted upon them : — \n\n\" All persons are to take notice, that by order of the court, the \n, doors of this house are shut up, and that they are inhibited to hold \nany meeting, or to open the doors thereof, without license from au- \nthority, till the General Court take further order, as they will \nanswer the contrary at their jDeril. \n\n\" Dated at Boston 8th March 1680, Edward Eawson Secretary.\" \n\nThe first house was erected on the banks of the Mill Pond, \non the north side of Stillman Street, between Salem and Pond \n(now Endicott) Streets. This house was replaced by a larger \none, also of wood, in 1771, and abandoned in 1829, when the \nsociety took possession of the brick budding now standing at \nthe corner of Hanover and Union Streets. This was in turn \nvacated in 1858 for the edifice in Somerset Street. \n\nIn Baldwin Place — since become the Home of Little Wan- \nderers — is the house of the Second Baptist Church. This so- \nciety organized in 1743, and held their firsi services at the house \n\n\nCOPP'S HILL AND THE VICINITY. 223 \n\nof James Bownd in Sheaffe Street, near Copp's Hill, removing \nlater to Proctor's School-house, until March, 1746, when they \ntook possession of their new building upon the spot first men- \ntioned. The first house was of wood, and quite small, having \nnear the head of the broad aisle a basin for baptismal purposes. \nIt was superseded, in 1810, by the present brick structure. \n\nIn Salem Street was the old printing-office of Zachariah \nFowle, — first the master and then the partner of Isaiah Thomas, \n— in which was printed the old Massachusetts Spy in 1770, \nuntil Thomas dissolved his connection with Fowle and opened \nhis office in School Street, near the Latin School, Thomas, \nwhose paper was a high organ of Kberty, was ordered to appear \nonce before Governor Hutchinson for a publication reflecting on \nthe executive, but refused to go. He removed his types, press, \netc., to Worcester a few days before the battle of Lexington. \nThis was the origin of the \"Worcester Spy. Later he opened a \nbookstore at 45 Newbury Street, under the name of Thomas and \nAndrews, but did not reside in Boston. Oliver Ditson & Co. \nnow occupy the spot. \n\nMany old buildings still remain in Salem, Prince, Charter, \nand the neighboring streets. Over the apothecary's door, at the \ncorner of Salem and Prince Streets, is an antique head of ^s- \nculapius, or some follower of the curative art, which is the \noldest sign now known in the North End. Many years ago it \nstood at the edge of the sidewalk affixed to a post, but, ob- \nstructing the way, it was removed. This is believed to be the \noldest apothecary's stand in Boston now used for that purpose. \nEobert Fennelly was the ancient dispenser of pills and purga- \ntives on this corner. \n\nIn the slums of the North End originated the draft riot of \n1863. The officers who attempted to serve the notices in \nPrince Street were cruelly beaten, and the mob, gathering \ncourage from its triumph over a handful of police, reinforced \nfrom the purlieus of Endicott, Charlestown, and neighboring \nstreets, made an attempt to seize the cannon kept at the gun- \nhouse in Cooper Street, which was held by a little band of \nregulars from Fort Warren. The rioters had killed and wounded \n\n\n224 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTOl^, \n\nseveral of the garrison, and had nearly succeeded in demolish- \ning the doors, when the guns were discharged into the mob with \nfatal effect. After withstanding for a few moments the fusil- \nlade from the small arms of the soldiers, the crowd gave way, \nmoving towards Dock Square, where they expected to secure a \nsupply of weapons by breaking open the store of William Eeed \nand other dealers in arms in that vicinity. Eight of the rioters \nwere known to have been killed, but those who fell were re- \nmoved by their friends, and no authentic data can be given. \n\nTraces of this affair may yet be seen in the dwelling opposite \nthe gun-house, the brick walls of .which were scarred by the \ndischarge of grape at point-blank distance. \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 225 \n\n\nk \n\n\ni \n\n\nCHAPTEE VIII. \n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. \n\nMarlborough Street. —Governor Winthrop . — Old South. — Warren',s Ora- \ntions. — Tea-Party Meeting. — British Occupation. — Phillis Wheatley. — \nSpring Lane. — Heart and Crown . — Boston Evening Post. —Province \nHouse. — Samuel Shute. — William Bumet.— William Shirley. — Thomas \nPownall. — Francis Bernard. — General Gage. — Lexington Expedition. — \nSir William Howe. — Coimcil of War. — Court Dress and Manners. — \nGovernor Strong. —Blue Bell and Indian Queen. — Lieutenant-Governor \nCushing. — Josiah Quincy, Jr. — Mayor Quincy. \n\nTHAT part of Washington Street lying between School and \nSummer Streets was, in 1708, named Marlborough Street, \nfrom the great duke whom Thackeray irreverently calls Jack \nChurchill, — the man of Blenheim, Eamillies, Oudenarde, and \nMalplaquet. The Marlboro Hotel still perpetuates the name. \n\nAs we stand at the south corner of School Street at its union \nwith \"Washington, a collection of old buildings faces us extend- \ning from the yard of the church nearly to Spring Lane. This, \ntogether with the church property, was a part of the estate of \none of the greatest men among the early colonists, John Win- \nthrop. The house of the first governor of this band of Puritans \nstood nearly opposite to us. It was of wood, the frame being \nremoved from Cambridge, or K'ewtown as the early settlers then \ncalled it. This removal was the cause of a misunderstanding \nbetween the governor and the deputy, Dudley, but matters \nwere accommodated to the content of both parties. In the \nIntroduction some account is given of the character of Win- \nthrop's habitation, which remained standing nearly a century and \na half, untd demolished by the British soldiery in 1775. So \nthe roof that sheltered Winthrop went to light the mess-fires \nof his Majesty's troops, or to diffuse warmth through the apart- \nments of Gage or Howe in the Province House. \n\nThe life of Winthrop is the history of the Colony. It ap- \n10* o \n\n\n226 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\npears in connection with its affairs, or the biographies of his \ncoutemjDoraries. Under liis rule church and state were one ; \nand the idea of tolerating any belief but their own was repug- \nnant to the practice, whatever may have been the theory, of the \nthen colonists. \"Winthrop was one of the first selectmen of \nBoston, and more than any other moulded its government. \nThe remarkable affair of Anne Hutchinson, in which so many \npersons of importance were participants, shook to its centre the \nsocial and religious fabric \"VVintlirop had assisted to raise, and \nleft him at variance with Sir Henry Yane, next to himseK the \nmost considerable man in the infant colony. His rule was iron \ntowards all who professed any but the orthodox faith, until a \nshort time before his death, when, it is said, he refused to sign \nan order for the banisliment of some dissenting person, saying to \nDudley that he had done too much of that Avork already. The \nPequot war, begun while Vane was governor, ended under \nWinthroi^. So far as the neighboring Indians were concerned, \nthe governor maintained peace by a firm yet conciliatory policy. \nThe chiefs were entertained at his table, and greatly edified by \nthe governer's domestic economy. Chicataubut refused to eat \nuntil his host said grace, and received at his departure a suit \nof the governor's clothes, in which he strutted home to his \nwigwam with increased importance. \n\nAccording to the modern view, the governor did not favor \npopular government ; his opinion being that wisdom resided in \nthe few. As a man he was less inflexible than as a magistrate, \nfor it is related that he reclaimed a thief whom he detected \nstealing his wood in the following inamier. \" Friend,\" said the \ngovernor, \" it is a very cold season, and I doubt you are poorly \nprovided with wood; you are welcome to supply yourself at my \npile till the winter is over.\" The governor had four wives, and \nlost not only three of these, but six children. His death occurred \non the 26th of March, 1G49, at the age of sixty-one. He was \nentombed in King's Chapel Ground, on the north side. One \nof his sons became governor of Connecticut, and shares his \ntomb ; a beautiful statue of Winthrop, by Greenough, is in the \nchapel at Mount Auburn. The governor left a journal of his \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. \n\n\n227 \n\n\nvoyage from England, and of the proceedings in tlie colony up \nto liis decease, Avhicli was edited by James Savage. Some of \nthe admirers of Governor Wintlirop's character have declared \nhim worthy of canonization, had we like Rome a sacred cal- \nender. \n\nThe Old South still stands, one of the monuments of Old \nBoston, Its existence has been often tlireatened, and erelong per- \nhaps will be swept from its foundations, to appear in new and \nstrange habiliments in a \nremote part of the city. \nIt is the richest church \ncorporation in the city, \nand, next to Old Trinity \nof 'New York, in the \ncountry. The Winthrop \nestate passed through \nThatcher and Mrs. Nor- \nton to the church, and \nin consequence of its \ncentral location has be- \ncome of great value. Its \nparishioners once dwelt \nwithin sight of its stee- \nple, but now few can be \nfound within sound of \nits bell. Milk Street, \nFrankliQ Street, Sum- \nmer and Winter, Brom- \nfield and School, have \nhardly a residence left. \nTwo of them at least \n\n\ni- \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH. \n\n\nwere once filled with the abodes of the most respectable inhab- \nitants of the city, but commerce has said \" Move on ! \" and the \nthe population has vanished before it. \n\nCuriously enough, the Old South, arising from a schism in \nthe First Church, like it originated in Charlestown, where also \nwas organized the First Baptist Society. Like the Baptists, \n\n\n228 LANDMARKS OP BOSTON. \n\nthey were proclaimed against, but proceeded to erect a house \nof worship, the third in Boston. The theological disputes, \nquestions of doctrine or church government in which this \nsociety originated, however interesting, cannot be given here, \nThomas Thatcher was the first minister, settled in February, \n1670. The first house was of wood, and stood until 1729, \nwhen it was taken down to give place to the then new brick \nedifice. In the front was placed, in 1867, a tablet bearing the \nfollowing inscription, so that all who run may thus read a little \nof the history of the church : — \n\n\nOLD SOUTH. \n\nChurch gathered 1669. \n\nFirst House built 1670. \n\nThis House erected, 1729. \n\nDesecrated by British Troops, 1775-6. \n\n\nThis little memorial contains a succinct account of the church \neven to the last line, \" Desecrated by British Troops,\" which \nwas strenuously objected to by many at the time the tablet was \nplaced there. The occupation of churches by troops has been \ncommon in all wars, notably so in the late Rebellion. Such \noccupation has not been generally considered as caUing for a \nnew consecration, and the use of the word \" desecrated \" is per- \nhaps not fortunate, though the usage of this house was pecu- \nliary malicious and repugnant. The name \" Old South \" goes \nno further back than the building of the \"ISTew South,\" in \nSummer Street, in 1717. It was primarily the South Meeting- \nhouse, being then considered in the south part of the town. \nOn a stone at the southwest corner of the church is sculp- \ntured, \"K E. (Newly Erected) March 31, 1729.\" \n\nThe possession of the South Meeting-house by Sir Edmund \nAndros has been stated in connection with King's Chapel. \nFrom this church, in 1688, was buried Lady Andros, wife of \nthe arbitrary Knight. The governor's house was doubtless in \nthe immediate vicinity of Cotton HiU, as from Judge SewaU's \naccount of the funeral we learn that \" the corpse was carried \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 229 \n\ninto the hearse drawn by six horses, the soldiers making a \nguard from the Governor's house down the Prison Lane to \nthe South Meeting House.\" The tomb of Lady Anne An- \ndros was identified by the care of a relative, who found a \nslab, with her name iascribed, while repairing her last resting- \nplace. \n\nN'one of the city churches are so rich in historical associa- \ntions as this. Here Lovell, Church, \"Warren, and Hancock \ndelivered their orations on the anniversaries of the Massacre. \nWhen \"Warren delivered his second address in March, 1775, \nan officer of the Welsh Fusileers, Captain Chapman, held up to \nhis view a nmnber of pistol-bullets, at the same time exclaim- \ning, \" Fie ! fie ! \" This was construed to be a cry of fire, and \nthrew the house into confusion until quieted by William Coo- \nper, while Warren dropped a handkerchief over the officer's \nhand. Many other officers were present with the purpose, as \nwas thought, to overawe the speaker. But Warren was not to \nbe overawed. At the same time the 47th regiment, returning \nfrom parade, passed the Old South, when Colonel Nesbit, the \ncommander caused the drums to beat with the view of drown- \ning the orator's voice. \n\nA writer thus describes the events of that day : — \n\n\" The day came and the weather was remarkably fine. The Old \nSouth Meeting-house was crowded at an early hour. The British \nofiicers occupied the aisles, the flight of steps to the pulpit, and \nseveral of them were within it. It is not precisely known whether \nthis was accident or design. The orator ^vith the assistance of his \nfriends made his entrance at the window by a ladder. The officers, \nseeing his coolness and intrepidity, made way for him to advance \nand address the audience. An awfid stillness preceded. his exor- \ndium. Each man felt the palpitations of his own heart, and saw \nthe pale but determined face of his neighbor. The speaker began \nhis oration in a firm tone of voice, and proceeded with great energy \nand pathos. Warren and his friends were prepared to chastise con- \ntimiely, prevent disgrace, and avenge an attempt at assassination.\" \n\nIn the old church Benjamin Franklin was baptized. In the \nnew, was held the famous Tea-Party meeting, adjourned from \n\n\n230 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nFaneuil Hall because the crowd was too great to be contained \nthere. It is believed that Samuel Adams had Avith others con- \ntrived this assemblage to draw off attention from their plans, \nalready matured and waiting only the signal of execution. \n. Certain it is that the Mohawks appeared precisely at the mo- \nment when negotiation had failed to prevent the landmg of the \ntea. At this meeting was made the first suggestion to dispose \nof the tea in the way finally adopted. John Eowe, who Hved \nin Pond Street, now Bedford, said, \" Who knows how tea will \nmingle with salt water 1 \" The idea was received with great \nlaughter and approval. It is from the same Eowe that Eowe \nStreet took its name. \n\nGovernor Hutchinson was at this time at his country-seat \nin Milton, — afterwards occupied by Barney Smith, Esq., — \nwhere he received a committee from the meeting, who made a \nfinal demand that the cargoes of tea should be sent away. The \ngovernor, however, refused to interfere in the matter. It is re- \nlated that he was afterwards informed that a mob was on its \nway to visit him, and that he left his house with his face haK \nshaven, making the best of his way across the fields to a place \nof safety. \n\nDuring the absence of the committee the people were kept \ntogether by speeches. When the deputation returned with \ntheir unfavorable report, about sunset, the Indian yell was \nheard at the church door, and the band of disguised Mohawks \nsince so famous- in history, filled the street. The meeting \nbroke up in confusion, notwithstanding the efforts of Sam- \nuel Adams to detain the people, who rushed forth into the \nstreet. The Indians, after their momentary pause, took their \nway through Milk Street directly to Griffin's, now Liverpool \nWharf. \n\nThe number of the simulated Indians has been variously \nestimated at from sixteen to eighty. Their disguise was effected \nin a carpenter's shop, where Joseph Lovermg, a boy of twelve, \nheld the candle for the masqueraders. They wore paint and \ncarried hatchets. . Under their blankets were concealed many a \nlaced and ruffled coat. \" Depend upon it,\" says John Adams, \n\" they were no ordinary Mohawks.\" \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PKOVINCE HOUSE. 231 \n\nThe women of Boston were not behind the men in their op- \nposition to the tea-duty ; many, doubtless, keenly felt the loss \nof their favorite beverage. The ladies had their meetings, at \nwhich they resolved not to use the obnoxious herb. Here is \nthe lament of one matron over her empty urn : — \n\n\" Farewell the tea-board, with its gaudy equipage \nOf cups and saucers, cream-bucket, sugar-tongs, \nThe pretty tea-chest, also, lately stored \nWith Hyson, Congou, and best double fine. \nFull many a joyous moment have I sat by ye, \nHearing the girls tattle, the old maids talk scandal. \nAnd the spruce coxcomb laugh at — maybe — nothing. \nThough now detestable. \nBecause I am taught (and I believe it tnie) \nIts use will fasten slavish chains upon my country, \nTo reign Triumphant in America.\" \n\nThe occupation of the Old South by troops was at the in- \nstance of General John Burgoyne. It was his regiment, the \nQueen's Light Dragoons, that set up the riding-school in the \nHouse of God, overthroAving its cherished idols, and transform- \ning it into a circus. These brave troopers never showed their \ncolors outside the fortifications. The pulpit and pews were all \nremoved aiid burnt, and many hundred loads of gravel carted \nin and spread upon the floor. The east gallery was reserved \nfor spectators of the feats of horsemanship, while a bar fitted \nup in the first gallery ofi'ered means of refreshment. \"The \nbeautiful carved pew of Deacon Hubbard, with the silken hang- \nings, was taken down and carried to 's house by an officer \n\nand made a hog stye.\" * The south door was closed, and a leap- \ning-bar placed for the horses. It has been stated that some of \nthe valuable books and manuscripts of Eev. Thomas Prince \nwent for fuel during the winter, as did also the adjoining par- \nsonage house, and the noble sycamore-trees that skirted the \ngrass-plot in front. \n\nAfter the surrender of Burgoyne his army marched to Cam- \nbridge. General Heath, then commanding in Boston, invited \nSir John to dine with him, and he appeared in response to the \ninvitation, bringing with him Phillips and Riedesel. After dinner \n\n* Newell's Diary. Thacher's Military Journal. \n\n\n232 LANDMARKS OF BOSTOIT. \n\nBurgoyne desired to go out of town by way of Gliarlestown, and \nGeneral Heath accompanied him to the ferry. The curiosity to \nsee the prisoners was very great, and the inhabitants crowded \nthe streets, windows, and even the house-tops, to gratify it. As \nthe procession was passing the Province House, General Bur- \ngoyne observed to the other generals, \" There is the former \nresidence of the governor.\" Some one in. the crowd who heard \nthe remark said, in an audible voice, \" And on the other side is \nthe riding-school.\" \n\nA good anecdote is told of the hero of Portugal and Flanders \nwhile the prisoner of Gates. \" In the height of jocular con- \nversation Burgoyne told the victor of Saratoga that he was \nmore fit for a midwife than a general. ' Acknowledged,' said \nsaid Gates, \" for I have delivered you of seven thousand men.' \" \n\nWhile the regulars held possession of the church, an incident \noccurred which frightened the more superstitious among them, \nso that it was difficult to maintain a guard, as was the custom, \nat the church door. Among the troops were a good many \nScotch Presbyterians, who were not a little fearful of retiibu- \ntive justice for their abuse of the place. Some one, knowing \nthe Scotch belief in apparitions, appeared to the sentinel as \nthe ghost of Dr. Sewall. The Scot yelled with affright to the \nguard stationed at the Province House, and was with diffi.culty \npacified. \n\nWhen D'Estaing's fleet lay in Boston harbor, in September, \n1778, the British fleet, of twenty sail, hove in sight. It was \ndiscovered and the alarm given by Mr. John Cutler from the \nsteeple of the Old South. Achniral D'Estaing, who was on \nshore, immediately put off\" for the squadron, and the militia \nwere ordered to the Castle and the works on Noddle's and \nGeorge's Island, Dorchester Heights, etc., but the enemy made \nno attempt. The same fleet afterwards made the descent on \nJS^ew Bedford and ^lartha's Vineyard. \n\nThe old church has been considerably changed in its interior. \nIt was one of the last to retain the square pews, elevated pulpit, \nand sounding-board. The upper gallery was altered, a new \norgan obtained, and the brush of modern art applied to the \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 233 \n\nceilings ; otherwise the house remains much the same as when' \nerected. It had a narrow escape from destruction by fire many \nyears ago, but was saved by superhuman efforts on the part of \nIsaac Harris, the mast-maker, who ascended the steeple while \nit was on fire, and succeeded in extinguishing the flames. For \nthis brave act he received a silver pitcher. \n\nOne of Dr. SewaU's flock was Phillis Wheatley, a woman of \ncolor and a slave. She was a pure African, brought to America \nin 1761, and yet she possessed genius of a high order. She \nwas, in a great measure, self taught, never having received any \nschool education, yet wrote admirable verses. Her poems were \ncollected in a thin volume and published in London, and have \nalso been reprinted in this country. One of her effusions, ad- \ndressed to Washington, may be found in Sparks's \" Life of \n\"Washington \" ; it brought an acknowledgment from the general, \nthen at Cambridge, also printed therein. She accompanied the \nson of her master to London in 1773, where she received great \nnotice from the nobility, but soon returned to Boston, where \nshe contracted an unhappy marriage, and died not long after in \nutter destitution at her house in Court Street. The genuine- \n• ness of her poems was attested by Governors Hutchinson, Han- \ncock, Bowdoin, her inaster Wheatley, and ahnost every clergy- \nman in Boston. The follo^ving extract is from her Hymn to \nthe Evening : — \n\n\" Filled with the praise of Him who gives the light. \nAnd draws the sable curtains of the night, \nLet placid slumbers soothe each weary mind, \nAt mom to wake, more heavenly, more refined ; \nSo shall the labors of the day begin \nMore pure, more guarded from the snares of sin. \nNight's leaden sceptre seals my drowsy eyes ; \nThen cease my song, till fair Aurora rise.\" \n\nWe have spoken of the trees that of yore graced the green \nbefore the governor's house and church. A single horse-chestnut \nwaves its scanty foliage behind the church on the Milk Street \nside. \n\nIf you look closely at the masonry of the Old South you will \nnotice that each course is laid mth the side and end of the \n\n\n234 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nbrick alternating ; this is known as the Flemish Bond. The \n\"West Church, Old Brattle Street, Park Street, and some others, \nhave walls built in the same manner. Gawen Brown, of Bos- \nton, made the first clock, esteemed the finest in America. The \nPrince library was deposited in the steeple. \n\nSpring Lane recalls the ancient Spring-gate, the natural foun- \ntain at which Winthrop and Johnson stooped to quench their \nthirst, and from which, no doubt. Madam Winthrop and Anne \nHutchinson filled their flagons for domestic use. The gentle- \nwomen may have paused here for friendly chat, if the rigor of \nthe governor's opposition to the schismatic Anne did not forbid. \nThe handmaid of Elder Thomas Oliver, Winthrop's next neigh- \nbor on the opposite corner of the Spring-gate, fetched her pitcher, \nlike another Eebecca, from this well ; and grim Eichard Brack- \nett, the jailer, may have laid down his halberd to quaff\" a morn- \ning draught. \n\nWater Street is also self-explanatory ; it descended the incline \nto the water at Oliver's Dock. We have described elsewhere \nthe primitive aspect of the region from Congress Street to the \nharbor. A British barrack was in Water Street at the time of \nthe Massacre. \n\nAt the north corner of Washington and Water Streets was \nthe sign of the *' Heart and Crown.\" It was the printing-office \nof Tliomas Fleet in 1731. After his death, crowns being un- \npopular, the sign was changed to the \" Bible and Heart.\" Fleet \nsold books, household goods, etc. In 1735 he began the publi- \ncation of the Boston Evening Post, a successor of the Weekly \nEehearsal, begun in 1731. Here is one of the Post's advertise- \nments ; it would look somewhat strangely in the columns of its \nmodern namesake : — \n\n\" To be sold by the printer of this paper, the very best Negro \n•\"Woman in this To^vn, who has had the Small-Pox and the measles ; \nis as hearty as a Horse, as brisk as a Bird, and will work like a \nBeaver. Aug. 23d. 1742.\" \n\nHaving taken in the surroundings of the church to the north, \nwe may now set our faces southward and visit in fancy the \nofficial residence of the royal deputies. \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. \n\n\n235 \n\n\nThe Province House was one of the last relics of the old \ncolony to disappear. It has formed the theme of some j)leasant \nfictions by Hawthorne in \" Twice-Told Tales,\" as well as a brief \nsketch of the edifice not founded in fancy. The Hquid which \nmine host mixed for the novelist before he set about his re- \nsearches has a smack of reahty about it, and may have enlivened \nhis pictiiresque description. \n\nThis ancient abode of the royal governors was situated nearly \nopposite the head of Milk Street. The place is now shut out \n\n\nPROVINCE HOUSE. \n\n\nfrom the vision of the passer-by by a row of brick structures \nstanding on \"Washington Street. Before the erection of any \nbuildings to screen it from view, the Province House stood \ntwenty or thirty paces back from old Marlborough Street, with \na handsome grass lawn in front, ornamented by two stately oak- \n\n\n236 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\ntrees, which, reared their verdant tops on either side the gate \nseparatmg the grounds from the highway, and cast a grateful \nshade over the approach to the mansion. At either end of the \nfence were porters' lodges, and the visitor jDassed over a paved \nwalk to the building. Ample stables stood in the rear. \n\nThe building itself was a three-story brick structure, sur- \nmounted by an octagonal cupola. Over all stood the bronze \neffigy of an Indian, — the chosen emblem of the colony. This \nfigure, wliich served the purpose of a vane, was of hammered cop- \nper ; it had glass eyes, and appeared in the act of fitting an arrow \nto its bow. It was the handiwork of Deacon Shem Drowne. \nA flight of near twenty massive red freestone steps conducted \nto the spacious entrance-hall, worthy the vice-regal dwellers \nwithin. A portico supported by wooden pillars was surmounted \nby a curiously wrought iron balustrade, into which was woven \nthe date of erection and initials of the proprietor, Peter Sar- \n\ngeant : — \n\n16. P. S. 79. \n\nFrom this balcony the viceroys of the province were accus- \ntomed to harangue the people or read proclamations. The royal \narms, richly carved and gilt, decorated the front ; the bricks \nwere of Holland make. The interior was on a scale of princely \nmagnificence, little corresponding to the general belief in the \nsimplicity of the mode of living of the times. The homes of \nFaneuil, of Hutchinson, and of Frankland have shown that \nluxury had effected an entrance into the habitations of the rich. \nThe house of Peter Sargeant was a fit companion to the others \ncited. On the first floor an ample reception-room, panelled with \nrich wood and hung with tapestry, opened from the hall. This \nwas the hall of audience of Shute, Burnet, Shirley, PownaU, \nBernard, Gage, and, last of all. Sir \"VVilKam Howe. \n\nIt is probable that the first of the governors who occupied \nthe Province House was Samuel Shute, an old soldier of Marl- \nborough, who had won distinction from his king on the bloody \nfields of Flanders. His administration of the affairs of the \ncolony, which he governed from 1716 to 1723, was unfortunate. \nHe came into conflict with the Legislature on questions of pre- \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PKOVINCE HOUSE. \n\n\n237 \n\n\nrogative. The governor, almost stripped of his authority, was \nobhged to seek a remedy at court, and though his powers were \nconfirmed, he did not enjoy the fruits of the decision. \n\nIt is perhaps not generally known that a paper currency of \nsmall denominations was issued in the colony as early as 1722. \nSpecimens are here reproduced. They were printed on parch- \nment, of the size given in the engravings. No other instance \nis remembered of the emission of such small sums in paper \nuntil we come down to the \n\n\n5^M4^ \n\n\n^ \n\n\nperiod of the late civil war. \nThe whole amount authorized \nwas only £500, and speci- \nmens are very rare. The cuts \ngiven here are exact fac-similes ^ I \n\nof the originals now in the ^1 a^a(TaCf)Ut'' \n\npossession of the Antiquarian \nSociety. A very full account \nof early Massachusetts cur- \nrency may be found in the \nProceedings of that society for \n1866, from the pen of Nathaniel Paine, Esq. In the first years \nof the settlement brass farthings, and even musket-bullets, sup- \nplied a circulating medium. \n\nWiUiam Burnet was born in 1688, at the Hague. The \nPrince of Orange, afterwards King William of England, stood \ngodfather for him at the baptismal font. His father was \nthe celebrated Bishop Burnet, author of the \" History of the \n\n\n'1^?'^ \n\n\nEeformation in England.' \n\n\nIf \n\n\n%m^ Pence. \n\n\nPTOt)ince of \nti)e^affacl)U' \n\nfettjg. June 1722 \n\n\nThe elder Burnet, falling under the \ndispleasure of King James, re- \ntired to the Continent, entered \nthe service of the Prince of \nOrange, and accompanied him \nto England when William ob- \ntained the throne of his father- \nin-law, the flying James. He \nwas rewarded with the bishop- \nric of Salisbury, while the son \n\n\n238 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nreceived subsequently from the House of Hanover the gov- \nernment of 'New York, and afterwards that of Massachusetts \nColony. \n\nThe new governor was received with enthusiasm on his \narrival. He was met at the George Tavern, on the I^eck, by \nthe lieutenant-governor, members of the Council, and Colonel \nDudley's regiment. Under tliis escort, and followed by a vast \nconcourse of gentlemen on horseback, in coaches and chaises, \nhe proceeded to the Court House, where his commission was \nread. Shouts of joy and salvos of artillery from the forts and \nCastle welcomed him to Boston. Mather Byles was ready with \na laudatory composition : — \n\n\" Wliile rising Shouts a general Joy proclaim, \nAnd ev'ry Tongue, 0 Burnet ! lisps thy name ; \nTo view tliy face while crowding Armies run, \nWhose waving Banners hlaze against the Sun, \nAnd deep-mouth'd Cannon, with tliund'ring roar, \nSound thy commission stretch'd from Shore to Shore.\" \n\nBurnet lived but a short time to stem the tide of opposition \nto kingly authority, and died September 7, 1729. While he \n\nlived he maintained in \npropeik state the dignity \nof his office. His negro \nvalet, Andrew the Trum- \npeter, stood at the portal \nof the Province House, \nor drove his Excellency \nabroad in his coach. His \nmenage was under the \ncare of a competent house- \nkeeper. Betty, the black \nlaundress, had the care \nof twenty pair and one \nof Holland sheets, Avith \ndamask napkins, and \nstore of linen to match. A goodly array of plate garnished the \nsideboard, and ancient weapons graced the walls. Hobby, the \n\n\n% /5^#i»'A»r^r4if£ifft/i>rt'»''& \n\n\nO- 3 t) \n\n\nr''?\"?\"'ftt \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PKOVINCE HOUSE. 239 \n\ncook, presided over the cuisine ; and coach, chariot, and chaises \nstood in the stables. He had a steward and a French tutor. \n\n^Notwithstanding the governor directed his funeral to take \nplace in the most private manner, after the form of any Prot- \nestant church that might be nearest, the authorities would not \nhave it so, and expended nearly £ 1,100 upon a showy pageant. \nThe governor was a churchman and attended King's Cliapel, \nbut showed he had no religious bias in liis instructions for his \nburial. Burnet was probably the first and last governor who \ndied in the Province House. \n\n\"William Shirley was the admitted chief of the long roU of \nprovincial governors. He lived at one \ntime in King Street, but, after he became \ngovernor, built an elegant mansion in \nEoxbury, afterwards occupied by Govern- \nor Eustis, and now, we believe, standing \non Eustis Street, metamorphosed by mod- \nern improvements. Shirley, no doiibt, \ncame to the Province House to transact \nofficial business, and at the sitting of the General Court. In \nthe reception-room was, perhaps, matured that celebrated expe- \ndition, which resulted in the capture of Louisburg. All the \nmeasures relating to the enterprise were conducted with great \nability. Profound secrecy was maintained as to its object while \nunder discussion by the General Court ; the governor only car- \nried the measure by a single vote. Volunteers flocked in from \nall quarters, and the town became a camp. Over two thousand \nmen were raised. Sir William Pepperell, whom an English \nhistorian has contemptuously called a \" Piscatac[uay trader,\" \nwas given the command, and on the 16th of June, 1745, the \nbulwark of French power in America was in the hands of the \nprovincial forces. \n\nAnother measure of Governor Shirley deserves mention. Ten \nyears before the passage of the Stamp Act by the English Par- \nliament, the Legislature of the colony had passed a similar act \nof their own, laying a tax on vellum, parchment, and public \npapers for two years; newspapers were included at first, but \n\n\n240 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nsoon exempted. This sliows that it was not the stamp tax to \nwh^-ch our ancestors objected, but to its levy without their con- \nsent Specimens are here given from documents of the time to \nwhich the stamps were affixed. One of the cuts (the three penny \nstamp) is engraved from the original die used in the stamp-office. \nIt is a short steel bar attached to the circular part, the impres- \nsion being made by a blow from a hammer. This interesting \n\nsouvenir of the times of Shirley is m the \npossession of Jeremiah Colburn, Esq., of \nBoston, a well-known antiquarian. \n\nThe expatriation of the unfortunate \nFrench from Acadia took place while \nSliirley was governor, and Massachusetts \nreceived about two hundred famihes. The \n''^loS^i^^ terrific earthquake of 1 755 shook the town \nto its foundations, and filled the streets mth the debris of ruined \nhouses, about fifteen hundred sustaining injury. Slmley was \na man of letters, and wote a tragedy, be- \nsides the liistory of the Louisburg expe- \ndition. He also held a government in \nthe Bahamas, and was made lieutenant- \ngeneral. His son, William, was kiUed at \nthe defeat of Braddock. \n\nThomas Pownall superseded Governor \nShirley, in 1757-58, as governor. He \noccupied the chair only three years. He made a popular and \nenlic^htened chief magistrate, contrasting favorably with the \n° dark, intriguing Lieutenant-Governor \n\nHutchinson. The great and disastrous \nfire of March 20, 1760, occurred before \nthe departure of the governor to assume \nthe' government of South Carolina ; also \nthe organization and refitting of the land \nand naval forces, under General Amherst, \n\nfor the reduction of Quebec and Montreal. \n\nGovernor Pownall was a stanch friend of the Colonies, even \nafter hostihties commenced with the mother country. No m- \n\n\niSS^^eS^^ \n\n\n^B^S^S!^^ \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROYIX'JE HOUSE. 241 \n\nmate of the Province House was more respected or more \nregretted. The governor made an excellent plan or picture of \nBoston from the Castle in 1757. \n\nPo-vvnall, it is said, was a great ladies' man. He was rather \nshort in stature, and inclined to be corpulent. It was tlie \nfasliion of that day for a gentleman to salute a lady when \nintroduced to her. The governor was presented to a tall dame \nwhom he requested to stoop to meet the offered courtesy. \n\" No ! \" says the lady, '• I will never stoop to any man, — not \neven to your Excellency.\" Pownall sprang upon a chair, ex- \nclaiming, \" Then I will stoop to you, madam ! \" and imprinted \na loud smack upon the cheek of the haughty one. This, like \nmany good old customs of our forefathers, has fallen into neg- \nlect. It was Pownall who induced the Legislature to erect a \nmonument in Westminster Abbey to Lord Howe, who fell at \nTicondero^a, and was much esteemed in Boston. Another was \nordered to be erected to General \"Wolfe at the east end of the \nTown House, but Hutchinson prevented its being carried out. \n\nHis successor, Francis Bernard, was received on his arrival \nfrom New Jersey with the usual pomp and ceremony, and \nescorted through the town to his residence at the Province \nHouse. During the period of Bernard's administration, from \n1760 to 1769, the stormy events which caused the Colonies to \nthrow off the yoke of Great Britain occurred. The Writs of \nAssistance, the Stamp Act, the introduction of troops, and the \nremoval of the General Cou.rt to Cambridge, heaped odium \nupon his conduct of affairs. Volumes have been written upon \nthe history of those nine yeai«. So Bernard passed out from \nthe shelter of the Province House with none to do him rev- \nerence. The king recalled him, and the provinct^ spurned him. \nThe last crowned head in this colony was proclaimed by Ber- \nnard. He gave a valuable portion of his library to Harvard. \n\nIt has been said of Bernard that he was only a facile instru- \nment in the hands of Hutchinson. He was even called Hutch- \ninson's wheelbarrow, carrying the burdens imposed by his wily \nlieutenant. Bernard's character has been described as arbitrary ; \nhe was, however, upright, with correct principles and courteous \n11 p \n\n\n242 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\naddress. He built him a fine summer residence at Jamaica \nPlain, afterwards occupied by Martin Brimmer. \n\nAfter the governor's departure for England, watch and ward \nwas but ill kept at the Province House, or else his Ancient \nHutchinson, now his successor, troubled himself but little about \nthe goods and chattels of the baronet. The mansion was broken \nopen, and among other articles stolen were three feather-beds, \n\nfour pair of blankets, ditto of sheets, \nall marked with his Excellency's ini- \ntials. The thief, besides this more \nbulky booty, stole a crown-piece of \nJames II. and two German rix dol- \nlars. \n\nThe next inmate of the Province \nHouse was Thomas Gage, who was \nexpected to support the kingly pre- \nrogative by force of arms. We first \nfound the general in quarters in \nBrattle Street, and gave there an \noutline of his career while military governor. He occupied the \nProvince House when appointed to the government in 1774, \nand the tread and challenge of a British grenadier resounded \nfor the first time in the ancient halls. \n\nHere was held the council between Earl Percy and the gov- \nernor relative to the expedition to Lexington, so mysteriously \nnoised abroad, and which Gage declared he had imparted the \nknowledge of to only one other ; even Lieutenant-Colonel \nSmith, who was intrusted with the command, did not know his \ndestination. As Percy was going to his quarters from this \ninterview, he met a number of townspeople conversing near the \nCommon. As he went towards them, one of them remarked, \n\"The British troops have marched, but will miss their aim.\" \n\" What aim 1 \" asked the Earl. \" The cannon at Concord,\" was \nthe answer. Percy retraced his steps to the Province House, \nwhere his chief heard with surprise and mortification the news \nthat the movement was no longer a secret. He declared he had \nbeen betrayed. \n\n\nTHE COLONY SEAL. \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 243 \n\nThe following explanation has been given of the manner in \nwhich Gage's plans were thwarted. A groom at the Province \nHouse dropped into the stables, then opposite the Old South on \nMilk Street, for a social chat with a stable-boy employed there. \nThe news was asked of the British jockey, who, misconceiving \nthe sentiments of his friend, replied, that he had overheard a \nconversation between Gage and other officers, and observed, \n\" There wiR be hell to pay to-morrow.\" Tliis was immediately \ncarried to Paul Revere, who enjoined silence on his informant, \nand added, \" You are the third person who has brought me the \nsame information.\" \n\nIt was here, too, that the perfidy of Benjamin Church was \ndiscovered by Deacon Davis, a visitor to the general. Before \nthis time he had been esteemed an ardent friend of the cause \nof liberty. His residence was at the south corner of Washing- \nton and Avon Streets. \n\nOn the morning of the 17th of June, 1776, Gage called his \nofficers together to attend a coun- \ncil of war. Howe, Chnton, Bur- /^^ /^ \ngoyne, and Grant were present, yy/7-t^ . ^^^^^^^^^ \nIt was an anxious consultation. ^ ^ \nClinton and Grant proposed to \n\nland the troops at Charlestown JSTeck under protection of the \nships, and take the American works in reverse. This plan, \nwhich would have probably resulted in the capture of the whole \nprovincial force, was disapproved by Gage, who feared to place \nhis men, in case of disaster, between the intrenched Americans \nand reinforcements from Cambridge. General Gage returned to \nEngland in October, 1775. He married an American lady, and \na niece of the general by this marriage was the wife of the late \nGeneral William H. Sumner, of Jamaica Plain. Gage had \nserved at Fontenay and CuUoden, and in Braddock's campaign. \nHe is said to have borne an extraordinary personal resemblance \nto Samuel Adams, the chief conspirator against his sway, but \nfew can fail to mark in the portrait of the general the absence \nof that firmness and decision which is so conspicuous in that \nof the patriot. \n\n\n244 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nGage's well-known proclamation was thus humorously hit \n\noff soon after its appearance : — \n\n\"Tom Gage's Proclamation, \nOr blustering Denunciation, \n(Replete with Defamation, \nAnd \"speedy Jugulation, \nOf the New England Nation), \nWho shall his pious ways shun. \n\n\" Thus graciously the war I wage. \nAs witnesseth my hand — \n\nTom Gage.\" \n\nSir William Howe, as Gage's military successor, took up his \nquarters at the Province House, and occupied it durmg the \nwinter of 1775 - 76. As the siege had now begun, its position \nwas central and well adapted for communication with the \nworks at the Neck, or at Copp's Hill, from which it was about \nequally distant. The \" Governour's House \" now presented a \nbusy scene, and so indeed did the neighborhood. The dragoons \nheld possession of the Old South. The orderhes' horses stood \nhitched in front of the general's quarters, and armed heel and \nsabre clattered up and down the broad staircase, bringing re- \nports from the various outposts. \n\nHowe was a good soldier, but not an enterprising one. He \nhad fought with Wolfe at Quebec as cornet, and received the \ngrade of major-general in 1772. During the siege he cooHy \ngave the order to occupy or puU down churches or dwellings as \nnecessity dictated. He has been much execrated for setting \nfire to Charlestown, but the fire kept up from some of the \nhouses justified the act in a military view. Finally Howe \neffected the withdrawal of his army without loss from Boston, \nby making the safety of the town a guaranty of his own. His \nafter career in America was measurably successful ; defeating \nWashington at Long Island and White Plains, he took posses- \nsion of New York, while the battles of Brandywine and Ger- \nmantown gave him Philadelphia. He was relieved by his old \ncomrade Sir H. Clinton, and returned home in 1778, when an \nofl&cial inquiry was made into his conduct. Howe's address \nto his troops before the battle of Bunker Hill is a soldierly \ndocument. \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PKOVINCE HOUSE. 245 \n\n\" Gentlemen, — I am very happy in having the honor of com- \nmanding so fine a body of men ; I do not in the least doubt that \nyou will behave like Englishmen, and as becometh good soldiers. \n\n\" If the enemy will not come from their intrenchments, we must \ndrive them out, at all events, otherwise the town of Boston will be \nset on fire by them. \n\n\" I shall not desire one of you to go a step further than where I \ngo myself at your head. \n\n\" Remember, gentlemen, we have no recourse to any resources if \nwe lose Boston, but to go on board our ships, which Mill be very \ndisagreeable to us all.\" \n\nThere is every reason to believe Sir William's military duties \ndid not prevent his exercising a generous hospitality. The hall \nof audience has no doubt resounded with mirth and music \nwhen the general received. There were his royalist neighbors, \nthe Mascarenes, Harrison Gray, the Boutineaus and Master \nLovell, with many kindred spirits of the court party. There \nwere Clinton, Burgoyne, the noble Percy, and many more of \nthe army and navy to grace the levees of their commander by \ntheir presence. The buzz of conversation ceases as Sir William \nleads out some beautiful tory for the stately minuet, an ex- \nample speedily followed by his guests. Perhaps amid the \nstrains of the Fusileer's band strikes in the deep diapason of \nthe continental cannon. \n\nThe coming of the troops into Boston made formidable \ninnovations in the customs and dress of the old founders. \nThe sad-colored garments and high-crowned hats gave place to \nvelvet coat, ruffles, and cocked hat. Gentlemen of condition \nwore the small sword in full dress, with a gold-headed cane to \nset off the lace depending from their sleeves. A gentleman's \nball dress was a white coat, trimmed with silver basket but- \ntons, collar and button-holes crossed with silver lace. Or, a \ncoat of blue or scarlet cloth trimmed with gold might serve a \ngallant of the period. His hair was craped and powdered. A \nsatin embroidered waistcoat reaching below the hips, with small \nclothes of the same material, gold or silver knee-bands, white \nsilk stockings, aiid high-heeled morocco shoes, with buckles of \nsome precious metal, completed a truly elegant attire. \n\n\n246 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe ladies \"wore a sacque with a long trail petticoat hand- \nsomely trimmed. Satin shoes with jDaste or metal buckle con- \nfined delicate feet. The hair was craped and ornamented \naccording to fancy, and profusely sprinkled with white powder. \nThe gown was set off to advantage by two or three tiers of \nruffles. Such was court dress, and court etiquette prevailed. \nThe manners were distinguished for stiffness and formality, \nrelaxing a Uttle under the influence of the ballroom. The \nlast queen's ball was held February 22, 1775. \n\nOur reader will care little to know who originally owned the \nground whereon stood the Province House. Peter Sargeant \nbuilt it in the year 1679, and the Provincial Legislature became \nits purchaser in 1716. After the Eevolution it was occupied \nby the Treasurer and other officers of the Commonwealth. \nWhen the building was reconstructed in 1851, old copper coins \nof the reign of the Georges, and some even of as old date as \n1612, were taken from the floors and ceilings, where they had \nlain perdu since dropped by a careless functionary, or perhaps \nfrom the breeches pocket of my Lord Howe. Ancient-look- \ning bottles of Holland make were found too, suggestive of \nSchnapps and Dutch courage. Burnet perchance may have \ninherited the weakness with his Dutch blood. \n\nAfter the adoption of the State Constitution it became a \n\" Government House.\" The easterly half was occupied by the \nGovernor and Council, Secretary of State and Eeceiver-General. \nThe other half was the dwelling of the Treasurer. The State \nwas inclined to keep up the character of the Province House \nby making it the governor's official residence, and voted sums \nof money for the purpose. In 1796 the Commonwealth, being \nthen engaged in building the present State House, sold the Pro- \nvince House to John Peck, but it reverted back to the State in \n1799, Peck being unable to fulfil his part of the contract. \n\nGovernor Caleb Strong occupied it after his election in 1 800. \nHe had been active in promoting the cause of the Eevolution, \nand took part in all the prominent measures of organization of \nthe body politic at its end. He was in the United States \nSenate in 1789-97. In 1812 he was again elected governor. \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 247 \n\nBeing a strong Federalist, he refused to answer the calls made \nupon him for troops by the general government, but took \nmeasures to protect the State from invasion. The old revolu- \ntionary works at South Boston were strengthened and manned, \nand a new one erected on ]^^oddle's Island in 1814, which bore \nthe governor's name. This conflict between State and Federal \nauthority forms a curious chapter in the poHtical history of \nthe times. \n\nGovernor Strong is described as a tail man, of moderate ful- \nness ; of rather long visage, dark complexion, and blue eyes. \nHe wore his hair loose combed over liis forehead, and slightly \npowdered. He had nothing of the polish of cities in his de- \nmeanor, but a gentle complaisance and kindness. \n\nIn 1811 the Massachusetts General Hospital was incorpo- \nrated and endowed by the State with the Province House. \nThe trustees of the institution leased the estate, in 1817, to \nDavid Greenough for ninety-nine years, who, erecting the \nstores in its front, converted it into the uses of trade. It be- \ncame a tavern, a haU of negro minstrelsy, and was finally \ndestroyed by fire in October, 1864. \n\nSome relics of this venerable and historic structure remain. \nThe Indian came into the possession of Henry Greenough, Esq., \nof Cambridge, and was permitted to remain some time in the \nhands of the late Dr. J. C. Warren, of Park Street, but at his \ndecease no traces of it could be discovered, much to the regret \nof its owner. Perhaps it is still in existence. The royal arms \nare in the possession of the Historical Society. Colonel Ben- \njamin Perley Poore became the possessor of much of the cedar \nwainscot and of the porch. The panelling he has devoted to \nthe finish of a pre-Eevolutionary suite of rooms, while the porch \nforms the entrance to his garden at Indian Hill, West iS^ewbury. \n\nThe grand staircase down which Hawthorne's ghostly pro- \ncession descended led to apartments devoted to domestic uses. \nThe massive oaken timbers were memorials of the stanch and \nsolid traits of the builders. Here Shute brooded and fumed ; \nhere Burnet wrote and Bernard plotted ; and here Gage and \nHowe planned and schemed in vain. AU have passed away. \n\n\n248 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nThe Blue Bell and Indian Queen tavern stood oil each side \nof a passage formerly leading from Washington Street to Haw- \nley. Nathaniel Bishop kept it in 1673, wliich entitles it to be \nranked with the old ordinaries. The officers fi-om the Province \nHouse and Old South often dropped in to take then- cognac \nneat. The landlady, at this time, a stanch whig, had the re- \npute of an amazon. Some officers one day, exciting her ire by \ncalling for brandy under the name of \" Yankee blood,\" she \nseized a spit and drove them from her house. Zadock Pomeroy \nkept the inn in 1800. About 1820 the Washingion Coffee \nHouse was erected in place of the Indian Queen, but it, too, \nhas vanished. It will be remembered as the starting-place of \nthe old Eoxbury Hourhes. iSTo. 158 indicates the site, corre- \nsponding with the Parker Block. \n\nAnother Indian Queen was in Bromfield's Lane, since Street. \nIsaac Trask kept it, and after him IS'abby, liis widow, until \n1816. Simeon Boyden was next proprietor; Preston Shepard \nin 1823, afterwards of the Pearl Street House ; and W. Mun- \nroe. Tills was the late Bromfield House, now occupied by a \nhandsome granite block styled the Wesleyan Association Build- \ning. It was a great centre for stages wliile they continued to \nrun. The likeness of an Indian princess gave the name to old \nand new tavern. \n\nThe Bromfield House site becomes important as the birth- \nplace of Thomas Cashing, lieutenant-governor under Hancock \nand Bowdoin, friend and coworker in the patriot cause with \nAdams, Otis, and Warren. The British Ministry ascribed great \ninfluence to Cushing. He was member both of the Provincial \nand Continental Congresses, and commissary-general in 1775. \nGovernor Cushing was a member of the Old South. He died \nin 1 788, and was buiied in the Granary Burying Ground. \n\nA few i^aces from the site of the old Indian Queen, or, ac- \ncording to the present landmarks, 166 Washington Street, was \nthe abode of the gifted Josiah Quincy, Jr., and the birthplace \nof his son, Josiah, who is best known to Boston as the greatest \nof her chief magistrates. Uriah Cotting, Charles Bulfinch, and \nJosiah Quincy are the triumvirate who, by waving their magi- \n\n\nTHE OLD SOUTH AND PROVINCE HOUSE. 249 \n\ncian's wand, changed Boston from a straggling provincial town \ninto a metropolis. \n\nJosiah Quincy, Jr., died at the early age of thirty-one, while \nreturning from a voyage to England, undertaken partly for the \nbenefit of his health. He was constitutionally dehcate, and his \nmental strength far exceeded his physical. He was chosen, with \nJohn Adams, by Captain Preston, to defend him on his trial \nfor the Massacre in King Street, and did defend hitn with all \nhis abihty, notwithstanding his own father warmly opposed his \nundertaking it. Mr. Quincy was possessed of liigh oratorical \npowers. The phlegmatic John Adams named him the Boston \nCicero ; his political writings, begun in the Boston Gazette of \nOctober, 1767, are full of fire and patriotic fervor. When in \nEngland he was, with Franklia, singled out for a brutal allusion \nby Lord Hillsborough, who declared they \"ought to be in \nNewgate or at Tyburn.\" His strength proved unequal to the \nvoyage, and he breathed his last within sight of his native land \nonly a few days after the battle of Lexington. \n\n.\" Ask ye what thoughts \nConvulsed his soul, when his dear native shores, \nThronged with the imagery of lost delight, \nGleamed on his darkening eye, while the hoarse wave \nUttered his death dirge, and no hand of love \nMight yield its tender trembling ministry ? \" \n\nJosiah Quincy, Jr. is said to have been the first Boston \nlawyer who put up a sign-board over his door. \n\nJosiah Quincy succeeded IMr. Phillips as mayor in 1823, over \nhis competitor Otis. We have paid a tribute to liis forecast and \nenterprise already. To him is due the establishment of Houses \nof Industry and Reformation. Commercial Street completed \nhis transformation of the Town Dock region. Under him the \nEire Department was founded in 1827. After a long and useful \npublic service in city, State, and national councils, Mr. Quincy \ntook the presidency of Harvard University in 1829, where he \ncontinued in office u.ntil 1845. \n\nAt the annual festival of the public schools of Boston in \nFaneuil HaU, August, 1826, and on completion of the granite \nmarket-house, Judge Story, being present, volunteered the fol- \n11* \n\n\n250 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nlowing sentiment, — \" May the fame of our honored mayor \nprove as durable as the material of which the beautifid market- \nhouse is constructed.\" On which, quick as light, the mayor \nresponded, \" That stupendous monument of the wisdom of our \nforefathers, the Supreme Court of the United States ; in the \nevent of a vacancy, may it be raised one story higher.\" * This \npun has also been attributed to Edward Everett. \n\nBenjamin Hichborn, another Revolutionary patriot, next oc- \ncupied the premises made vacant by the Quincys. He was a \ngraduate of Harvard, and an eminent member of the Suffolk \nbar. For his zeal in Ms country's cause he was imprisoned on \nboard a British vessel, the Preston, lying in Boston harbor. \nMr. Hichborn was a Jeffersonian Democrat. He was colonel \nof the Cadets in 1778, and marched at their head into Ehode \nIsland. In the year following he had the misfortune to be \nconnected with an unfortunate accident which caused the death \nof his friend, Benjamin Andrews. The gentlemen were exam- \nining some pistols, Mrs. Andrews being present. One of the \nweapons, incautiously handled, was discharged, taking effect in \nMr. Andrews's head, causing death in a few minutes. \n\n* Quincy's Life, \n\n\n^ROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 251 \n\n\nCHAPTEE IX. \n\nPROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND PORT HILL. \n\nBirthplace of Franklin. — James Boutineau. — Bowdoin Block. — Hawley \nStreet. — Devonshire and Franklin Streets. — Joseph Barrell. — The Ton- \ntine. — Boston Library. — Cathedral of the Holy Cross. — Bishop Cheve- \nnis. — Federal Street Theatre. — Some Account of Early Theatricals in \nBoston. — Kean, Finn, Macready, etc. — John Howard Paine. — Federal \nStreet Church. — The Federal Convention. — Madam Scott. — Robert \nTreat Paine. — Thomas Paine. — Congress Street. — Quaker Church and \nBurying-Ground. — Sketch of the Society of Friends in Boston. — Mer- \nchants' Hall. — Governor Shirley's Funeral. — Fire of 1760. — Pearl Street. \n— The Ropewalks. — The Grays. — Conflicts between the Rope-Makers \nand the Regulars. — Pearl Street House. — Spurzheim. — Washington Alls- \nton. — Theophilus Parsons. — T. H. Perkins. — Governor Oliver. — Quincy \nMansion. — Governor Gore. — Liverpool Wharf. — Tea Party and Incidents \nof. — The Sconce. — Governor Andros Deposed. — Sun Tavern. — Fort \nHill. \n\nWE enter on Milk Street, the ancient Eort Street, con- \nducting from the governor's house to the Sconce, or \nSouth Battery, — a route we now propose to follow. \n\nBefore we come to Hawley Street we see a granite edifice \nwith \"Birthplace of Franklin\" standing out in hold relief \nfrom the pediment. No new light has been shed upon this \ninteresting question since we left the Blue Ball. It is enough \nthat we honor the philosopher's name in many public places, — \nno locality may claim him. Apropos of Franklin, when he \nwas at the court of his most Christian Majesty, he soon became ' \nthe rage, not only of court circles, but of the capital. Presents \nflowed in upon him, which he, with ready tact, contrived to \nshare with his fellow-commissioners, so as to avoid the appear- \nance of invidious distinction. Among other things, there came \nto his lodgings a superb gift of fruits, labelled \" Le digne Frank- \nlin.\" \" This time,\" said Silas Deane, \" you cannot pretend this \nis not for you alone.\" \" Not so,\" said Franklin ; \" the French- \n\n\n252 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nmen cannot master our American names ; it is, plainly, Lee, \nDeane, Franklin, that is meant.\" \n-f^ Arthur Lee, Franklin's fellow-commissioner, composed eight \n\nlines of the famous Liberty \nSong of John Dickinson, \nwhich the latter sent James \nOtis, upon news that the \nLegislature of Massachu- \nsetts refused to rescind the \nresolve to send a circular \nletter calling a convention \nof the sister colonies to \noppose taxation without \nrepresentation. It was \nprinted in the Pennsyl- \nvania Chronicle, July 4, \n1768, and is the earliest \nof the Revolutionary lyrics \nthat boldly speaks of in- \n\n\nFRANKLIN.S BIRTHPLACE. \n\n\ndependence and union. \n\n\"Then join hand in hand, brave Americans all ; \nBy uniting we standj by dividing we fall ; \nIn so righteous a cause let us hope to succeed. \nFor Heaven approves of eacli generous deed. \n\nOur purses are ready, — \n\nSteady, friends, steady, — \n\nNot as slaves, but as freemen, our money we'll give.\" \n\nThe old house here represented is a quaint specimen of the \nold order of buildings. It was burnt December 29, 1810, \nshortly after a drawing had been secured. Old Josiah Frank- \nlin, the father of Benjamin, was a native of England, and by \ntrade a silk-dyer ; he became a respectable soap-boiler and \ntallow-chandler in Boston. Benjamin was born on the 6th of \nJanuary, old style, and is upon the church records as having \nreceived baptism the same day. Ui^on this is founded the \nclaim of the old house to be the place of his nativity. The \nsign of the statue of Faust, displayed by the present occupants \nof the Birthplace of Franklin, is the same used by Thomas \n\n\nFEOM THE OLD SOUTH UOUND FORT HILL. 253 \n\nand Andrews in years gone by at the old stand in Newbury \n\nStreet. \n\nOpposite to ns, and just below, is the \" Old South Block,\" \nbuilt upon the site of the parsonage in 1845. Next below \nis Sewall Block, which covers the site of the mansion of James \nBoutineau, a royalist, who departed from Boston in the train \nof Howe. Boutineau married Peter Faneuil's sister, Susannah, \nand was, like Faneuil, descended from the French Huguenots. \nHe was a lawyer and managed the case of his son-in-law, Eob- \ninson, — the same who assaulted James Otis ; his house, a brick \nmansion, stood a little removed from the street, with the usual \nflagged walk, shaded by trees, leading up to it. \n\n\" Bowdoin Block \" has a noteworthy record. It stands at \nthe east corner of Hawley Street, once known as Bishop's Alley, \nprobably from Bishop of the Blue Bell, and also as Boarded \nAlley, — from its having been boarded over at one time, — a \nname our readers will see reproduced in a lane leading from \nHanover Street to North. On the corner of the alley, Seth \nAdams once carried on printing ; his son was the first post- \nrider to Hartford, and rode hard to carry the post in four days. \nIn this same Boarded Alley was estabhshed the first theatre in \nBoston, of which more hereafter. \n\nMorton Place was named at the request of Thomas Kilby \nJones, whose wife was a Morton, and not for Governor Morton, \nas has been supposed. It was here Payne, father of John How- \nard, kept a school, before Morton Place was constructed. \n\nOn the site of Bowdoin Block was another old-time mansion, \nwhich belonged, at one time to James Bowdoin, son of the \ngovernor, minister to Madrid in 1808. He was once a merchant \nin State Street, occupying a row of three stores with John \nCof&n Jones and Thomas Russell. He was a man of highly \ncultivated intellectual tastes, but of slender habit. He fiUed \nmany offices within the State before his appointment to the \ncourt of Madrid. James Bowdoin was a munificent patron of \nBowdoin College, to which he gave lands, money, and his valu- \nable library and philosophical apparatus collected abroad. His \nwidow, also his cousin, married General Henry Dearborn, and \n\n\n254 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nboth resided there until their decease. This house was also the \nbirthplace of the Hon. R. C. Winthrop ; it became afterwards \na hotel called the Mansion House. \n\nDevonshire Street has swallowed up the old Theatre Alley, \nwhich conducted by a narrow and by no means straight way \nto Franklin Street, by the rear of the old Boston Theatre, — \nhence its name. Besides Pudding Lane, a name borrowed from \nold London, Devonslure Street, meaning that part lying north \nof Milk Street, has been known as Jolliflfe's Lane, Where the \nnew Post-Office is was once an old inn called the Stackpole \nHouse, first the mansion of \"William Stackpole, and afterwards \nkept as a tavern by Rouillard of the Julien. It was a large \nbrick building, — end to the street with court-yard in front. \n\nPrevious to the year 1792 all the lower part of Franklin \nStreet was a quagmire, No greater change has taken place \nin Boston than the conversion of this swamp into useful, solid \nground. Joseph Barrell, Esq., whose estate was on Summer \nStreet, first drained the slough for a garden, in which he had \nbuilt a fish-pond, amply stocked -ndth gold-fish. Where the \nold Boston Theatre stood was a large distillery, and behind it \na pasture extending between Summer and Milk Streets as far \nas Hawley Street. \n\nThis Joseph Barrell, whose handsome grounds and mansion \nbecame afterwards the property of Benjamin Bussey, was a \npioneer in the northwest coast trade, which opened such a \nmagnificent field to American commerce. He with others \nfitted out the first Boston vessels which doubled Cape Horn. \nThey were the Columbia, Captain Kendrick, and Washington, \nCaptain Gray. The captains exchanged vessels at sea, and the \nColumbia's was the first keel that passed the bar of the great \nriver, which now bears the name of Captain Gray's vessel, the \nColumbia. \n\nThe improvement was carried out by Charles Bulfinch, Wil- \nliam Scollay, and Charles Vaughan. The Legislature refused \nto incorporate the projectors on the Tontine plan, but the im- \nprovement was afterwards carried successfully through, with \nsome modification, A block of sixteen handsome buildings, \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 255 \n\ndesigned for dwellings, was erected in 1793, and called the \n\" Crescent,\" or \" Tontine.\" It has been mentioned that this \nwas the first Mock of buildings erected in Boston. The name \n\" Tontine \" signified an association for building purposes on the \nannuity plan, as practised in Europe. A large arch penetrated \nthe block, flanked by buildings on either side, standing a little \nin advance of the rest ; these were ornamented with pilasters \nand balustrade. The opposite side of the street was called \nFranklin Place. In the middle of the street was an enclosed \ngrass-plot three hundred feet long, containing a monumental \nurn to the memory of Franklin, then recently deceased. This \ncentral strip, oval in form, has, like the Tontine-Crescent, passed \nfrom view ; the original conveyance proliibits the erection of \nbuildings upon it. \n\nThe rooms over the arch were occupied by the Historical \nSociety and by the Boston Library. This latter was incor- \nporated in 1794, and was designed to be somewhat more pop- \nular in its character than either the Athenaeum or Historical \nSociety. It grew steadily in public favor, and by the reversion \nof its shares to the corporation at the death of the shareholder \na handsome fund was in time obtained. The Library sold its \nproperty, which rested upon no foundation, — the arch ex- \ncepted, — and removed first to Essex Street, and finally to the \nbuilding remodelled for them in Boylston Place. These peculiar \ntenures of houses without land are uncommon in this country, \nbut are said to be quite usual in Scotland, where separate \nstages or flats of the same building are owned by different \nproprietors. \n\nLooking south across Frankhn Street, we see a noble pile \nwith the name of Cathedral Buildings on its lofty front. This \nis, or was, consecrated ground, and supported the weight \nof the Church of the Holy Cross, until traflic swept it from \nthe street. A brief notice of the origin of the Eomish wor- \nship in Boston has been given. This church was erected, in \n1803, by the efforts of Eev. Father Matignon, who came to \nBoston in 1792, and of John Cheverus, afterwards Bishop of \nthe diocese, — since of Montauban, France, — who foUowed him \n\n\n256 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nill 1796. The Protestants generously contributed to build an \nedifice their fathers would not have for a moment tolerated. It \nwas consecrated by Bishop Carroll of Baltimore when completed. \nThe greatly enhanced value of the ground led to its demoH- \ntion some years ago ; a massive and lofty temple is now rearing \nits huge bulk on the ISTeck, mainly founded on the price of the \nFranklin Street Cathedral. Beside the church, the Catholics \nerected a building which was used as a convent of Ursulines. \nBoston was constituted into a see in 1810 which included all \nthe I^ew England States. A curious parallel might be drawn \nin the occupation of the house of the French Huguenots, who \nfled from Catholic persecution, by a congregation of that faith. \n\nBishop Cheverus, afterwards a Cardinal, was sincerely be- \nloved in Boston by Protestants and Catholics ahke. Otis and \nQuincy were his friends. He took a deep interest in the heated \ncontroversy that ensued over the treaty negotiated with Great \nBritain by Washington, known as Jay's Treaty. \n\nOn this question Harrison Gray Otis came before the people \nof Boston for the first time in a public speech, and the good \nBishop was so charmed with the brilliant oratory of the speaker, \nthat he threw his arms around Mr. Otis, and exclaimed, whUe \nthe tears ran down his face, \" Future generations, young man, \nwill rise up and call thee blessed.\" \n\nThe Federal Street was the first regular theatre established \nin Boston. It was opened February 3, 1794, with the tragedy \nof Gustavus Vasa. Thomas Paine, the same who afterwards \nchanged his name to Eobert Treat, because he wanted a Chris- \ntian name, ^vrote the prologue, having been adjudged the prize \nagainst a number of competitors. Charles Stuart Powell was \nthe first manager. The theatre was also called the Old Drury, \nafter Drury Lane, London. In 1798, while under the manage- \nment of Barrett and Harper, the house was destroyed by fire, \nleaving only the brick walls standing. The theatre was soon \nrebuilt and opened in October, 1798, under the management \nof Mr. Hodgkinson, with \" \"Wives as they Were.\" Mr. George \nL. Barrett conducted the next season, and in the following \nyear, 1800, the celebrated Mrs. Jones appeared. Mr. Dickson \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. \n\n\n257 \n\n\nwas a favorite actor at tliis house until his retirement from the \nstage in 1817. In tliis year tlie managers were Powell, Dick- \nson, and Duff, and under their auspices Edmund Kean first \nperformed in Boston. He met with a favorable reception, and \n\n\nBOSTON THEATRE AND FRANKLIN STREET. \n\n\ndeparted with a full purse and high opinion of Boston, which \nhe pronounced, \"the Literary Emporium of the \"Western \nWorld.\" \n\nIn 1825 Kean renewed his visit to America, but the Bos- \ntonians, offended at his superciHous conduct on the occasion of \nhis second engagement, when he refused to play to a thin \nhouse, would not aUow him to utter a word, and he was finally \ndriven from the stage by a shower of projectiles. Henry J. \nFinn, then one of the managers, vainly endeavored to obtain a \nhearing for the tragedian, who stood before the audience in the \nmost submissive attitude, while his countenance was a picture \nof rage and humiliation. A riotous crowd from the outside \nforced their way into the house and destroyed what they could \nof the interior. The discomfited Kean sought safety in flight. \n\nFinn was one of the best eccentric comedians Boston has \never known. Besides being an actor, he was a clever minia- \nture painter. He first appeared at the Boston Theatre October \n22, 1822, and perished in the iU-fated Lexington lost in Long \n\n\n258 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nIsland Sound, January 13, 1840. Finn usually announced his \nbenefits with some witty morcecm like this : — \n\n\" Like a grate full of coals I burn, \nA great full house to see ; \nAnd if I prove not grateful too, \nA great fool I shall be.\" \n\nKean, notwithstanding his fiasco in Boston, was possessed \nof generous impulses, of which many anecdotes are related in \nillustration. The scene on the night of his retirement from \nthe stage, when he appeared as Othello, at Covent Garden, as- \nsisted by his son Charles as lago, is an ever-memorable event \nin the annals of the stage. Broken down by emotion and \nphysical infirmity, the actor had to be borne from the theatre by \nhis son to a neighboring house. He survived but a few weeks. \n\nEdmund Kean was noted for the abuse of his powers by in- \ndulgence in the social glass. He had a weakness to be thought \na classical scholar, and would quote scraps of Latin common- \nplaces. One evening, while deep in a nocturnal orgie, his secre- \ntary, E, Philhps, tired of waiting for him, sent a servant to \nreport the situation at two in the morning. \n\nPhilHjjs. What 's Mr. Kean doing now ? \n\nWaiter. Making a speech about Shakespeare. \n\nPhillips. He 's getting drunk, you had better order the carriage. \n\n(Half past two.) \n\nPhillips. What 's he at now 1 \n\nWaiter. He's talking Latin, sir. \n\nPhillips. Then he is drunk. I must get him away. \n\nMrs. Susanna Eowson, the gifted authoress of \" Charlotte \nTemple,\" appeared at the Federal Street Theatre in September, \n1796. In March of the year following her play of \" Americans \nin England \" was brought out at this house, and received with \ngreat favor. Mrs. Eowson soon sought a more congenial em- \nployment, opening in the early part of 1797 a school for young \nladies in Federal Street with a single pupil. Her facile pen \nwas equally ready in prose or verse, the latter covering a wide \nrange from deep pathos to stirring martial odes. \n\nMrs. Eowson's remarkable force of character enabled her to \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 259 \n\nrise superior to the deep-seated prejudice against novel-writers \nand actresses, — she was both, — and to command not only the \nrespect, but the patronage at last of many who would have \nlooked upon an association with her at one time as contaminating. \n\nMacready made his first appearance before a Boston audience \nat this theatre in the character of Virginius ; and Boston was \nalso his place of refuge after the lamentable Astor Place Eiot, \nin New York. John Howard Payne also acted here. About \n1833 the house was closed as a theatre, and leased to the \nsociety of Free Inquirers. In 1834 the \" Academy of Music,\" \nan institution for the culture of vocal and instrumental music, \nobtained possession. Mr. Lowell Mason conducted the Acad- \nemy, and the name of the theatre was now changed to the \n\" Odeon.\" Religious services were held on Sundays by Eev. \nWilliam M. Eogers's society until the building of their church \non Winter Street. The stage was again cleared for theatrical \nperformances in 1846-47, under a lease to Mr. 0. R Thorne. \nLafayette visited the Boston Theatre on the last evening of \nhis stay in 1824. An entire new front was erected on Federal \nStreet in 1826, and an elegant saloon added with many interior \nimprovements. About 1852 the theatre property was sold, and \nthe present business structure erected on its site at the north- \neast corner of Frankhn and Federal Streets. \n\nCharles Bulfinch was the architect of the Boston Theatre. \nIt was built of brick, Avas one hundred and forty feet long, \nsixty-one feet wide, and forty feet high. An arcade projected \nfrom the front, serving as a carriage entrance. The house had \nthe appearance of two stories ] both the upper and lower were \narched, with square windows, those of the second stage being \nthe most lofty. Corinthian pilasters and columns decorated \nfront and rear. Several independent outlets afforded ready \negress. The main entrance was in front, where, alighting under \ncover from their carriages, the company passed through an open \nsaloon to two staircases leading to corridors at the back of the \nboxes. The pit and gallery were entered from the sides. \n\nThe interior was circular in form, the ceiling being composed \nof elliptic arches resting on Corinthian columns. There were \n\n\n260 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ntwo rows of boxes, the second suspended \"by invisible means. \nThe stage was flanked by two coliimns, and across the opening \nwere tlirown a cornice and balustrade ; over tliis were painted \nthe arms of the United States and of Massachusetts, blended \n^vith histrionic emblems. From the arms depended the motto, \n'- All the World 's a Stage.\" The waUs were painted azure, and \nthe columns, front of the boxes, etc., straw and lilac color ; the \nbalustrades, moid dings, etc., were gilt, and the second tier of \nboxes were hung with crimson silk. There was also a beautiful \nand spacious ballroom at the east end, handsomely decorated, \nwith small retuing-rooms. A cuisine, well furnished, was be- \nneath. Such was the first play-house Boston ever had. \nCast on the opening night of the Boston 'J'heatre : — \n\nNEW THEATRE \n\nWill open on Monday next, February 3d, \n\nWith the truly Republican Tragedy, \n\nGUSTAVUS VASA, \n\nTHE DELIVERER OF HIS COUNTRY. \n\nAll the characters (being the first time they were ever performed by the present \ncompany) will be personated by Messrs. Baker, Jones, Collins, Nel- \nson, Bartlett, Powell, S. Powell, and Kenny ; Miss Harrison, \nMrs. Jones, Mrs. Baker, and the Child by Miss Cor- \nnelia Powell, being her first appearance on \nany Stage. To which will be added \nan Entertainment called \n\nMODERN ANTIQUES ; \nor, \n\nTHE MERET MOURNERS. \n\nMr. and Mrs. Cockletop by Mr. Jones and Miss Baker. The other characters \n\nby Messrs. S. Powell, Collins, Nelson, Baker, etc., Mrs. \n\nJones, Mrs. Baker, and Mrs. Collins. \n\nThe history of the Boston stage is instructive, as showing the \ngradual development of a change of feeling in regard to the \nestablisliment of theatres. The earliest attempt at such exhi- \nbitions was a performance at the British Coffee House of \nOtway's Orphan, in 1750, followed by a law forbidding them \nunder severe penalties. The British officers had their theatre, \nin 1775, in Faneuil Hall, where they produced the \"Blockade \nof Boston,\" by General Burgoyne, \" Zara,\" and other pieces. \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH EOUND FORT HILL. 261 \n\nIn 1792 a company of comedians from London, cWef among \nwhom was Charles Powell, fitted up a stable in Board Alley \n(Hawley Street) into a theatre. Governor Hancock was highly \nincensed at tliis infraction of the laws, and made it the subject \nof special comment in his message to the Legislature. The \nrepresentations were conducted under the name of \" Moral \nLectures,\" but were brought to a summary conclusion by the \nappearance of Sheriff AUen on the stage, who arrested one of \nthe performers as he stood in the guise of the Crooked Back \nTyrant. The audience sympathized with the actors, and amid \ngreat excitement, in wliich Hancock's portrait was torn from \nthe stage-box and trampled under foot, the play ingloriously \nended. The law, however, was repealed, before the year was \nout, mainly through the efforts of John Gardiner, while Samuel \nAdams and H. G. Otis opposed its abrogation. Mr. Otis, how- \never, defended the captured knight of the buskin, and procured \nhis discharge on technical grounds. \n\nBill at the opening in Board Alley : — \n\nNEW EXHIBITION ROOM. \nBoard Alley. \n\nFEATS OF ACTIVITY. \n\nThis Evening, the 10th of August, will be exhibited Dancing on the Tight \n\nRope by Monsieurs Placide and Martin. Mons. Placide ■will \n\ndance a Hornpipe on a Tight Rope, play the Violin \n\nin various attitudes, and jump over a \n\ncane backwards and forwards. \n\nINTRODUCTORY ADDRESS, \nBy Mr. Harper. \n\nSINGING, \n\nBy Mr. Wools. \n\nVarious feats of tumbling by Mons. Placide and Martin, who will ma]:> \n\nsomersetts backwards over a table, chair, &c. \n\nMons. Martin will exhibit several feats on the Slack Rope. \n\nIn the course of the Evening's Entertainments will be delivered \n\nTHE GALLERY OF PORTRAITS, \nor, \n\nTHE WORLD AS IT GOES, \n\nBy Mr. Harper. \n\nThe whole to conclude with a Dancing Ballet called The Bird Catcher, with tiie \nMinuert; de la Cour and the Gavot. \n\n\n262 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nJohn Howard Payne, whose memory is immortaHzed by \n\" Home, Sweet Home,\" lived in a Httle old wooden budding \nat the corner of Channing, formerly Berry and Sister Streets. \nHis father, at one time, kept a school in Ms dweUing, which he \nstyled the Berry Street Academy. Howard showed an early \ninclination for theatricals, and was the leader of an amateur \ncompany composed of his young companions. He was also \npossessed of a martial spirit, and organized a band of juvenile \nsoldiers of his own age, with whom he paraded the streets, \narmed with muskets borrowed of Wallach, the Essex Street \nJew. On one occasion, when drawn up on the Common, they \nwere invited into the line and passed in review by General \nEUiott. The company was called the Federal Band, and their \nuniform, blue and white, was copied from the Boston Light \nInfantry. Payne was sent to Union College, Schenectady, \nthrough the generosity of a noble-minded l^ew-Yorker. His \nfather's death occurring while he was at college, he resolved \nto try the stage, and made his first appearance at the Park \nTheatre in February, 1809, as Young N'orval. He astonished \neverybody, and went the round of American theatres with \ngreat success. He went to England in 1813, suffering a brief \nimprisonment at Liverpool as an American alien. After a time \nhe went to Paris, and devoted himself to adapting successful \nFrench plays for the London stage. He witnessed the return \nof Bonaparte from Elba, and the scenes of the \" Hundred \nDays.\" His future life was one of trial, vicissitude, and unre- \nquited effort. The plays of \"Therese,\" and \"Clari, the Maid \nof Milan,\" are from his pen. \" Home, Sweet Home,\" was first \nsung by Miss Tree, sister of Mrs. Charles Kean, and procured \nher a Avealthy husband, and filled the treasury of Covent Gar- \nden. Payne afterwards received an appointment from our gov- \nernment as consul at Tunis. He died in 1852. \"Who knows \nthat \" Sweet Home \" was not the plaint of his own heart, sigh- \ning for the scenes of his youth ? \n\n\" An exile from home, pleasure dazzles in vain, \nAh, give me my lowly thatched cottage again ; \nThe birds singing sweetly that came to my call, — \nGive me them, and that peace of mind dearer than all.\" \n\n\nFEOM THE OLD SOUTH EOUND FORT HILL. \n\n\n263 \n\n\nOLD FEDEKAI- STREET CHURCH. \n\n\nAnother abandoned church-site is near. The Old Preshyte- \nrian Meeting-house stood on the north corner of Federal and \nBerry Streets. The latter has changed its name to Channing, \nas it did its ancient orthography, \nBury into Berry. The founders \nof this church were Irish Pres- \nbyterians, and their first house \nof worship was a barn, which \nsufficed until they were able, in \n1744, to build a neat wooden \nedifice.\" Governor Hancock pre- \nsented the bell and vane which \nhad belonged to the Old Brattle \nStreet Meeting-house. The old \nhouse was a pattern of many that \nmay still be seen in our older \nNew England villages. \n\nAn amusing incident is related \nof the vane, — Hancock's gift. Colonel Erving, meeting Eev. \nJohn Moorhead, directed Ms attention to the fact that the \nvane did not move, but remained fixed in its position. \" Ay, \nI must see to it,\" said the honest parson, who ran immediately \nto the mechanic who placed the vane on the steeple. A fatiguing \nclimb to the top revealed that the fault was in the wind, which \nhad remained due east for a fortnight. \n\nMr. Moorhead, the first pastor, was ordained in Ireland, and \nwas installed in Boston in 1730, a hundred years after the set- \ntlement. This was also the church of Jeremy Belknap, and of \nDr. \"W. E. Channing, for whom the neighboring street is named. \n\nIt was to this church the Convention adjourned from the \nOld State House, when it met to consider the adoption of the \nFederal Constitution, January 9, 1788. \n\n\" The 'Vention did in Boston meet, \n\nBut State Hoiise could not hold 'em ; \nSo then they went to Federal Street, \nAnd there the truth was told 'em.\" \n\nJeremy Belknap was then pastor of the church. John Han- \n\n\n264 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\ncock was president of the Convention, and George E. Minot \nvice-president. To the efforts of Hancock is largely dvie the \nadoption of the instrument. The joy of the people at the rati- \nfication was unbounded, and a monster procession celebrated \nthe event, in which the mechanics of Boston, who had taken a \nlively interest in the jDroceedings, bore a prominent part. The \nnaval hero, John Foster Williams, then living in Leverett's \nLane (Congress Street), lent his aid after the following man- \nner : — \n\n\"John Foster Williams, iu a ship, \n\nJoined in the social band, sir ; \nAnd made the lasses dance and skip \n\nTo see him sail on land, sir ! \" \n\nIn 1809 the Federal Street society erected a new and elegant \nhouse, designed by Charles Bulfinch. It was, when built, the \nonly specimen of pure Saxon-Gothic architecture in Boston. \n\nIn 1834 a number of Polish refugees arrived in this country, \nafter the final dismemberment of their native land. One Sun- \nday Dr. Channing announced that a collection would be taken \nup for the benefit of these exiles. The call was nobly responded \nto ; among others, Henry Purkett, a member of the Tea Party, \nand one of the sterling patriots of Eevolutionary times, sent \nhis check couched in these words : — \n\n\"Pay to Count Pulaski, my commander at the battle. of Brandy- \nwine, his brethren, or bearer, one hundred dollars.\" \n\nAnciently Federal Street was known as Long Lane, but from \nthe adoption of the Federal Constitution was knoAvn by its \npresent name. What was true of the lower part of Franklin \nStreet is equally so of Federal. There was once a sufficient \ndepth of water near the meeting-house we have just described \nfor smelts to be taken. Shaw cites Dr. Channing as saying he \nhad taken these fish at the corner of Federal and Milk Streets, \nand another authority as having seen three feet of water in \nFederal Street. \n\nAt the upper end of Federal Street, next the corner of Mil- \nton Place, hved Madam Scott, the widow of Governor Han- \ncock. She married Captain James Scott in 1796. He had \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 265 \n\nbeen long employed by the governor as master of a London \npacket, and again, after the peace, sailed as master of the Nep- \ntune, the first ship of a regular line of London packets. \nMadam Scott outlived her husband many years, retaining her \nfaculties unimpaired until near the close of her life. She died \nin 1830, over eighty. She was the daughter of Judge Edmund \nQuincy, of Braintree, and long celebrated for her wit and \nbeauty. \n\nDorothy Quincy was at Lexington with her affianced husband \n(Hancock) when the battle of Lexington occurred, and looked \nout upon the fearful scenes of that morning. She knew Earl \nPercy well, and related that she had often heard him drilling \nhis troops of a morning on the Common. Lafayette was a \nfavorite with her, having been entertained by her in 1781. \n\"When the Marquis revisited Boston, in 1824, his first call was \nupon Madam Scott. They regarded each other intently for a \nfew moments without speaking, each contemplating the ravages \ntime and care had made in the features of the other. \n\nAs Lafayette rode into town, receiving the private and heart- \nfelt homage of every individual of the immense throng that \ngreeted him, he perceived his ancient hostess of more than forty \nyears before, seated at a balcony on Tremont Street. The \nGeneral directed his carriage to stop before the house, and, rising \nto his feet, with his hand upon his heart, made her a graceful \nsalutation, which was as heartily returned. This little episode \nwas loudly applauded by the spectators of the interesting \nmeeting. \n\nThe mansion of Eobert Treat Paine, the eminent lawyer, \njudge, and signer of our Magna Charta, was at the west corner \nof Milk and Federal Streets. The house, a brick one, fronted \non Milk Street, and appeared in its latter days guiltless of \npaint. It was a large, two-story, gambrel-roof structure, with \ngardens extending back some distance on Federal Street. In \nthe yard was a large jack with a turn-spit, according to the \nculinary fashion of those days. In this house Judge Paine \ndied May 11, 1814. A Bostonian by birth, pupil and usher \nof the Latin School, he was a delegate to the Provincial Con- \n12 \n\n\n266 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\ngress of 1774, at Philadelpliia, and member of the Continental \nCongress ; lie was the first attorney-general of Massachusetts, \nand member of the State Constitutional Convention ; and also \njudge of the Supreme Court of the State. Judge Paine con- \nducted the prosecution of Captain Preston. He was an able \nand witty writer ; as a man, beloved by his feUow-citizens who \nhonored him with so many high public trusts. He was enter- \ntaining in conversation, but subject in his later years to fits of \nabstraction from which he would rouse himself with a pleasant \nsmile and jest. \n\nThe younger Robert Treat Paine was one of those brilliant \ngeniuses which occasionally illuminate a community in which \nwit combined with sentiment commands a Mgh value. He had \na decided penchant for the theatre, and married an actress, — \nMiss Baker. He was first called Thomas, but, strongly dislik- \ning the appellation of the great infidel Thomas Paine, he ap- \npealed to the Legislature to give him a \" Christian \" name. \nHe had been a patron of the little theatre in Board Alley, \nand assisted with his pen at the uiauguration of the Boston \nTheatre. His father, as we know, lived hard by, and young \nThomas was scarcely of age when he wrote the successful com- \nposition. The greatest of his political lyrics, \" Adams and \nLiberty,\" was written at the request of the Massachusetts Char- \nitable Fire Society. As first composed, all mention of Wash- \nington was — inadvertently, no doubt — omitted. Major Ben \nEussell, in whose house Paine happened to be, interfered when \nthe poet was about to help himself from the sideboard, htimor- \nously insisting that he should not quench liis thirst until he \nhad in an additional stanza repaired the oversight. Paine \nthoughtfully paced the room a few moments, suddenly asked \nfor a pen, and wrote the gTand lines : — \n\n\" Should the tempest of war overshadow our land, \nIts bolts could ne'er rend Freedom's temple asunder ; \nFor immoved at its portal would Waslungton stand, \nAnd repulse with his breast the assaults of the thunder. \n\nHis sword from the sleep \n\nOf its scabbard would leap, \nAnd condiict with its point every flash to the deep ;, \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 267 \n\nFor ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, \n\nWliile the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves.\" \n\nThe younger Paine died in 1811, three years before his \nfather. Part of the garden lying on Federal Street became \nthe site of the Fourth Baptist Church. Church and dwelling \nlong ago joined the shadowy procession of vanished landmarks. \nFather and son Avere both buried from the family mansion. \n\nBefore the occupancy by Judge Paine, this house, it is said, \nhad been the abode of Colonel John Erving, Jr., a merchant of \nhigh standing, and colonel of the Boston Eegiment. His father, \nthe old Colonel John Erving, was an eminent merchant before \nhim, and lived in Tremont Eow. The younger Erving was son \nin-law of Governor Sliirley, and at his death the governor's \nfuneral took place from the house of his relative, Monday, \nApril 1, 1771. A long procession followed the remains to King's \nChapel, beneath which they were deposited. The Ancient and \nHonorable Artillery Company, commanded by Captain Heath ; * \nthe officers of the Boston Eegiment, in fuU regimentals with the \nusual mourning of black crape, attended. On the coffin were \nplaced the two swords of the deceased, crossed. The pall was \nsupported by Governor Hutchinson, Lieutenant-Governor Oliver, \ntwo judges of the Superior Court, and two of the Honorable \nCouncil. Dr. Caner preached the funeral sermon, after which \nthe body was interred, the military firing tliree volleys, and a \ndetachment of the Train of Artillery as many rounds as the \ndeceased had lived years, namely, sixty-five. The governor \nwill be remembered as a patron of King's Chapel, and it was \ndoubtless liis expressed wish to be buried there. \n\nIn that part of Congress Street lying north of Water Street \nwere the old Quaker Church and Burying Ground. The latter \nwas situated opposite Lindall Street, and was the fourth in the \ntown in antiquity, having been established in 1 709. The Friends \nbuilt a brick meeting-house on that part of their lot subsequently \noccupied by the Transcript, and later by J. E. FarweU & Co. \nThe house was nearly destroyed in the great fire of 1760, but \nwas repaired the same year. Though once numerous, only eleven \n\n* Afterwards Major-General Heath. \n\n\n268 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nof the sect remained in Boston in 1744 ; their worsliip in this \nhouse ceased about 1808, and in 1827 the property was sold. \nThe remains were exhumed by the Friends and taken to Lynn, \nwhere they again received burial. N'o interments were made \nin this cemetery later than about 1815. From time to time the \nrelics of the Quakers have been thrown to the surface by the \nexcavations on and near this site. At a later period the \nFriends erected a small stone house in Milton Place, Federal \nStreet, which is still existing; but in 1848 it was conjectured \nthere was not a single Quaker in Boston; in 1855 none were \nresident here, — the society, like the French Church, had be- \ncome extinct. The house in Milton Place was once protected \nby a fence, and shaded by handsome trees, — all gone, and on \nthe front a huge sign of \" \"Wool \" is erected. \n\nThe Quakers have the distinction of having built the first \nbrick meeting-house in Boston ; it was in Brattle Street, and \ndates back to 1692. This was disused in 1708, and the society \nremoved to Congress Street. The sect seems to have flourished \nunder persecution, dying out when it had ceased. The Quakers \nsuflTered every species of cruelty in establishing their faith in \nBoston. Scourging and imprisonment were the mild means of \nprevention first employed ; banishment and the loss of an ear \nwere subsequently decreed, — at least three persons lost tliis \nuseful member by the hands of the public executioner about \n1658. Even under this severity the Quakers continued to in- \ncrease and flourish. Selling them into slavery was tried and \nfailed, and the death penalty was applied as a last resort. Two \nof the persecuted sect were hanged, and but for the fear of in- \ntervention by the crown the Puritans would have cut them off \nroot and branch. This occurred in 1660, rather more than two \ncenturies ago. It must be remarked, however, that some of the \nobservances of the early Quakers would not be tolerated even \nnow. \n\nCongress Street has been mentioned as the headquarters of \nthe Anthology Club, the first purely literary society we have \nan account of since the old war. \n\nIn Revolutionary times clubs were quite numerous in Boston, \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 269 \n\nand formed the nuclei around wMch the patriots gathered. One \nof the earliest of these was the Whig Cluh, of which James Otis, \nDr. Church, Dr. Warren, Dr. Young, Eichard Derby of Salem, \nBenjamin Kent, IsTathaniel Barber, William Mackay, Colonel \nBigeloAV of Worcester, and a few others were members. They \ncorresponded with Wilkes, Colonel Barre, Saville, and other \nleaders of the opposition in Parliament. Civil Eights and the \nBritish Constitution were the standing subjects of discussion. \n\nIn 1777-78 there was another club, composed of young \nmen fresh from college, among whom were Eufus King, Chris- \ntopher Gore, William Eustis, Eoyal Tyler, Thomas Dawes, \nAaron Dexter, etc. They met in Colonel TrumbuU's rooms at \nthe corner of Court and Brattle Streets, and discussed politics, \nliterature, and war. \n\nThe building on the northeast corner of Water and Congress \nStreets was formerly called Merchants' Hall, and in it were \nkept the United States Post-Office, and Merchants' Exchange \nin 1829. The new edifice designed for the former will there- \nfore be the second location upon the same street. The Post- \nOffice occupied the lower floor. Aaron Hill was the post- \nmaster, with eight clerks, and one penny-postman. Topliff 's \nEeading Eoom shared the lower apartment with the Post-Office, \nand contained all mercantile intelligence useful to merchants \n\" where they most do congregate.\" \n\nUpon this same spot once stood an old gambrel-roofed house \nwith diamond-paned windows, a patriarch among its fellows. \nOn the front was a bull's head and horns, from which the house \nwas known as the Bull's Head. Over opposite was Horn Lane, \nsince Bath Street. This was the habitation of George Eobert \nTwelves Hewes, a member of the Tea Party. His father was \na glue-maker, soap-boiler, tanner, tallow-chandler, and perhaps \nfilled up his leisure with other employments. Young Hewes \nwas baptized at the Old South, and had a considerable share \nin the tumults worked up by the Boston mechanics. He Hved \nto be ninetyrcight years old, retaining a clear intellect until \nnear the end of his long life-journey. \n\nEobert Hewes's elder brother, Shubael Hewes, was Butcher- \n\n\n270 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nMaster-General in the town wliile Howe held possession, and at \none time during the siege six head of cattle was the entire stock \nin his hands for troops or inhabitants. His butcher-shop was \nat the south corner of Washington Street and Harvard Place, \nopposite the Old fSouth, in an old building with a projecting \nupper story. A slaughter-house was connected with the estab- \nlishment. People of wealth and position were glad to obtain \nthe rejected portions of the slaughtered animals during the \ninvestment of the town. \n\n\n'^^^^M^M^.^ \n\n\nJULIEN HOUSE. \n\n\nThe old Julien House must ever remain an object of interest \nto all gastronomers. It was called \" Julien's Eestorator,\" and \nwas the first establislmient noticed with this distinctive title ; \nall the rest were taverns or boarding-houses. M. Jean Baptiste \nJulien was the inventor of that agreeable potage which bears his \nname. He came to this country Avith the celebrated Dubuque, \nwho was a refugee from the French Eevolution. Dubuque \noccupied for a time the Sliirley mansion in Eoxbury. The old \nhouse with its gables, overhanging upper stories, and huge \n\n\nTKOM THE OLD SOUTH BOUND FORT HILL. 271 \n\ncliimney was taken down in 1824, and succeeded by Jiilien, \nafterwards Congress, HaU. Its site was once a tanyard. After \nM. Julien's death in 1805 his widow sneceeded him, keeping \nthe house for ten years. It is supposed to have been built \nabout 1760. \n\nThat part of Congress Street lying south of Milk was \nformerly Green Lane, and in 1732 was named Atkinson Street, \nfrom an old family whose lands it passed tlirough. The ancient \nproprietors of the soil, Avho gave their lands to make our high- \nways, did not stipulate that the original names shoidd remain \nunchanged, like the far-seeing Chief Justice SewaU. One in- \nstance is mentioned of an individual Avho had lived on eight \ndilferent streets within fifty years, but had never moved from \nhis original dwelling. Hence the maps of Boston at various \nperiods bear but little resemblance to each other ; and he who \nvisits only occasionally distant localities finds himself lost. \nThe happy expedient was hit upon of renewing some of the \nold names in the new part of the city, and we have IsTewbury \nand Marlborough, where they may well baffle some future in- \nquirer. In Green's Barracks in Atkinson Street were quartered \npart of the 14th Eoyal Regiment at the time of the Massacre. \n\nAs we are now in the route of the Tea Party, we will con- \ntinue with it through Pearl Street. Before taking leave of \nMilk Street, however, we must remark that it had some other \nresidents not unknown to fame. Below us is Oliver Street, \nnamed for that family. The quarters of General Howe were in \na house at the corner of Oliver and Milk Streets. To him, \nprobably, was confided the immediate charge of the troops and \nworks in and around Fort Hill. \n\nIn Milk Street was the residence of Thomas Plucker, Secre- \ntary of the Province under Hutchinson, Avhose name is seen \nappended to the official papers of that interesting period. \n\nFlucker's daughter, Lucy, married General Knox. We have \nseen her sharing the privations of camp life with her husband \nwherever his duty called him. She was a lovely and highly \naccomplished woman, contributing greatly to the little female \ncircle around the American headquarters. Through this mar- \n\n\n272 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nriage Knox became possessed of a large estate at Thomaston, \nMe., named for his father-in-law. \n\nAdmiral Graves, of the fleet, seems to have preferred snug \nquarters ashore to the cabin of the flagship, for he took up his \nresidence at the southeast corner of Pearl and High Streets, \nwhere he might have ready access to his shipping. The admi- \nral, it will be remembered, was exempted, with Gage, from \npardon by the Provincial Congress. \n\nThe great fire of March 20, 1760, which began at the Brazen \nHead, in Cornlaill, consumed every house on the north side of \nMilk Street, from Congress Street to the water, and on the \nopposite side it swept all before it — the dwelling of Secretary \nOliver and a few tenements excepted — to Port Hill. The \nBattery, or Sconce, took fire and blew iip, notwithstanding a \nlarge part of the powder was thrown into the harbor, Governor \nHutchinson personally assisting in this labor. All the region \nnow known as Liberty Square was burnt over, — shops, ware- \nhouses, and the shipyard that has been noted ; so that from \nDevonshire Street to the water's edge, from Milk Street to the \nnorth side of State Street, scarcely a house remained standing. \n\nOliver Street was very badly paved with cobble-stones some \ntime before the Revolution, as far as the Wendell and Ohver \nHouses, beyond which there was no pavement. High, and all \nthe neighboring Streets, were unpaved, as late as 1808. At \nthis time there was a brick sidewalk on the north side of Pearl \nStreet, but none on the other, and some gentlemen caused a \nplank -^i^alk to be laid from High Street up the hill to their \nresidences at the top. The old Revolutionary fort was levelled \nand converted into a mall since 1797, the ground lying around \nit remaining in possession of the town until after 1800. \n\nKilby Street, noticed at its outlet into State, was named for \nChristopher Kilby, an eminent Boston merchant, on account of \nhis liberality to the suiferers by the great fire of 1760, when \nthe street was newly laid out and widened. Mr. Charles W. \nTuttle says a descendant of Christopher Kilby married the \nseventh Duke of Argyle, grandfather of the Marquis of Lome, \nlately married to the Princess Louise of England. Kilby re- \nsided in Queen Street. \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 273 \n\nOn the map of 1722 no street is laid down where the present \nPearl Street is, but a number of ropewalks extend in its general \ndirection from Cow Lane (High Street) towards Milk. In 1732 \nthe alley along the ropewalks obtained the name of Hutchinson \nStreet, changed in 1800 to Pearl. In 1771 there was but a \nsingle house on the east side, — that of Charles Paxton, Esq., an \nelegant three-story brick, some little distance from Milk Street. \nPaxton was one of the revenue commissioners, and was not for- \ngotten by the mob which called at Secretary Oliver's. He had, \nhowever, made his escape with his valuables, and the owner of \nthe house saved his property by proposing to broach a barrel \nof punch at the tavern near by. The mob accepted the alter- \nnative. Paxton was also a mandamus councillor, and proscribed \nby the Provincial Congress, with Jonathan SewaU and Benja- \nmin Hallowell. \n\nThe west side of the street was occupied in its entire length, \nat the date mentioned, by seven ropewalks ; these were all burnt \nin 1794, and the street became dotted with the residences of \nthe wealthy and refined. \n\nThe first rope-maker in Boston was John Harrison, whose \n\" rope-field \" was on Purchase Street, at the foot of Summer ; \nthe former street now occupies the ground. From tliis circum- \nstance arises the name Purchase, part of the way having been \nthus secured. Harrison first exercised this calling here in 1642, \nand in 1663 appealed to the selectmen not to license a rival \nartisan in the town. Isaac P Davis, whose middle name is the \ncapital letter only, was the last rope-maker in Boston. \n\nThe Grays were the most celebrated rope-makers of Boston, \nEdward, the senior, first served an apprenticeship with Barton, \nat Barton's Point, now \"West Boston. In 1712 he began making \nropes on the Pearl Street tract, purchased of Theodore Atkin- \nson. He was the father of Harrison Gray, treasurer of the \nprovince, and of John, who succeeded to the ropewalks, seven \nhundred and forty-four feet long, warehouse, dwelHng, and out- \nhouses, — a snug patrimony. \n\n\" In that building long and low, \nWith its windows all a-row, \nLike the port-holes of a hulk, \n12* B \n\n\n274 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nHuman spiders spin and spin, \nBackward down their threads so thin, \nDropping each a hempen bulk.\" \n\nHarrison Gray, treasurer of the colony, and grandfather of \nHarrison Gray Otis, was proscribed, and had his estates confis- \ncated after liis flight from Boston. It is stated, in Sabine's \nLoyaHsts, that in August, 1775, inquiry was made in the \nHouse of Eepresentatives concerning the horse and chaise, \nformerly Harrison Gray's, which was used by the late Dr. \n(General) Warren, and came into the hands of the' committee \nof supplies after Dr. AVarren's death. The horse and chaise \nappears to have been traced to Dr. William Eustis, afterwards \ngovernor, as he was directed the next day to deliver it to the \ncommittee named. ]VIr. Gray went first to Halifax, thence to \nLondon, where his house was the resort of the Boston refugees. \nOf liim it was written : — \n\n\"What Puritan could ever pray \nIn godlier tones than Treasurer Gray ; \nOr at town-meetings, speechif jing. \nCould utter more melodious wliine, \nAnd shut his eyes and vent his moan, \nLike owl afflicted in the sun ! \" \n\nAt these ropewalks began the conflicts between the soldiers \nand rope-makers, wliich culminated in the 5th of March affair. \nAmong the soldiers were a good many mechanics, who were \noften employed as journeymen. One of these inquired of a \nnegro workman at Mr. Gray's if his master mshed to hire a \nman. The negro answered that '' his master wished to have \nhis vault emptied, and that was a proper work for a Lobster\" \nFor this insolent remark the soldier gave the negTO a severe \nbeating. Mr. Gray came up, parted them, and endeavored to \npersuade the soldier to retiu-n to Ms barracks, but the latter \ncursed him, and off'ered for sixpence to serve him as he had \ndone the negro. Mr. Gray took him at his word, and after a \nsound thrashing, the soldier rushed off to his barracks at \nWheelwright's, now Foster's Wharf, swearing vengeance. But, \nin the language of Pope, — \n\n\" What direful contests rise from trivial things ! \" \n\n\ntROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUNt) FORT HILL. 275 \n\nThe soldier returned in half an hour with nearly seventy of \nhis comrades of the 14th, armed with pipe-staves which they \nhad obtained at a cooper's shop. They made a furious attack \nupon the ropewalk men, who stood firm, and finally repidsed \ntheir assailants, pursuing them over the hill. The soldiers, rein- \nforced to the number of about three hundred, headed by their \nsergeant-major, returned with redoubled fury to the conflict, but \nthe rope-makers had been joined by the brawny ship^vrights, \nmast and block makers, from Hallowell's shipyard at the foot \nof Milk Street, armed with their beetles, wedges, and marlin- \nspikes. The soldiers pidled down the fence in High Street en- \nclosing the field, since Quincy Place, and the ropewalk men \nlevelled that on Pearl Street. A terrific melee ensued, but the \nathletic mechanics of Port Hill were too much for the soldiery, \nwho were again worsted. This occurred on the 3d of March, \n1770 ; the massacre in King Street took place on the 5th. \n\nThe northwest corner of Pearl Street is the site of the Pearl \nStreet House, opened in 1836 by Colonel Shepard, formerly of \nthe Indian Queen in Bromfield Street. The house is now \nstanding, devoted to business. It was the first erected on the \nsouth side of the street, after the ropewalks, and was built by \nMr. Gorham for a residence. \n\nOn the opposite corner resided Mr. John Prince, a gentleman \nof tory proclivities, who, however, did not join the royalist \nhegira of 1776. His estate, wliich had a court-yard and gar- \ndens, was altered by him in about 1812, when he built a block \nol five buildings, the centre house twice as large as the others, \nfor his own residence. It had a roof with a pediment raised \nabove the others, gi'V'ing the whole block somewhat the appear- \nance of a public edifice. After residing there for a few years, \nhe removed to a beautiful residence at Jamaica Plain, and this \nPearl Street mansion became the boarding-house of Mrs. Le \nKain. \n\nIn this house John Gaspard Spurzheim, the gifted Prussian \nphrenologist, resided during his visit to Boston, and here, also, \nhe died, in the same year of his arrival in this country. He \nlies buried at Mount Auburn, his tomb being a conspicuous \nobject in that famed cemetery. \n\n\n276 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nAttached to the estate of Mr. Prince was a large barn. This \nwas Washington Allston's studio after his return to Boston, and \nuntil his removal to Cambridgeport, in consequence of the con- \nversion of the barn into a livery-stable. Here his large picture \nof Belshazzar's Feast, now in the Athenaeum Gallery, was rolled \nup and laid aside, although he worked at it a little at this time. \n\nAllston was the antipodes of Stuart. He was refined, gentle, \nand unassuming ; a charming companion, and a great favorite \nin society. Besides being a painter, he wrote verses, and a vol- \nume of his poems is in existence. Coleridge said he was un- \nsurpassed by any man of his age in poetical and artistic genius. \nFor many years after Allston left Eome every American was \nquestioned by the native artists for news of the American \nTitian ; it was generally conceded that for two hundred years \nno artist's coloring had so closely resembled that of the great \nmaster. \n\nHis Dead Man won the first prize of two hundred guineas \nfrom the British Institution, and the artist could have disposed \nof it for a large sum on the spot, but he preferred to sell it for \nless than its value to the Pennsylvania Academy, through \nMessrs. McMurtie and Sully. Allston employed his leisure \nhours at Harvard in drawing figures and landscapes. The pic- \ntures of Pine, in the Columbian Museum, Boston, were his first \nmasters in coloring ; but, most of all, he admired a head of \nCardinal Bentivoglio, by Smibert, in the College library, while \na student. This was a copy from Yandyke, and seemed perfec- \ntion to the young artist until he saw works of greater merit. \n\nFor some time Allston ceased to paint, but resumed shortly \nbefore his death, which occurred at Cambridge, July 9, 1843. \nHe had painted all day, and during the evening conversed with \nunusual cheerfulness. His wife left the room for a few moments, \nand when she returned he was dying. There is httle question \nthat his last days were imbittered by neglect and the want \nof money. Labouchiere took pains to hunt up Allston's hum- \nble abode, and became the purchaser of his Elijah in the Wil- \nderness. De TocqueviUe went to Cambridgeport on purpose to \nsee the artist ; and the first inquiry of Lord Morpeth, when he \n\n\nt'ROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 277 \n\nlanded in Boston, was, \" \"Where does Allston live 1 \" A num- \nber of his pictures are preserved in the Athenaeum Gallery, \nincluding several unfinished works. The late S. F. B. Morse \nwas a pupil of Allston. \n\nThe house next beyond that of Mr. Prince was that in which \nTheophilus Parsons, LL. D., hved after his removal to Boston \nin 1800, and in which he died. Judge Parsons, as chief of the \nMassachusetts Bench, as one of the framers of the State Consti- \ntution, or as a zealous advocate for the adoption of the Federal \nConstitution, ranks high in the estimation of his countrymen. \n\nAn instance of Judge Parsons's address is given in connection \nwith the convention in Federal Street. One of the delegates, \nEev. Mr. Perley, of Maine, refused to vote for an instrimient \nwhich did not acknowledge the Supreme Being. The lawyer \nundertook to argue him out of his position. \" I suppose,\" said \nMr. Parsons, \" that in the course of your ministerial labors you \nhave preached from texts in every book of the Old Testament.\" \n\"Yes,\" said Mr. Perley, \"I probably have.\" \"You have \npreached from texts in the Book of Esther 1 \" \" Doubtless I \nhave,\" said Mr. Perley. \" Do you know that in the Book of \nEsther,\" said Mr. Parsons, \" there is not a single allusion to the \nSupreme Being 1 \" \" It is not possible,\" said Mr. Perley. \n\" Look ! \" said Mr. Parsons. The search was made. \" You \nare right,\" said Mr. Perley, and the clergyman confessed his \nscruples removed. \n\nTheophilus Parsons, the younger, is best known by excellent \nworks on commercial law, and for other labors in the literary \nfield. He studied law with Judge Prescott, father of the his- \ntorian, and son of the commander at Bunker Hill. \n\nISText the house of Judge Parsons was that of Paxton, or \nPalmer. This house was divided, and became the residence of \nJames Lovell, the naval officer, and of Thomas Handasyd Per- \nkins, so well remembered for his munificent contribution in aid \nof a bhnd asylum. Between this mansion and the Quincy \nestate a field intervened. \n\nColonel Perkins was one of the most eminent of Boston \nmerchants, and, with his brother James, engaged largely in the \n\n\n278 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nChina and Java trade. Amassing great wealth, both brothers \ncontributed freely to benevolent or literary objects. The atten- \ntion of Colonel T. H. Perkins was probably first drawn to the \nblind by the partial loss of his own sight. The Quincy Eail- \nway, and the Washington and Bunker Hill Monuments were \neach objects of his interest and efforts. He laid the corner-stone \nof the Merchants' Exchange in State Street, and Hberally aided \nthe Mercantile Library. He was, in common with some of his \nneighbors, an ardent opponent of the war policy of Mr. Madison. \n\nWhen Colonel Perkins was in Paris, during a period of ap- \nprehended revolution, Lafayette confided his son, George Wash- \nington, to his care, and the latter lived for some time in his \nfamily in Boston. \n\nImmediately beliind the mansion of Mr. Perkins was the \nresidence of Andrew Oliver, lieutenant-governor under Hutch- \ninson's regime, distributor of stamps, etc. The house stood \nnear Oliver Street, though it did not appear to have fronted \nupon it. Its condition was so dilapidated in 1808 as to afford \nlittle idea of its former appearance. It was in good repair after \nthe Eevolution, and occupied by families of respectabihty. \n\nMr. Oliver was visited by the mob who overtlirew the stamp- \noffice at the dock, not far distant. Governor Bernard recites in \nhis proclamation that the secretary's house was entered with \nforce and violence, his furniture damaged, windows broken, and \nfences puUed down, to the great terror of his Majesty's hege \nsubjects. The secretary, apprehensive of a second visit from \nhis fellow-citizens, thought it prudent to resign his office forth- \nwith. Mr. Hutchinson was present at Oliver's house when the \nmob attacked it ; he used his endeavors to suppress the riot \nwith force, but neither the sheriff\" nor the colonel of the Boston \nEegiment thought proper to interfere. Peter Ohver, brother of \nAndrew, was chief justice in 1771, adhered to the royal cause, \nand left Boston with the king's troops. \n\nSecretary Oliver died in Boston in 1774. He was one of the \nmost affluent of the Old Bostonians, and had a private estab- \nlishment rivalling that of any in the province. Coaches, chariot, \nnegro slaves, and good sterling plate in abundance attested his \n\n\nFEOM THE OLD SOUTH BOUND FORT HILL. 279 \n\n\"wealth. He was a generous patron of Smibert, who painted \nall the family portraits, including one in which the secretary \nand liis two brothers were represented. Andrew Oliver wished \nto stand well with liis countrymen, and at the same time enjoy \nthe emoluments of an ofl&cer of the crown. He soon found the \ntwo were incompatible, and passed from the stage soon after \nthe events occurred that have given notoriety to his name. On \nthe opposite side of Ohver Street was the residence of Judge \nOliver Wendell. It fronted towards the east, with grounds \nadjoining. \n\nQuincy Block marks the site of the Quincy estate, which \nextended to High Street. Here Mr. Quincy passed the earlier \nyears of his married life, until elected to Congress in 1805, \nwhen the mansion was occupied by Christopher Gore. It is \ndescribed by Miss Quincy as \n\n\" A handsome edifice of three stories, the front ornamented with \nCorinthian pilasters ; and piUars of the same order supported a \nporch, from which three flights of red sandstone steps, and a broad \nwalk of the same material, descended to Pearl Street. Honeysuckles \nwere twuied around the porch, and high damask rose-bushes grew \nbeneath the windows ; at the comer of Pearl and High Streets stood \nthe stable and coach-house. The groimds ascending towards Oliver \nStreet were formed into a glacis, and were adorned with foiu' Enghsh \nelms of full size and beauty, the resort of numerous birds, especially \nof the oriole, or golden robin.\" \n\nChristopher Gore was a Bostonian by birth, and an eminent \nlawyer. It was in his office that Daniel Webster read law, and \nby his advice that the latter continued steadfast in the profes- \nsion when beguiled by some offer of place which might have \nterminated his great career. Mr. Gore was the first district \nattorney appointed by Washington over the Massachusetts dis- \ntrict ; he was also a commissioner under Jay's treaty, and a \nUnited States senator. In 1809 he was elected governor of \nMassachusetts. Tins was the period of the embargo of Mr. \nJefferson, and of the stirring scenes preceding the war of 1812. \nThe temper of the Bostonians was decidedly adverse to the \nmeasure ; the mercantile class, whose interests were most nearly \n\n\nL \n\n\n280 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\naffected, were bitter in their comments upon the administration. \nColonel Boyd, commanding at Fort Independence, received \norders to fire upon any vessel attempting to violate the embargo, \nupon which the colors on the shijDping were placed at half-mast. \nThe \"Wasp, afterwards conqueror of the Frolic, lay in the stream \nwatcliing the idle vessels, and threats were freely made to burn \nher. \n\nWilliam Sidlivan says. Governor Gore was tall, a little in- \nclined to corpulency in middle age, and erect, but began to \nbend at an earlier age than common. He became bald at an \nunusually early period. His hau' was tied behind and dressed \nwith powder. His face was round and florid, his eyes black ; \nhis manners courteous and amiable. Gore Hall, at Harvard, com- \nmemorates a magnificent bequest to the University in his will. \n\nOn the site of the Athenteum one sees the block of that \nname ; we wish the custom prevailed more generally of thus \ndistiuguisliing localities. In the hall of the Athenaeum the \ndisciples of Baron Swedenborg held their worship ; the society \nhas existed in Boston since 1818, receiving legislative sanction \nin 1823. It has been mentioned that the Athenseum owed \ntheir building to the munificence of James Perkins. Quincy \nPlace and Perkins Street are visible memorials of two distin- \nguished families. \n\nHigh Street has ceased to be high, and, to keep pace with \nthe custom of the times, shoidd receive a more a23proj)riate \ntitle. Of yore it mounted the height to the esplanade of Fort \nHiU ; now it has sunk to a monotonous level. Sister Street \nrejoices in the name as well as the smell of Leather, while Wil- \nliams Street, named for John Foster Williams, is metamorphosed \ninto Matthews. Pearl Street is the acknowledged shoe and \nleather mart of the country, and has furnished the State with \nat least one chief magistrate. The Hutcliinsons, Atkinsons, \nGrays, Perkinses, Quincys, Parsonses, Gridleys, and the rest, \nhave shed a lustre round the ancient hillside, though granite \nnow usurps the terraced gardens, and drays instead of chariots \nstand at the doors. \n\nFort Hill Block, on the corner of High and Pearl Streets, \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 281 \n\nmarks the site of a mammoth structure erected for a private \nresidence, and known as Harris's Folly. Extensive gardens \nreached up the hill, quite to the enclosure at the top. In 1809 \nall the land was open to the mail on the summit of the hiU. \nThe northwest corner of Pearl and High was for a time the \nlocation of the Congress House, altered from a private residence \ninto\" a hotel. \n\nProceed we onward to Purchase Street, anciently Belcher's \nLane, the birthplace of Thomas Dawes, afterwards a judge of \nthe Supreme Court of the State, and of the Municipal Court \nof Boston ; and of Samuel Adams, the great central figure of \nthe patriot junta. The elder Thomas Dawes was the architect \nof Brattle Street Church. He was a high patriot, and the \ncaucuses were sometimes held in his garret, where they smoked \ntobacco, drank flip, and discussed the state of the country. \nDawes was also adjutant of the Boston Eegiment. The tories \ngave him the nickname of \" Jonathan Smoothing-plane.\" \n\nA short descent brings us to Liverpool Wharf. Where now \nBroad Street winds around the margin of the water, the old \nfootpath under the hill was known as Flounder Lane ; Sea \nStreet was its continuation to Windmill Point. Beyond this \npoint the Sea Street of later times was built straight into the \nharbor, enclosing the South Cove ; it is now known as Broad \nStreet in its entire length, from State Street to the South \nBoston Bridge. \n\nLiverpool Wharf, then Griffin's, was the destination of the \nTea Party of December 16, 1773. It was a cold wintry after- \nnoon, when \n\n\" Just as glorious Sol was setting, \nOn the wharf a numerous crew, \nSons of freedom, fear forgetting, \nSuddenly appeared in view.\" \n\nThe three Indiamen, with their high poops and ornamented \nsterns, were lying quietly moored at the wharf. They had \nbeen for some time under guard of a committee of twenty-five \nfrom the grenadier company of the Boston Eegiment, of which \nHenry Knox was one. The hatches were closed, and this vigi- \nlance committee took care no attempt was made to land the \n\n\n282 LANDMARKS OF BQSTON. \n\ncargo. The names of the three ships were the Dartmouth, \nCaptain James Hall, The Eleanor, Ca^^tain James Bruce, and \nbrig Beaver, Captain Hezekiah Coffin. \n\nThe number of persons disguised as Indians was not more \n\niiifiiiBiiT than seventeen, but the accessions from the \n\n^0SmHf^^^\\\\ ^^^ South, and of apprentice lads and idlers, \n\nJyj^dV tfew^ swelled the number to more than a hundred ; \n\njJSBP'v'V^ V ''\"^^ as many as sixty went on board the ships. \n\n^^^^^^^^'•^ Each ship had a detachment allotted to it \n\n^^^^^^^^^ under a recognized leader ; Lendall Pitts \n\n^sJ-L—^^fe::.- ^^g^g Qj^g q£ these chiefs. Everything was \n\norderly, systematic, and doubtless previously concerted. The \n\nleaders demanded of those in charge of the ships the keys to \n\nthe hatches, candles, and matches, which were produced. The \n\nDartmouth was first visited and relieved of her cargo of one \n\nhundred and fourteen chests. As the chests were passed on \n\ndeck, they were smashed, and nervous arms plunged them into \n\nthe dock. The contents of three himdred and forty-two chests \n\nmingled with the waters of the bay, and the work was done. \n\nIt was low tide when the ships were boarded, and the ap- \nprentice boys, who formed the larger number of those engaged \nin the affair, jumped upon the flats, and assisted in breaking \nup and trampling into the mud such of the chests as had \nescaped the hatchets of those on board the vessels. The tide \nbeginning to flow, the whole mass was soon adrift. \n\nWe give the names of the actors in this conversion of Bos- \nton harbor into a teapot, as far as known : Dr. Thomas Young, \nPaul Eevere, Thomas Melvill, Henry Purkett, Captain Henry \nPrentiss, Samuel Gore, George E. T. Hewes, Joseph Shed, \nJohn Crane, Josiah Wheeler, Thomas Urann, Adam Colson, \nThomas Chase, S. Cooledge, Joseph Payson, James Brewer, \nThomas Bolter, Edward Proctor, Samuel Sloper, Thomas Ger- \nrish, Nathaniel Green, Edward C. How, Ebenezer Stevens, \nNicholas Campbell, John Eussell, Thomas Porter, William \nHurdley, Benjamin Eice, Nathaniel Frothingham, Moses Grant, \nPeter Slater, James Starr, Abraham Tower, Isaac Simpson, \nJoseph Eayres, Joseph Lee, William Molineux, John Spiu-r, \n\n\nFKOM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 283 \n\nThomas Moore, S. Howard, Matthew Loring, Thomas Spear, \nDaniel Ingollsou, Jonathan Hunnewell, John Hooten, Eichard \nHunnewell, Wilham Pierce, William Eussell, T. Gammell, Mr. \nMcintosh, Mr. Wyeth, Edward Dolbier, Mr. Martin, Samuel \nPeck, LendaU Pitts, Samuel Sprague, Benjamin Clarke, John \nPrince, Eichard Hunnewell, Jr., Da\\dd Kinnison, John Tru- \nman, Henry Bass.* \n\nThere are authorities who give Dr. Warren as a member of \nthe Mohawk Band; there is little doubt that the enterprise \nAvell suited his ardent and adventurous disposition. Many in- \ncidents are related of this event. It is said that on their re- \nturn from the wharf, the band passed a house where Admiral \nMontagTie of the fleet happened to be, and that he raised the \nwindow and cried out, \" WeU, boys, you 've had a fine pleasant \nevening for your Indian caper, have n't you 1 But mind you \nhave got to pay the fiddler yet ! \" \" 0, never mind ! \" shouted \nPitts, the leader ; \" never mind, Squire ! just come out here, \nif you please, and we '11 settle the bill in two minutes.\" The \npopulace raised a shout, the fifer struck up a lively air, and the \nadmiral shut the window in a hurry. A powerful fleet lay in \nthe roads ; the troops were at the Castle, yet not a move was \nmade to arrest the work of destruction. \n\nThomas MelvUl, in after times a distinguished citizen of \nBoston, was of the party. On his return home his wife col- \nlected a httle of the tea from his shoes, which was put into a \nbottle with a memorandum Avritten on parchment, and kept as \na precious relic in the family. Many came to see the famous \nherb, until at last it was found necessary to seal it, to preserve \nit from vandal hands. This bottle of tea is now in possession \nof Lemuel Shaw of this city, son of the late Judge Shaw. \n\nJohn Crane, another of the party, while busily employed in \nthe hold of one of the ships, was knocked down by a chest of \ntea, falling from the deck upon him. He was taken up for \ndead, and concealed in a neighboring carpenter's shop under a \npile of shavings. After the party had finished they returned, \nand found Crane living. \n\n* Some of these names are from Lossing's rield-Book. \n\n\n284 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nSeveral persons wlio were detected in the act of secreting \nthe fragrant plant were roughly handled. \n\n\" One Captam O'Connor,\" says Hewes, \" whom I well knew, came \non board for this purpose, and when he supposed he was not noticed, \nfilled his pockets, and also the lining of his coat. But I had de- \ntected him, and gave iiiformation to the captain of what he was \ndoing. We were ordered to take him mto custody, and just as he \nwas stepping from the vessel, I seized hun by the skirt of his coat, \nand in attempting to pull him back, I tore it off ; but sprmging for- \nward by a I'apid effort, he made his escape. He had, however, to rim \nthe gantlet of the crowd upon the wharf ; each one as he passed giv- \ning him a kick or a stroke. The next day we nailed the skirt of his \ncoat, which I had pulled off, to the whipping-post in Charlesto^vn, \nthe place of his residence, with a label upon it.\" \n\nGriffin's Wharf, as well as Wheelwright's, had a number of \nlarge warehouses, in which had been quartered the detachment \nof the 59th, and the train of artillery which landed in Octo- \nber, 1768. A fire caught in one of the stores used as a labor- \natory in March, 1760, and an explosion occurred, injuring sev- \neral men and terrifying the neighborhood. \n\nEowe's Wharf coincides with the old Southern Battery or \nSconce, an outwork of Fort Hill, and terminus in this direction \nof the famous Barricade. As early as 1632 a fort was begun \non the eminence then called Corn Hill, but soon changed to the \nFort-field, and finally to Fort Hill. The Bostonians were aided \nby their brethren from Charlestown, Roxbury, and Dorchester ; \ntwo years after, it was declared in a state of defence. \n\nThe Sconce was probably not built until some time after the \nmain work, perhaps at the time of the Dutch war. It was con- \nstructed of whole timber, with earth and stone between, and \nwas considered very strong. In time of peace it was in charge \nof a gunner only, but had its company assigned to it in case of \ndanger. In 1705 it was commanded by Captain Timothy \nClark, who was ordered to furnish an account of the ordnance, \nammunition, etc., \" meete to bee offered hys Grace the Duke \nof Marlborough Great Master of her Majestye's Ordnance.\" \nIn 1743 the battery mounted thirty-five guns ; at this time no \nwork appears on the summit of the hill. In 1774 Jeremiah \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH EOUND FOET HILL. 285 \n\nGreen was captain with the rank of major. The British con- \ntinued to hold it with a garrison, and had a laboratory there. \nColonel Pomeroy's regiment, the 64th, occupied the liiU in \nNovember, 1768 ; the Welsh Fusileers, who had won a splendid \nname for valor at Minden, were posted there in 1774, and in \n1775 the works contained four hundred men. After the evacu- \nation the works were found greatly damaged, but were occu- \npied and strengthened by the Americans. Du Portail, chief \nengineer of the American army, came to Boston in October, \n1778, to make a survey of the works, when this with others \nwas strengthened and put in the best posture of defence. Sub- \nsequently, in 1779, when \"Washington was fortifying the passes \nof the Hudson on a great scale, the heavy guns were removed \nfrom aU the works here and sent forward to the army against \nwhich Clinton was then advancing. \n\nThe battery and fort acquire a celebrity as the theatre of \nthe seizure and deposition of Governor Andros. Early in 1689 \nthe news of the landing of the Prince of Orange at Torbay \nreached Boston, and threw the town into a ferment. The gov- \nernor, Eandolph, and some others sought the security of the \nfort ; the drums beat to arms, and the inhabitants ran from all \nquarters to the ToAvn House, where they joined their respective \ncompanies. The captain of a frigate which lay before the town \nwas seized on shore, and held as a hostage. Approaching the \nhill by the rear, the train-bands divided, a part going around by \nthe water to the battery. A few soldiers in tins work retreated \nup the hill to the main body, and the townsmen turned the \nguns upon them. Andros cursed and fumed, but was forced to \nyield himself a prisoner, with his companions. Some were \nimprisoned in the old jail ; his Excellency was placed under \nguard at Mr. Usher's house. The frigate still showed fight, and \nlay with her ports triced up, and her men at quarters ; but \nafter the people had got possession of all the fortifications and \npointed the guns at her, the captain was compelled to send \ndown his topmasts, unbend his sails, and send them ashore. The \nkeys of the Castle were next extorted from Andros, and the \nbloodless revolution was ended- It is said Sir Edmund was \n\n\n286 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nhanclcuifed as he was conducted from the fort ; we may well \nbelieve he was not allowed to pass through the ranks of the \ntownsmen without some reminders of liis fallen state. \n\nProbably Old Boston never knew a day of greater rejoicing \nthan that which brought the news of Burgoyne's surrender. \nThe rumor of the falling back of the American army to Still- \nwater had been received with deep forebodings for the future, \nspeedily dissipated by the glad tidings of the greatest victory \nof the war. A thundering salute was fired from Fort Hill and \nDorchester Xeck. Hope animated every heart anew, and joy \nAvas \"Visible in every countenance. \n\nFrom the Sconce, the lane leading up the hill to the fort was \nnamed Sconce Lane, since Hamilton Street, and the walk along \nthe beach the Batterymarch. \n\nA specimen of the small arms in use at the time of the set- \ntlement is in the Historical Society's possession. The guns \nwere without locks, match or fuse being used at the rate of \ntwo fathoms for every pound of powder and twenty bullets ; \npikes were still in use for foot-soldiers. \n\n\" Where are those old and feudal clans. \nTheir pikes and bills and partisans ; \nTheir hauberks, jerkins, buifs ? \nA battle was a battle then, \nA breathing piece of work ; but men \nFight now with powder puffs.\" \n\nThe building lately occupied by a Glass Company at the \ncorner of Hamilton Street was the residence of Benjamin Hal- \nlowell, grandfather of the admiral. It became afterwards a \nnoted inn, kno^vn as the \" Sun,\" and kept by Goodrich in \n1822. \n\nThis old Sun Tavern, now while we write nearly demolished, \nis the third or fourth of that name in Boston. One of the \nsame name was in Dock Square in 1724, kept by Samuel \nMears ; another was in Cornhill in 1755, kept by Captain \nJames Day : we may suppose the conjunction of names did \nnot escape the wits of the day. The sign of the Sun in Bat- \nterymarch Street has been compared in shape to a gravestone, \nwith its circidar top. There the likeness ended ; for underneath \nthe rays of a gilded sun was the legend, — \n\n\nFROM THE OLD SOUTH ROUND FORT HILL. 287 \n\n\" The best Ale and Porter \nUnder the Sun.\" \n\nBy a curious transition tlie sign was afterwards erected in \nMoon Street, wliere it became the proper symbol of Mrs. Milk, \nwhose mixtures were perhaps not as mild as the name indicated. \nFew of her customers escaped a coxip de soleil ; her neighbors \nwere Waters, Beer, and Legg. Sun Court, near by, reflected \nthe name of the greater luminary. \n\nAt the east corner of Milk Street and Liberty Square was \nthe Commercial Coffee House, built on the site of Hallowell's \nshipyard. It was kept by William Meriam from 1817 until \nabout 1830, and was a house of considerable resort for ship- \nmasters. In 1838 Jolm Low was landlord, and later Colonel \nWhitney. Its place is now occupied by Thorndike's granite \nbuilding. Here was in 1798 the principal shipyard in the \ntown, from Avhich was launched the ship Genet fully rigged, \nand named in honor of the then French minister to this \ncountry. \n\nSiste Viator. We were about to invite the reader to ascend \nFort Hill. The waters of the harbor have swallowed the emi- \nnence, and it is as completely obliterated as if an earthquake \nhad engulfed it. The base indeed is left, but it requires a \nstrong imagination to picture an elevation eighty feet above us, \nbearing on its top the elegant mansions of a past generation, \nwith the tops of noble elms waving in the cool sea-breezes. \nYet this was the peculiar spot to which residents were invited \nfifty years ago, with the assurance that the green park on its top \nwould afford a perpetual place of recreation. \n\nThe streets which struggled up the sides of the hill were once \npeopled mth a higlily respectable class, but Broad Street and \nthe outlying works were soon carried by Irish, and the citadel \nwas yielded to them. From the hill radiated the wharves, like \nthe fingers of the hand ; the eastern slope was peopled by ship \nartisans and mechanics pertaining to that craft. The summit \nof the bill was levelled so as to form a plateau, in the centre \nof which was the grass-plat encircled mth an iron fence and \nstudded with trees. On the south side was built the Boylston \n\n\n288 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nSchool and gun-house of the Washington Artillery ; the space \nenclosed by the buildings on the other sides was called \"Wash- \nington Place. The school received its name in honor of Thomas \nand Ward Nicholas Boylston, liberal benefactors of Boston and \nthe neighboring University. A windmill was erected on the \nhill in the year 1701. ■ \n\nThe Washington Artillery Company, on one of its annual \nvisits to East Boston for target-practice, gave a sample of their \ngunnery by knocking over a cow with a twelve-pounder shot. \nThe owner received the price demanded for the slaughtered \nanimal. The company, with a keen eye to business, had the \ncow dressed and sold at a considerable advance on the price \npaid the owner. \n\nThe land from the hiU-top no doubt furnished the material \nfor filling up the docks east of Kilby and Batterymarch Streets. \nThe old fort had disappeared long before the Revolution, and it \nwas not untn then that the hill was again fortified. In 1869 \nthe levelling of the hill was ordered, and fully completed within \nthree years. A dreary waste of gravel flanked by bare founda- \ntion walls, a stump here and there of the once noble ehns, are \naU that is left of Fort Hill. Sic transit. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COxMMON. 289 \n\n\nCHAPTEE X. \n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. \n\nLong Acre. — Tremont House. — Mr. Clay. — President Jackson. — Charles \nDickens. — Little House-lot. — Tremont Tlieatre. — The Cadets. — Adino \nPaddock. — Paddock's Mall. — Granary Burying-Ground. — Tlie Granary. \nAlmshouse. — Workhouse. — Bridewell. — Park Street Church. — Man- \nufactory House. — Linen-Spinning Introduced. — Elisha Brown. — Massa- \nchusetts Bank. — Incident of the Lexington Expedition. — The Common. \n— Its Origin. — The Great Mall. — Fences. — Winter Street. — Governor \nBernard. — John McLean. — Samuel Adams. — St. Paul's. — Masonic Tem- \nple. _ Margaret Fuller. — Washington Gardens. — The Haymarket. — \nWest Street. — The Gim-House. — Colonnade Row. — Massachusetts Med- \nical College. — Haymarket Theatre. — Boylston Street. — John Quincy \nAdams. — - General Moreau. — Charles Francis Adams. \n\nUPON the pavement of Tremont Street once more, we renew \nour wanderings in the vicinity of the Old Granary Bury- \ning-Ground. Common Street was the first distinctive appella- \ntion received by that part of Tremont from School Street to \nBoylston, or, to copy the language of the record, \" from Melyne's \ncorner, near Colonel ToAvnsend's, passing through the Common, \nalong by Mr. Sheef's into Prog Lane.\" It did not become \nTremont Street until 1829. The name of Long Acre was given \nto that part of the street between School and Winter by Adino \nPaddock, of whom something anon. He came from that part \nof London in Avhich the great plague originated, and which was \nnoted for its mughouses. In London Long Acre is the scene \nof Matt Prior's amours, when, after an evening with Swift, \nOxford, Bolingbroke, and Pope, he would go and smoke a pipe \nand drink a bottle of beer with a common soldier. This name \nof Paddock's was generally accepted, though we do not learn \nthat it ever had any official sanction. \n\nThe Tremont House, though not an old landmark, is a prom- \ninent one. The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of July, 1828, \nand it was opened to the public October 16, 1829. Isaiah \n13 8 \n\n\n290 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nEogers was the architect. It was thought to be, and was at \nthis time, a model of hixury and elegance. It has seen some \nnotable guests. Henry Clay, or, more famiharly, Harry of the \n\"West, tarried here. So did his antagonist, then President, \nJackson, on Ms visit to Boston in June, 1833. These two men \ngave rise to two party watchwords which have been perpetuated \nin a singular manner. Two rival political bands of Iventuckians \nwent to settle on the banks of the Missouri. One party came \nfrom the Blue-Grass region, and were Clay men. The other \nwas from the Big Sandy, and were Jackson men. The battle- \ncry of the parties was, \" Clay and Liberty,\" \" Jackson and \nIndependence.\" Each little band of settlers named their vil- \nlages for their war-cry, and eventually the counties for their \npohtical chiefs. So they now remam. \n\nBrave Hull came also to see the docking of his old ship, the \nConstitation. Charles Dickens, on his first visit to America, \ncame to the Tremont House. It took him eighteen days to \ncome over in the Britannia. It is said the first person he asked \nfor on his arrival was Bryant ; but, as the steamer reached her \ndock after dark, we may conclude the comforts of his hotel \nengrossed the novehst's mind. He gives a somewhat humorous \naccount of his initiation into American hotel customs : — \n\n\" ' Dinner, if you please,' said I to the waiter. \n\n\" ' When 1 ' said the waiter. \n\n\" ' As quick as possible,' said I. \n\n\" ' Right away '/ ' said the waiter. \n\n\" After a moment's hesitation, I answered ' No,' at hazard. \n\n\" ' Not right away ? ' cried the waiter, with an amount of surprise \nthat made me start. \n\n\" I looked at him doubtfully, and returned, ' No ; I would rather \nhave it in this private room. I like it very much.' \n\n\" At this, I really thought the waiter must have gone out of his \nmind ; as I beheve he would have done, but for the interposition of \nanother man who whispered in his ear, ' Directly.' \n\n\" ' Well ! and that 's a fact ! ' said the waiter, looking helplessly at \nme. ' Right away.' \n\n\" I now saw that ' right away ' and ' directly ' were one and the \nsame thing. So I reversed my pre^dous answer, and sat down to \ndinner m ten minutes afterwards, and a capital dinner it was. \n\n\nA TOUE EOUND THE COMMON. 291 \n\n\" The hotel (a very excellent one) is called the Tremont House. \nIt has more galleries, colonnades, piazzas, and passages than I can \nremember, or the reader would believe.\" \n\nLieutenant Derby, better known as John Phoenix, humor- \nously reviews the prospect of the burial-ground from the \nwindows, which he considered, not without some degree of \nplausibility, part and parcel of all Boston hotels. Derby was \na very clever artist, and used to draw comic caricatures on the \nblackboard of Jones's in San Francisco. This was before the \nmerchants had an exchange there, and Phoenix was accustomed \nto put himself under the head of ship arrivals, instead of regis- \ntering his name at the office. \n\nThe httle garden beyond the hotel, and next the cemetery, \nwas once a house-lot, on which stood a modest little brick \ndwelling, built by a Mr. ]S\"ewman. The hotel displaced three \nante-Eevolutionary houses : one, fronting Beacon Street, was \nthe residence of Jolin Parker ; the corner of Tremont was an \nopen lot, with handsome horse-chestnut trees, belonging to an \nold-fashioned house with the end to the street, the mansion of \nthe Hubbard family. Next was a house built by Thomas Per- \nkins, whose wife was a Mascarene. It fronted on the street, \nand had a garden. \n\nThe old Tremont Theatre stood on the spot now covered by \nthe Tremont Temple. The corner-stone was laid on the morn- \ning of July 4, 1827. The theatre Avas built so rapidly that a \nperformance took place on the 24th of September. \" Wives as \nthey \"Were, and Maids as they Are,\" was the piece chosen by \nMr. Pelby. Ostinelli, the father of the since famous Ehza \nBiscaccianti, led the orchestra. W. E. Blake read the prize \naddress, — the same eminent comedian so long connected with \nthe l^ew York theatres. \n\nMr. Pelby was the prime mover in the project to erect another \ntheatre, which had professedly for its object the elevation of the \ncharacter of the Boston stage. But httle opposition was en- \ncountered from the Boston Theatre proprietors. A company \nwas organized in February, and the work pressed to early com- \npletion. We give the cast for the opening night : — \n\n\n292 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nTREMONT THEATRE. \n\nThe public is respectfully infonned that the Tremont Theatre \n\nWill open \n\nOn Monday Evening, September 24. \n\nJ8S=- The Orchestra will embrace the most distinguished musical talent in the \n\ncountry. Leader Mr. Ostinelli. \n\nThere will be presented Mrs. Inchbald's Comedy, called \nWIVES AS THEY WERE, AND MAIDS AS THEY ABB. \nLord Priory, Mr. Herbert. \n\nSir William Dorillon, Mr. Webb. \n\nSir George Evelyn, Mr. Reed. \n\nMr. Browzly, Mr. Blake. \n\nMr. Norberry, Mr. Forbes. \n\nOliver, Mr. J. Mills Brown. \n\nMiss Dorillon, Mrs. Blake. \n\nLady Mary RaiHe, Mrs. Young. \n\nLady Priory, Mrs. Pelby. \n\nPrevious to the Comedy, the Prize address will be delivered by Mr. Blake. \nThe entertainment to conclude with the Farce of the \nLADY AND THE DEVIL. \n\nThe elder Booth succeeded Pelby in the management of the \nsecond season, but withdrew before it ended. Wilson and \nEussell successively conducted, the latter bringing out the cele- \nbrated Master Burke, who produced an unparalleled excitement. \nFor twenty-five nights he filled the house with fashionable au- \ndiences. Messrs. Barrett and Barry were subsequent managers. \n\nThe Tremont always maintained a high standing, though its \npatronage fell off in later years. It is noticeable as the first \nBoston house in which operas were produced. Many sterling \nactors have appeared here, among whom the veteran Jolin \nGilbert and wife still hold a high place in general esteem. \nFinn played here, investing his parts with a quaint fine humor \nthat seldom failed to set the house in a roar. In 1842 the \nTremont ceased to be a theatre, having been sold to the Baptist \nSociety of Eev. Dr. Colver. The interior was remodelled, and \nreceived the name of the Tremont Temple. The present build- \ning is the second, the first having been destroyed by fire on \nWednesday, March 31, 1852. The falling walls crushed and \nbruised a number of persons. \n\nThe Theatre was a plain substantial edifice with granite front, \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 293 \n\nin imitation of the Ionic, with pillars supporting an entabla- \nture and pediment. The entrance doors were arched, opening \ninto a wide hall from which ascended a staircase to the boxes \nof the dress circle. There were lobbies for promenade, with- \ndrawing-rooms, and a pretty saloon in the centre. Isaiah \nEogers was the architect. The house had a third tier and pit. \nIt was sold for about $ 55,000. \n\nEhhu Burritt, the learned blacksmith, lectured in the theatre \nbefore its alteration, for the benefit of the Church Society. \nUnder the auspices of the Mercantile Library Association, \nWebster, Choate, and Everett have delivered addresses in the \nTemple, while Jenny Lind and Catherine Hays have here \npoured forth their golden notes to enraptured audiences. Here, \ntoo, Gliddon unroUed his mummy in presence of astonished \nspectators, and set the medical fraternity in a fever of ex- \ncitement. Last, but not least, came Charles Dickens, to in- \nterpret Ms own incomparable works. \n\nIn the building adjoining the Temple are the quarters of the \nIndependent Cadets, the oldest military organization, next to \nthe Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, in Boston. This \ncorps was instituted in 1786, but existed prior to that time. \nIt was first styled the Governor's Foot Guards. The comman- \nders had the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Leonard Jarvis was \nthe commander in 1768, and John Hancock was elected in \n1772, receiving his commission from Governor Hutchinson. \nThe Boston Gazette of May 12, 1772, contains the following \nadvertisement : — \n\n\" Wanted, Immediately, For His Excellency's Company of Cadets, \nTwo Fifers that understand Playing. Those that are Masters of \nMusick, and are inclined to engage with the Company, are desired \nto apply to Col. John Hancock.\" \n\nThe company received General Gage when he landed at \nLong Wharf, in May, 1774, and escorted Mm to the Court \nHouse and thence to the Province House, his residence. The \ngeneral had caused a beautiful silk standard with his arms em- \nbroidered thereon to be made in London, and presented to the \nCadets. Becoming, however, jealous and suspicious of Hancock, \n\n\n294 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTOIf. \n\nthe governor revoked his commission through Thomas Flucker, \nhis secretary, upon which the corps disbanded, and through a \ncommittee returned the standard to Gage at Danvers. \n\nIn 1778 the Cadets were redivivus, being then commanded \nby Colonel Hichborn. In that year they took part in the ex- \npedition to Ehode Island, as did also the Light Infantry Com- \npany. Hancock, their old commander, was now major-general, \nand accompanied them. The first parade of the Cadets after \nthe peace was in 1785. Colonel T. H. Perkins commanded in \n1789. \n\nBromfield Street was named, in 1796, for Honorable Edward \nBromfield, a distinguished merchant, whose mansion stood on \nthe site of the Bromfield House. Previously it was Eawson's \nLane; it continued to be called Bromfield's Lane until 1829. \n\nThe Horticultural Building stands on the site of the old \nMuseum. Montgomery Place is of modern origin. Bimistead \nPlace, once the abode of Adino Paddock, coach and chariot \nbuilder for the gentry of Boston and the country roxmd, has \nbeen sealed by a solid wall of buildings, saving only the en- \ntrance to Music Hall. Paddock was a hot tory, and left Bos- \nton with the royal party. His estate, it is said, feU into the \nhands of Bumstead, a coach-maker hke himself, from whom \nthe place took its name. \n\nPaddock is entitled to gratefid remembrance for the noble \nEnglish elms he planted opposite his habitation, known as \nPaddock's Mall. The year 1762 has been assigned as the \nprobable period of their setting out, consequently they have \nstood considerably more than a hundred years, though they \nnow show symptoms of decay. The trees came from England. \nThey were kept for a time in a nursery at Milton, until placed \nhere by Paddock, assisted by John Ballard and Jolm Crane ; \nthe latter a member of Paddock's train of artillery. \" Pad- \ndock's \"Walk \" and \" Eow \" are other names by which the mail \nhas been called. \n\nThese trees have been subject to many vicissitudes. Three \nof them have been removed and eleven are left standing. \nMutilation has done its work upon them. The storms of a \n\n\nA TOUK EOUND THE COMMON. 295 \n\ncentury have wrenched their branches, until the naked trunks \nare scarce concealed in the scanty foliage. The great gale of \n1815 did them much damage. Some injury was done to the \ngrowing trees during the rejoicings over the repeal of the Stamp \nAct. The British troops, perhaps out of sympathy with their \ntory adherent, did them no harm, though the trees of the great \nmall were less respected. But the greatest enemy to the exist- \nence of the trees is found in the spirit of improvement, which \nseeks to make a modern city out of Old Boston. An abortive \neffort to have them removed was made in 1860 ; and again, \nwhile we write, they are marked for destruction. \n\n\" Wooclmau, spare that tree ! \n\nTouch not a single bough ! \nIn youth it sheltered me, \n\nAnd I '11 protect it now. \n'T was my forefather's hand \n\nThat placed it near his cot ; \nThere, woodman, let it stand, \n\nThy axe shall harm it not. \" \n\nPaddock was, in 1774, captain of the train of artillery be- \nlonging to the Boston Eegiment, of which John Erving was \ncolonel. This company was particularly distinguished for its \nsuperior discipline and the excellence of its material. In this \nschool were raised two artillery officers of high repute in the \nRevolutionary army, namely, Colonel John Crane and General \nEbenezer Stevens. Both were housewrights, and the company \nwas itself composed of mechanics. The two officers named are \nnot the only ones who gained distinction in the battle-fields of \nthe old war. Paddock, on his return to England, was frequently \nconsulted by the ministry about American affairs, and received \nthe military command of the island of Guernsey. In 1769 Pad- \ndock was one of the firewards of the town of Boston, associated \nwith John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Thomas Dawes, and others. \n\nGeorge Cabot, a prominent leader of the Massachusetts Fed- \neralists, lived in the first house in Bumstead Place in 1810. \nHe was in early life like the old navigators, his namesakes, a \nsailor, and became a very successful merchant ; was president \nof the United States Branch Bank in the year mentioned, hav- \n\n\n296 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ning a conceded reputation as a financier. \"While in the United \nStates Senate in 1791-96, Hamilton, the founder of our finan- \ncial system, often conferred with him. Mr. Cabot incurred \ngreat odium for his connection with the Hartford Convention \nin 1814, of which body he was president. Aaron Buit said \nof him when in the Senate, that \" he never spoke but light fol- \nlowed him.\" \n\nGranary Burial-Ground is notable for the honored ashes \nit contains. It dates back to 1660, and was first called the \n\" South Burying-Ground \" ; the subsequent name of \" Granary \" \nwas from the town granary, wliich stood within the enclosiire. \nIt is necessary to say here that the Common originally extended \nin this direction to the Tremont House, and the cemetery is \nformed from its ancient territory. The eastern margin reached \nto Mason Street, and Tremont Street therefore runs through \nthe Common, as it originally was. After the creation of the \nCommon Burying-Ground, the Granary was sometimes styled \nthe \" Middle \" Ground. \n\n\" I like that ancient Saxon phrase which calls \nThe hurial-groimd God's Acre ! It is just ; \nIt consecrates each grave within its walls, \n\nAnd breathes a benison o'er the sleeping dust.\" \n\nThe Checkleys, Byfields, Lydes, Faneuils, Wendells, and a \nhost of the old Bostonians, Governors BeUingham, Dummer, \nHancock, Adams, Bowdoin, Gushing, Sullivan, Eustis, and \nSumner lie beneath the sod in this cemetery. The celebrated \nsurgeon, Dr. John Jeffries, Uriah Cotting, Eev. Messrs. Eckley, \nBelknap, Stillman, Lathrop, and Baldwin, and Judge Sewall \nand John Hull, are also entombed here. \n\nThe Belhngham family becoming extinct, his tomb was \ngiven to the family of Governor James Sullivan. It lies on \nthe west side of the enclosure. The Faneuil inscription was \nchiselled Funal by some awkward hand, Avho thus clipped the \nold Huguenot patronymic of its due proportions. Governor \nHancock's tomb is on the Park Street side. His remains, after \nlying eight days in state, were brought to their last resting- \nplace by an immense concourse of people. The venerable \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 297 \n\nSamuel Adams followed the bier until fatigue compelled him \nto retire. It was one of the greatest funeral pageants Boston \nhad seen. The ranks of the procession were swelled by the \n\n\nGRANARY BURYING-GROTJND. \n\n\nmilitia of to'wn and country. The Judges of the Supreme \nCourt on this occasion made their last appearance in their bio- \nwigs and black silk gowns. They were followed by the barris- \nters in black gowns and club wigs. \n\nGeneral Warren's remains were placed in the tomb of the \nMinots, next to that of Hancock, and immediately in rear of \nthe residence of Dr. J. C. Warren, after they were exhumed at \nBunker Hill. \n\nThe cemetery acquires an even greater interest from being \nthe place where the victims of the Boston Massacre were buried. \nTheir funeral was conducted with great pomp ; but although \ntheir martyrdom has been heralded as the foundation-stone of \nAmerican Liberty, the remains of the slaughtered Bostonians \n13* \n\n\n298 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON\". \n\nliave received no fitting testimonial from tlieir countrymen. \nThe spot was long indicated by a larch-tree, but this, falling to \ndecay, has been recently replaced by the care of Mr. Appollonio. \n\nThe Franklin cenotaph stands out in bold relief in the midst \nof the field of the dead. Under it repose the dust of both of \nFranklin's parents. The monument was erected through the \nexertions of a few citizens in 1827, and the ceremony of laying \nthe corner-stone was attended by the governor, Heutenant-gov- \nernor, and many other officials. General H. A. S. Dearborn \ndelivered an address ; some FrankHn School medals were appro- \npriately placed underneath. \n\nBy the year 1738 both this and King's Chapel ground be- \ncame so filled with the dead that the grave-diggers were obliged \nto bury them four deep. In this year the brick waU and tombs \nAvere erected on the front of the old, or Chapel, burying-place. \nThe Granary ground was enlarged in 1716-17 by taking in \npart of the highway on the easterly side, but in about tAventy \nyears it became overcrowded, as ^re have seen, and the town \nbegan to cast about for a new location. It was not until after \nthe date last mentioned that any tombs were erected here. \n\nWhere was there ever a graveyard without its attendant hor- \nrors 1 Tradition is responsible for the statement that the hand \nof Hancock was severed from the arm the night after his inter- \nment ; but this proved a cruel invention. An instance is given \nof an em|)ty tomb being taken possession of by some wandering \nvagrants, from which they terrified the neighborhood by the \nsound of midnight revelry. Human jackals have practised \nhere their hateful caUing, robbing the graves of their peaceful \ninliabitants. \n\nThe stone wall and fence were erected under the administra- \ntion of Mayor Armstrong. It is now proposed to carry a new \navenue across the cemetery. This being done, the remains of \nthe greatest and most honored of our ancestors will be scattered \nfar and near, \n\n\" Imperial Caesar, dead, and turned to clay, \nMight stop a hole to keep the wind away.\" \n\nN'ext the burial-ground stood the Old Granary. It was a \n\n\nA TOUR EOUXD THE COMMOl^. 299 \n\nlong wooden building, erected first at the upper side of the Com- \nmon, but removed about 1737 to the present site of the church. \nIt was estabHshed so as to have a supply of grain, especially \nin cases of scarcity, where the poor might purchase the smallest \nquantities at a small advance on the cost. The building con- \ntained, when full, twelve thousand bushels, and was the largest \nin the town. The selectmen appointed a keeper at their March \nmeeting, also a committee for the purchase of grain. John \nFenno, a noted wit, was keeper before the Revolution. It was \nnot used as a granary after the American Avar, but was occupied \nby various minor town officials. In 1795 the town voted to \nsell the building, on condition of an early removal. Still it \nremained tenanted by various tradesmen, refreshment stands, \netc., untd 1809, when it was removed to Commercial Point, \nDorchester, and altered into a hotel. There it may now be \nseen. \"VVe have noticed that the Constitution's sails were made \nin the Granary. \n\nAU the land upon which Park Street is built belonged to the \nCommon, and was at an early day appropriated to uses of the \ntown for various institutions. The street was first called Centry \nStreet, from its leading up to Centry Hill, as the summit of \nBeacon Hill was called. \n\nThe Almshouse was first erected on Beacon Street, in 1662, \nIt was burnt in 1682, measures being then taken to rebuild it. \nThe reconstructed building was a two-story brick, with a gable \nroof, fronting on Beacon Street ; it was of an L shape. This \nwas designed as a home for the poor, aged, or infirm. It was \nsoon found that the minghng under the same roof of persons \ndeserving charity with those confined for offences against the \nlaws was an evil demanding a remedy, and measures were \ntaken, in 1712, to build a Bridewell, or House of Correction. \nTins was erected in Park Street, in what year does not appear, \nbut it is shoAvn on the map of 1722, A part of this house was \napplied to the use of the insane, \n\nA \"Workhouse was erected in 1738, contiguous to the Bride- \nwell. It was a large, handsome brick building, facing the \nCommon, of two stories, gable roof, and was a hundred and \n\n\n300 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ntwenty feet in length. This building was devoted to the con- \nfinement of minor offenders, such as the province law styled \n\"rogues and vagabonds.\" \n\nThe Ahnshouse became, in the lapse of years, totally inade- \nquate to its purposes. It had no proper ventilation, nor sepa- \nrate hospital for the treatment of the sick ; bad air, filth, and \novercrowding told fearfully upon the inmates. No remedy was \napplied to these evils until 1801, when a new building was \nerected in Leverett Street. During the Revolutionary War the \ninmates frequently suffered for the necessaries of life, and appear \nto have been at all times largely dependent on the charity of \nthe townspeople. In 1795 the town sold all its property on \nPark and Beacon Streets, except the Granary or church lot. \n\nBoth Almshouse and Workhouse were under the government \nof the overseers of the poor, represented by keepers. The \ninmates of the former, whatever may have been their temporal \nneeds, were cared for spiritually, a sermon being preached to \nthem every Sunday in summer. Captain Keayne, in 1656, left \na legacy of £ 120, and Mr. Webb, in 1660, one of £ 100, for \nthe founding of the Almshouse, which was received and applied \nby the town in 1662. The former also left a simi to be used \nin building a granary. Both Workhouse and Almshouse were \noccupied by the British wounded after Bunker Hill. \n\nAdjoining the Bridewell was the Pound, situated where the \nQuincy residence now is. Such were the antecedents of Park \nand Beacon Streets. \n\nFor a long time the handsome spire of Park Street Church \nwas the highest object seen on approaching the city. It, how- \never, succumbed to its neighbor in Somerset Street, placed at a \ngreater altitude. As one of the monuments of the Common it \nis inseparable from the landscape, the slender, gracefid steeple \nrising majestically above the tree-tops from any point of obser- \nvation. The little monitor of the weather on its pinnacle \nrecalls the lines of Albert G. Greene : — \n\n\" The dawn has broke, the mom is up, \nAnother day begun ; \nAnd there thy poised and gilded spear \nIs flashing in the sun. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON\". 301 \n\nUpon that steep and lofty tower, \n\nWhere thou thy watch hast kept, \nA true and faithful sentinel, \n\nWhile all around thee slept.\" \n\nThe church was erected in 1809, and was the first Congrega- \ntional Society constituted since 1748. From the fervor of the \ndoctrines preached vathin its waUs, its site has been known as \n\"Brimstone Corner,\" — a name too suggestive to be agreeable. \n\n\nPARK STREET CHURCH. \n\n\nEdward D. Griffin, D. D., was the first pastor. D wight, Beecher, \nStone, and other gifted preachers have occupied its pulpit. Un- \nderneath are vaults — now we think disused — for the dead. \nPeter Banner, an English architect, the same who made the plan \nfor the fine old mansion-house of Eben Crafts in Eoxbury, de- \nsigned this church. \n\nThe Manufactory House of the old colony times stood on the \neast side of what is Hamilton Place. The west end fronted \nLong Acre, or Tremont Street, and had delineated upon the \n\n\n302 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF i30ST0N. \n\n\nLINEX SPINNING-WHEEL. \n\n\nwall a female figure, distafi\" in hand, symLolic of the industry \nit was intended to promote. \n\nThe establishment of spinning-schools is an interesting inci- \ndent in the history of Boston. The \nmanufacture of cotton had begun as \nearly as 1643, the raw material being \nobtained from the West Indies. In \n1665, owing to the scarcity of cloth, \nthe court ordered spinning to be em- \nployed in private families, some abate- \nment from the rates being made as \ncompensation. \n\nAbout 1718 a number of colonists \narrived from Londonderry, bringing \nwith them the manufacture of linen and the implements used \nin Ireland. The matter Avas earnestly taken up by the Bosto- \nnians, and a vote passed to establish a spinning-school on the \nwaste land in front of Captain Southack's, — about where Scol- \nlay's buildings were. These emigrants likewise introduced the \ngeneral use of their favorite vegetable, the potato. \n\nFrom these beginnings dates the estabhsliment of the Manu- \nfactory House by the pro^dnce. \"Wilham Phillips, Molineux, \nand others carried the measure through the General Court. An \nexcise was laid on carriages and \narticles of luxury to erect the build- \ning. Spinning now became the \norder of the day. Young and old, \nrich and poor, repaired to the Com- \nmon with their spinning-wheels, \ngreat and small, stimulated by a \npremium offered to the most skilful. \nMany were clad in garments of their \nown manufacture as evidence of \ntheir industry, and on the appointed \ndays the mall resounded with the \nhum of busy wheels. The novelty soon wore off, and after \nthree or four years the manufacture wholly ceased. Tor a short \n\n\nWOOLLEN SPINNING-WHEEL. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 303 \n\ntime afterwards it was used for the manufacture of worsted \nhose, metal buttons, etc., but in 17GS was rented by the prov- \nince and occupied by private famihes. \n\nAt this time it acquired celebrity from the attempt made by \nColonel Dalrymple, of the 14th royal regulars, to obtain it for \nquarters for liis regiment ; but the tenants, with Mr. Elisha \nBrown at their head, flatly refused them admission. Governor \nBernard issued his mandate, which was served by the sheriff, \nordering the surrender of the premises ; but the doors were \nsecurely closed, and Brown boldly denied the right of Bernard \nto dispossess him. The wily lieutenant-governor tried next to \ninduce the tenants to open, but with no greater success, and at \nlast a stratagem was tried. The sheriff and liis deputies ob- \ntained an entrance to the cellar, but instead of securing the \nobstinate tenant, were by him made close prisoners in the \ncellar, where they remained until a file of soldiers from the Com- \nmon came and released them. \n\nThus did Elisha Brown make good his resistance against the \ncombined civil and military authority of the province, after \nenduring a state of siege for several weeks. A gravestone in \nthe Granary commemorates liis gallant vindication of private \nrights. Dalrymple's men were quartered in Faneuil Hall. \n\nThe Massachusetts Bank was first located in this building. \nIt was instituted in 1784, in which year the bank became a \npurchaser of the building, sold by order of the General Court. \nBanking was a very different affau' in those days from what it \nis at present. Articles of merchandise were received as security \nfor loans, and an entertaining picture might be drawn of the \nprocession drawn up before the doors on discount days. One \nhalf per cent per month was the rate demanded, and no credit \ncould exceed sixty days. Governor Bowdoin was the first \npresident. \n\nThe building was of two stories, of brick, with an entrance on \nHamilton Place by a flight of double stone steps protected by an \niron railing. It was used by the British during the occupation, \nand received its quota of the wounded from Bunker HiU. \nVarious families occupied it in after years ; also P. A. von \n\n\n304 landmaki^s of BosToii. \n\nHagen, a pioneer in the manufacture of pianofortes. In 1806 \nit was pulled down, and Hamilton Place then built. The \nManufactory House was one hundred and forty feet long, with \nan unobstructed southerly \\'iew in 1784. It had a large hall \nin the centre, with wings fifty feet long extending upon either \nside ; underneath was an excellent cellar, the same in which \nSheriff Greenleaf sojourned. The central part was occupied by \nthe bank, giving twenty other apartments for tenants. The \nland belonging to it covered the whole place. \n\nAt the corner of Hamilton Place Messrs. J. E. Osgood and \nCompany continue the pubHcation of the leading periodical of \nthe country. The originator of the North American Eeview \nwas William Tudor, son of Hon. Judge Tudor, and one of the \nfounders of the Anthology Club. The first four volimies of \nthe Eeview, which was first published in 1811, are said to be \nalmost entirely from his hand ; the first number, even to the \nliterary notices, was, as Mr. Tudor himself stated, wholly writ- \nten by him. Mr. Tudor, as the agent of his brother Frederick, \nestablished in 1805 the traffic in ice with the West Indies, \nwhich has grown to such prodigious proportions. He was also \nthe first to draw public attention to the erection of a monimient \non Bunker Hill, but did not live to see its completion. \n\nAs Ave are trenching on the limits of Long Acre, a Eevolu- \ntionary incident rises into view. Here, on the morning of the \n19 th of April, Earl Percy ranged his columns for the march to \nLexington. Colonel Smith had sent a courier requesting rein- \nforcements, and Percy was to command them. His brigade, \nmade up of eight companies of three regiments of infantry, \nthe 4th, 23d, and 49th, detachments of Pitcairn's marines, \nand two pieces of artillery, extended from the head of the mall \nto Court Street, opposite the school-house of Master Carter. \nPercy, mounted on a white horse, galloped up and down his \nranks. The school, thrown into a ferment by the unusual \nspectacle, Avas dismissed by the master with the speech, — \n\" Boys, war has begun ; the school is broken up.\" \n\nThe column took up its march over the Xeck to the tune of \nYankee Doodle. Percy seems to have stood high in the confi- \n\n\nA TOUR HOUND THE COMMON. 305 \n\ndeuce of his general, and, in fact, he appears to have been a \nuniversal favorite. The return from the march in which the \nprovincials \n\n*' Taught Percy fasliionable races, \nAnd modern modes of Chevy-chaces,\" \n\nis celebrated in the Revolutionary ballad in this mse : — \n\n\" Lord Piercy seemed' to snore, — but may the muse \nThis ill-timed snoring to the peer excuse. \nTu-ed was the long boy of his toilsome day ; \nFidl fifteen miles he fled, — a tedious way ; \nHow should he then the dews of Somuus shun, \nPerhaps not used to walk, much less to run.\" \n\nThe Common is now, as under the government of John Win- \nthrop, the common land of the inhabitants of Boston. Its \noriginal purpose Avas for pasturage and mihtary parade. From \nthe earhest times until after Boston became a city, the tinkling \nof bells and lowing of cattle might be heard across its hiUs and \ndales. It Avas, after its purchase from Blackstone, preserved \nfrom encroachment by a vote passed March 30, 1640 : — \n\n\" Ordered, that no more land be granted in the Toavu out of the \nopen ground or common field, Avhich is betAveen Gentry Hill and \nMr. Colbron's end, except 3 or 4 lots to make vp the street from \nBro. Robt. Walker's to the Round Marsh.\" \n\nColbron's field Avas at the loAver end of the Common, lying \nalong Pleasant Street and the water, to Washington Street. It \nwas Boylston Street that the selectmen had in view. \n\nNo other city in America has fifty acres of green turf and \nnoble forest trees in its very midst. Its central position renders \nit accessible from every quarter of the toAvn, and, although it is \nnot dignified Avith the name of a park, it is at once the glory \nand beauty of the ancient peninsula. We shall take up its \nfeatures as Ave pass along under the green arches of the Great \nMall. \n\nUpon the earliest map you Avill see but three trees on the \nCommon. These Avere the monarch, then and still known as \nthe \" great tree,\" and two of respectable size standing near the \nmiddle of Park Street. The first trees planted Avere the outer \nrow on Tremont Street, betAveen 1722 and 1729. A second \n\n\n306 LANDMARKS 01* BOSTON'. \n\nrow was placed there in 1 734, and the third was added fifty \nyears later, — some authorities say before the Eevolution. This \nwalk was long known as \" The Mall,\" there being no other \nwithin the Common, until that next Beacon Street was laid out \nin 1815 — 16. Charles Street was the next laid out, in 1823 ; \nand Park Street Mall, in 1826, under the elder Quincy's may- \noralty. \n\nIt has been stated, on the authority of the son of one of \nthose employed, that the first trees of the Great Mall, set out \nnear the Park Street Church, were planted by the apprentices \nof Adam Colson the elder, then one of the selectmen of the \ntown. One of the apprentices was named Hurd. Colson \nwas a leather-dresser, and hved in Frog Lane, now Boylston \nStreet. \n\nBut the Great Mall was not at the beginning of this century, \nas now, a grove of near a third of a mile in length. The \nlarge trees scarcely extended below West Street, those beyond \nbeing merely saplings. That part of the Common forming the \nsoutheast corner, comprising a little more than two acres, and \nlying east of the burying-ground, was not acquired until 1787, \nwhen it was purchased of WilHam Poster, whose mansion stood \nwhere now the Hotel Pelham is. The tract acquired was known \nas Foster's Pasture. \n\nThe British soldiers, with a truly vandal spirit, cut down \nseveral of the largest trees in the mall the morning they evac- \nuated the town. A large number had before been sacrificed to \nprovide fuel, but this was the act of malice alone. The surface \nof the Common was greatly disfigured by cellars and ditches \ndug tlu'oughout the camps, traces of which long remained \nvisible, even to the circles made by the tents. General Howe \nstayed the destruction of the trees of the mall at the solicita- \ntion of the selectmen. \n\nBefore the Revolution there was a wooden fence, but this, \ntoo, was used for fuel, and the Common lay open until after the \npeace, when it was rebuilt by a subscription set on foot by Dr. \nOliver Smith. The iron fence was erected in 1836, at a cost \nof $ 82,500. Its length is 1,932 yards, — rather more than a \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMOlsr. 307 \n\nmile. In 1733, when the town voted to plant a second row of \ntrees at a suitable distance from those already set out, the \nselectmen were directed to set up a row of posts with a rail on \nthe top of them, extending from the Granary Burying-Ground \nto Colonel Fitche's, leaving operdngs at the several streets and \nlanes. In 1739 a similar fence was ordered from Common \nStreet to Beacon. \n\nThe Common appears to have been first called \"Gentry \nField,\" taking this name from the hill on whose slope it lay, \nwhich later received the name of Beacon Hill. Century Field \nis another instance of the quaint orthography, of which. the \nrecords furnish abundant specimens. It appears to have been \nindifferently caUed the \" Training Field \" and \" Gentry Field \" \nfor a long time. \n\nTurning once more to the street, we pause at the entrance of \nthe Music HaU. There was, in 1768, a haU of tliis name in \nBrattle Street, opposite the meeting-house. A concert was ad- \nvertised to be given ISTovember 21, 1768, to be followed by a \nball. Tickets twenty shillings, lawful money. \n\nOn the corner of Winter Street once stood an old ante-Eevo- \nlutionary house, with a fine garden, in which, it is said. Governor \nBernard at one time made his toAvn residence. It became a \nfamous boarding-house under the successive auspices of Mr. An- \ndrews, Mrs. Hatch, and Mrs. Dexter. Governor Strong, when \nin town during his second term, resided with Mrs. Hatch. \n\nThe folio-wing toast was published in 1817, as having been \ngiven at the celebration by the blacks in Boston of the anni- \nversary of the abolition of the slave-trade : — \n\n\" Govemur Bronks, may the mantelpiece of Caleb Strong fall upon \nthe hed of his distinguished predecessor.\" \n\nJohn McLean, the eminent merchant, founder of the McLean \nAsylum, boarded with Mrs. Dexter. His financial reverses are \nwell known. It is related of him that he one day assembled \nhis creditors at a dinner, where each found under his plate a \ncheck for the full amount due him. This was after he had been \nlegally released from his obligations. \n\n\n308 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON.' \n\nAmong the names bestowed upon this busy mart of fashion \nwas Blott's Lane, from Eobert Blott ; also Bannister's and \"Wil- \nlis's Lane. \n\nWinter Street once boasted a resident so influential in the \ncause of liberty as to receive the distinction of outlawry from \nGeorge III. The offences of Samuel Adams and John Hancock \nwere too flagitious to admit of pardon. The house of Samuel \nAdams stood on the south side of Winter Street, on the corner \nof Winter Place. It was a two-story wooden house, fronting on \nthe street ; at the back was an L, and in the rear a small gar- \nden. The building was standing as late as 1820, and, while it re- \nmained, was not the least interesting object to be seen in Boston. \nSamuel Adams was a Boston boy. Born in 1722, he had \nseen the administrations of the royal governors from Burnet to \nGace. He took his degree at eighteen at Harvard, and after \ntrying unsuccessfully a merchant's career, devoted himself to \nliterature, until called to a political hfe. First a tax-gatherer, \nthen a representative, Ms influence begins to appear at the com- \nmencement of the Stamp Act difficulties. After the Massacre, \nhe overbore the flimsy objections of Hutchinson to a removal \nof the troops from the town by a manly, bold, and unanswer- \nable argument. \n\nIn later times, in all the movements of the people of Boston \npreceding actual hostilities, Samuel Adams was the admitted \npower behind the tlirone. Warren was brave, Hancock rich, \nand Adams sagacious. It was remarked of Hancock that he \npaid the postage, while Adams did the writing. Lord North, \nwhen informed that Hutchinson had yielded to the demand of \nthe chairman of the town committee, called the regulars \" Sam \nAdams's two regiments,\" in contempt. The Ministry styled \nhim \" Chief of the Eevolution.\" \n\nMr. Jefferson's opinion of Samuel Adams is a concise and \ndeserved tribute to the patriot. Says the sage of Monticello, \n\" I can say that he was truly a great man, — wise in council, \nfertile in resources, immovable in his purposes, — and had, I \nthink, a greater share than any other member in advising and \ndirecting our measures in the Northern war.\" \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 309 \n\nWhen Adams, a fugitive with Hancock, heard the firing on \nLexington Common, he exulted, knowing that the day of hu- \nmiliation was passing forever away. The sword was now to \ndecide the contest, and Adams labored without intermission in \nthe councils of the incipient nation. He was an active member \nof the Congress of 1774; and he drew up, with John Adams, \nthe draft of the State Constitution. A member of the con- \nvention to consider the Federal Constitution, he was not at \nfirst in favor of its adoption, but acceded to the plan of \nHancock to ratify the instrument and propose amendments to \nit in accord with the views of Massachusetts statesmen. He \nwas lieutenant-governor under Hancock, and followed him to \nhis last resting-place. From 1794 to 1797 the venerable Sam- \nuel Adams governed the State. He died in 1803, an octoge- \nnarian. \n\nIt is related by Waterhouse that the two Adamses, John and \nSamuel, were one day walking in the mall we have just been \ndescribing. As they came opposite the noble mansion of Han- \ncock the latter remarked, with emphasis, \" I have done a very \ngood thing for our cause, in the course of the past week, by en- \nlisting the master of that house into it. He is weU disposed, \nand has great riches, and we can give him consequence to enjoy \nthem.\" \n\nSamuel Adams was of ordinary height, muscular form, and \nhad light complexion and light blue eyes. He wore a red \ncloak, a gray tie-wig, and cocked hat. In person he was very \nerect. His father was a brewer, and his son Samuel succeeded \nto his business. Admu'al Coffin used to relate that he had car- \nried malt on his back from Adams's brewery. \n\nThe old estate on Purchase Street, where Adams was born, \nwas only about sixty feet north of Summer. It faced the \nharbor, commanding a fine view, and was conspicuous among \nthe few buildings contemporary with it. On the roof was an ob- \nservatory and a railing, Avith steps leading up from the outside. \nIt was improved in 1730, and the grounds were still adorned \nwith trees and shrubbery as late as 1800.* This was the estate \n\n* Wells's Life of Samuel Adams. \n\n\n310 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\npreserved by Samuel Adams after his father's unsuccessful \nspeculation in the Land Bank scheme. \n\nOther statesmen and soldiers famous in the pages of history \nhave walked in the old mall. We have no doubt that Wash- \nington and Winslow, Loudon, Amherst, and Hood, Gage, Clin- \nton, Burgoyne, and Howe, have all sought its leafy shades. \nTallejTand, Moreau, Louis Philippe, and Lafayette have doubt- \nless paced within its cool retreats, and meditated upon the fate \nof empires they were to build or overtlirow. Silas Deane, \nPulaski, Gates, and Greene have certainly trod this famous walk. \n\nSt. Paul's, overshadowed and overtopped as it is by its feudal- \nlooking neighbor, has yet some points of attraction. It was \n\n\nST. PAUL S CHDRCH. \n\n\ndesigned by Captain Alexander Parris, though, it is said, Wil- \nlard drew some of the working plans, and superintended the \nstone-work, cutting some of the cajjitals with his own hand in \nthe adjoining gardens. The front is unfinished, and the general \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 311 \n\naspect of the building did not satisfy the expectation for a \nmodel of ancient art. The pediment was intended to be orna- \nmented with bas-reliefs representing Paul before Agripj^a, which \nwould have added to the beauty of the front, but want of funds \ncompelled the abandonment of this design. The main building \nis of gray granite, once white, but now blackened by the action \nof tlie elements. The portico is of sandstone from Acquia \nCreek, the columns of which have been compared, not inaptly, \nto a collection of grindstones, they being composed of many \nseparate sections. Taken as a whole, the appearance of St. \nPaul's may be styled \" dark, gloomy, and peculiar.\" \n\nThe erection of St. Paul's marked an era in the architecture \nof Boston churches. Hitherto the houses of worship were of \nthe same general character, King's Chapel and Brattle Street \nalone excepted. The latter were the only departures from the \nstiff, and, we may add, ugly structures introduced by the Puri- \ntans. St. Paul's Avas the first specimen of the pure Ionic in \nthe town. \n\nThis was the fourth Episcopal church erected in Boston ; \nconsecrated June 30, 1820. Dr. Samuel F. Jarvis was the first \nrector. The interior is chaste and beautiful. The ceiling is a \ncylindrical vault, with panels spanning the whole width of the \nchurch. Underneath the floor are tombs. The remains of \nGeneral \"Warren Avere deposited under St. Paul's in the tomb \nof his nephew, Dr. John C. Warren, until removed in. August, \n1855, to the family vault at Porest Hills. \n\nSolomon Willard came to Boston in 1804, and first worked \nat his trade of carj)enter. He was employed on the famous Ex- \nchange Coffee House, the conflagration of which, in 1818, was \nseen a hundred miles from Boston. He very soon applied him- \nself to the study of architecture and carving in wood. The cap- \nitals for the Brighton Meeting-house, and those for Park Street \nChurch steeple, are by his hand. He also carved a bust of \nWashington for the seventy-four-gun ship of that name, and \nexecuted a model of the public buildings in Washington for \nMr. Bulfinch. The eagle now on the apex of the pediment of \nthe Old Custom House was carved by Mr. WiUard ; it is five \n\n\n312 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nfeet high., and measures the same distance from wing to \"wing. \nHis great work was the Bunker Hill Monument, of Avhich he \nwas the architect, and he was also the discoverer of the Bunker \nHill Quarry at Quincy. The Court House, in Court Square, \nwas designed hy Mr. Willard. \n\nThe old Masonic Temple, now used by the United States \ncourts, is huilt upon a part of the Washington Gardens. The \ncorner-stone was laid in 1830, and two years elapsed before it \nwas dedicated. The basement and belt is of hammered granite. \nTwo lofty Gothic towers, with battlements surmounted by pin- \nnacles, flank the entrance, and are a picturesque feature of the \nenvirons of the Great Mall. Bench and Bar now usurp the high \nplaces of Masonry, to Avhich a newer and more magnificent \ntemple has been dedicated. \n\nIn the upper story of the Masonic Temple was the school of \nA. Bronson Alcott, the philosopher, and father of the popular \nauthoress, Louisa May Alcott. In Mr. Alcott's school Sarah \nMargaret Euller, afterwards Countess d'Ossoli, was an assistant \nteacher before she went to Providence, E. I., to teach. Miss \nFuller, \" the best talker since De Stael,\" lived with her uncle, \nHenry H. Fuller, on the north side of Avon Place (Street), \nwhere she held for several seasons her \" Conversations \" for \nyoimg ladies. She was afterwards invited to ]S\"ew York, by \nHorace Greeley, as a contributor to the New York Tribune. \nThe memory of her remarkable talents and literary successes is \nstill fresh, and recalls the painful impression caused by her sad \nfate from shipwreck on the I^ew Jersey coast, when returning \nfrom Europe in 1850 with her husband and child. \n\nIt is said she could compose Latin verse when only eight \nyears old. Her writings, much as they were admired, were not \nequal to her conversation, in which her wonderful brilliancy \nand force of expression came forth with full power, until the \nbest talkers preferred to become listeners in her society. The \nstory of her life has often been told, and constitutes one of the \nbrightest as well as one of the saddest pages of our history. \n\nThe Wasliington Gardens extended to the corner of West \nStreet. They were surrounded by a brick wall, a part of which \n\n\nA TOUE nOUXD THE COMMON. 313 \n\nis seen in the foreground of the view of the Haymarket in the \nfrontispiece. A concert was announced here as early as 1815, \nby J. H. Shaffer. In 1819 an amphitheatre was erected within \nthe grounds, which afterwards took the name of the Washing- \nton Theatre. The managers of Federal Street were at first \ninterested in this estabHshment, until it passed from their con- \ntrol and became a rival. The house was adapted to the uses \nof a circus as well as for a theatre, equestrian performances \nhaving been given in it a number of times. As such it appears \nto have been the first in Boston, Following the Old Drury and \nHaymarket, it had an English name, being called VauxhaU. \nA battahon of British troops is said to have been quartered in \nthe grounds at the time of the occupation, when they were \nknown as Greenleaf 's Gardens. \n\nThe site of these gardens was the residence of Stephen Green- \nleaf, the old sheriff of Suffolk imder the stormy administration \nof Governor Bernard. He was the same whose exploits at the \nManufactory House have been chronicled. The sheriff was a \nconfirmed royalist, but did not join in the hegira of that party \nfrom Boston. He died at the great age of ninety-one. After \nhim it became the mansion of James Swan, who long lived ia \nParis, and was imprisoned there by his American creditors. \n\nThe reader wUl obtain from the frontispiece an excellent idea \nof what the district embraced between West and Boylston \nStreets was in 1798. At the lower corner of West Street was \nthe Haymarket. Beyond, at the south corner of Mason Street, \nwas Hatch's Tavern, with Frothingham's carriage factory in the \nrear ; farther on is seen the Old Haymarket Theatre, and, at \nthe corner of Boylston Street, the residence of William Foster, \nwhere now the Hotel Pelham stands. In the right foreground \nis the AVest Street entrance to the Common ; the trees receding \nalong the mall disclose the river beyond, whose breezes then \nfanned and invigorated the habitues of the spot. The picture \nis from a water-color by Eobertson, once the property of John \nHoward Payne, now in possession of the Public Library. The \nWhipping-Post and Pillory were situated near the West Street \ngate after their removal from State Street. \n14 \n\n\n314 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nLong before the Revolution, as early as 1722, a free school \n•was established in \"vvhat is noAV Mason Street, near the corner \nof West. It was then on the boundary of the Common, the \nland now lying between ha^dng been sold off from it. The \nschool was called the South \"Writing, was the fourth in the \ntown, and has, in later times, been known as the Adams School. \nThe Common extended to Mason Street since 1800. \n\nA gun-house stood at the corner of West Street at the begin- \nning of the Revolution, separated by a yard from the school- \nhouse. In tills gun-house Avere kept two brass three-pounders \nbelonging to Captain Adino Paddock's train. These pieces had \nbeen recast from two old guns sent by the town to London for \nthat purpose, and had the arms of the province engraved upon \nthem. They arrived in Boston in 1768, and Avere first used at \nthe celebration of the King's birthday, June 4, when a salute \nwas fired in King Street. Both school and gun -house are con- \nnected with a celebrated event. \n\nMajor Paddock had expressed an intention of surrendering \nthese guns to Governor Gage. The mechanics, who composed \nthis company, resolved that it should not be so. The British \ngeneral had begun to seize the military stores of the province \nand disarm the inliabitants. Accordingly, the persons engaged \nin the plot met in the school-room ; and when the attention of \nthe sentinel stationed at the door of the gun-house was taken \noif by roll-call, they crossed the yard, entered the building, and, \nremoving the guns from their carriages, carried them to the \nschool-room, where they were concealed in a box in which fuel \nwas kept. \n\nThe loss of the guns was soon discovered, and search made, \nin which the school did not escape. The master placed his \nlame foot upon the box, and it was not disturbed. Several of \nthe boys were privy to the affair, but made no sign. Besides \nthe schoolmaster, Abraham Holbrook, ISTathaniel Balch, Samuel \n\nGore, Moses Grant, Jeremiah Gridley, Whiston, and some \n\nothers executed this coiip de main. \n\nLoring's account says the guns remained a fortnight in the \nschool-room. At the end of that time they were taken in a \n\n\nA TOUR ROUKD THE COMMON. 315 \n\nwheelbarrow at night and carried to Whiston's blacksmith's \nshop at the South End, and deposited under the coal. From \nhere they were taken to the American lines in a boat. The \nguns were in actual service during the whole war. After the \npeace the State of Massachusetts applied to Congress for their \nrestoration, wliich was granted by a resolve passed May 19, \n1788, in which General Knox, Secretary at War, was directed \nto place a suitable inscription upon them. The two guns were \ncalled the \" Hancock \" and \" Adams,\" and were in charge of the \nAncient and Honorable Artillery Company, until presented, \nin 1825, by the State to the Bunker Hill Monument Associa- \ntion. They are now suspended in the chamber at the top of \nBunker HUl Monument. The inscription, except the name, is \nthe same on each : — \n\nThe Hancock : \n\nSacred to Liberty. \n\nThis is one of four cannon, \n\nwhich constituted the wliole train \n\nof Field Artillery \n\npossessed by the British Colonies of \n\nNorth America \n\nat the commencement of the war, \n\non the 19th of April, 1775. \n\nTliis cannon \n\nand its fellow, \n\nbelonging to a number of citizens of \n\nBoston, \n\nwere used in many engagements \n\nduring the war. \n\nThe other two, the property of the \n\nGovernment of Massachusetts, \n\nwere taken by the enemy. \n\nBy order of the United States \n\nin Congress assembled, \n\nMay 19, 1788. \n\nThe two guns referred to as captured by the enemy were \nconcealed in a stable belonging to a house on the south side of \nCourt Street, near the Court House. They were taken out over \nthe Neck in a cart loaded with manure, driven by a negro ser- \nvant of George Minot, a Dorchester farmer. Thus the four guns \nbelonging to the province escaped the clutches of Gage. The \n\n\n316 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ntwo last referred to were some time m possession of the Dor- \nchester Artillery. \n\nColonnade Eow, a uniform range of twenty-four brick build- \nings, was constructed in 1811, and occupied by the elite of \nBoston society. Each house had, or was intended to have, a \nrow of freestone columns in front supporting a piazza, — hence \nthe name. In 1824, after the visit of Lafayette, Amos Law- \nrence and other occupants of the row petitioned to have \nColonnade Eow called Fayette Place, but it failed to receive \nofficial sanction, though it continued to be so called by the resi- \ndents. At the same time the name of South Allen Street was \nchanged to Fayette Street. But few of the buildings in the \nrow retain their original appearance, inexorable trade having \ndemanded and obtained admittance into this stronghold of \nBoston aristocracy. A more plebeian app>ellation of the block \nwas \" Cape Cod Eow,\" either from the antecedents of some of \nthe dwellers, or their traffic in the staple of the Commonwealth. \n\nThe Lowells have been a distinguished familj^ in Massachu- \nsetts, from Revolutionary times to the present day. Judge \nLowell was a delegate to the Congress of 1782-83, and was \nappointed by Washington Judge of the United States District \nCourt at its organization. The judge will ever be remembered \nas the member of the convention which framed the State Con- \nstitution, where, as one of the committee to draft that in- \nstrument, he inserted in the \" Bill of Rights \" the clause \ndeclaring that \" all men are born free and equal,\" Avith the \navowed purpose of abolishing slavery in the Commonwealth. \n\nRev. Charles Lowell, of the West Church, was a son of \nJudge Lowell, who first studied law in Boston before he took \nup theology. Our distinguished contemporary poet, James \nRussell Lowell, is a son of the clergyman. Another of the \nsons of the Revolutionary judge was Francis Cabot Lowell, to \nwhom, more than any other, belongs the credit of establishing \nthe Waltham cotton factory, the precursor of the Lowell works. \nThe city of Lowell was named for him. It was his son, John \nLowell, Jr., who founded by his will the Lowell Institute. \n\nAt No. 1 9 of the Colonnade resided John Lowell, son of the \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 317 \n\njudge of Revolutionary antecedents. Mr. Lowell acquired fame \nas a political writer, wielding a trenchant pen. As an opponent \nof tlie \"Last War,\" — as that of 1812 was long called, — he \nohtained considerable celebrity under his nom de plume of the \n\" Boston Eebel,\" from the boldness and severity with which he \nattacked the administration. He refused office, deeming the \npost of honor the private station, but is remembered as a \nfounder of the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Athen^um, \nSavings Bank, and the Hospital Life Insurance Company. He \nbudt a brick house m School Street, occupied for lawyers' \noffices, on the ground now open in front of the City Hall. \n\nThe Massachusetts Medical College, an appendage of Harvard \nUniversity, was at one time situated in Mason Street, imme- \ndiately behind Colonnade Eow. It was a brick edifice, with a \npediment raised above the central portion. A dome, with bal- \nustrade, surmounted the whole. The double tier of windows \nwere enclosed in arches rising the whole height of the building. \nTaken altogether, its external aspect might be called ugly. \nWithin, the central building was occupied by an anatomical \nmuseum, ^vith a laboratory underneath ; the lecture-room was \nin the south wing. \n\nUntold horrors were associated with this building in the \nminds of the lu'chins who frequented the adjoining school-house. \nIts contiguity to the Common Burying-Ground, too, seemed to \nsavor of a strong union between demand and supply. The \nprofessors were regarded in the neighborhood as so many ogres, \nand the students as no better than vampires. They ate their \noysters or passed the jest over the dissecting-table with a sang- \nfroid simply horrible to the uninitiated. An instance is re- \nmembered of a student, who went to pass the evening at a \nfriend's house, taking a dead woman's arm, which he coolly \nunwrapped from a newspaper to the affright of his hostess. \nThe college was removed to the West End, where it has ac- \nquired a fearful notoriety in connection with a weU-remembered \ntragedy enacted there. \n\nThe Haymarket Theatre stood next south of Colonnade Row. \nThis was an immense structure of wood, erected in 1796, and \n\n\n318 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nopened December 26, of tliat year, by Powell, of the Federal \nStreet. Powell had fallen out with the proprietors of the latter \nhouse, and the Hayinarket was built by his friends. It was \ndesigned to accommodate the middling interest, but the town \ncould not support two theatres. Tlie proj)erty proved a poor \nspeculation, and was demolished after standing six years only. \nThe huge structure was said to have been the largest and best- \narranged theatre in America; while it stood it was a source of \nterror to the neighborhood from its liability to take fire. No \nother theatrical enterprise was started in Boston until the \nWashington Garden entertainments, in 1819. \n\nThe Haymarket opened with the \" Belle's Stratagem.\" Mr. \nJ. A. Dickson, afterwards of the Federal Street, appeared on the \nboards here for the first time. He became, after his retirement \nfrom the stage, a weU-known merchant in Cornliill, and accu- \nmulated a handsome fortune. Dickson was tlie first agent in \nthis country of Day and Martin's blacking. Mrs. Darley made \nher debut at this theatre as N'arcissa in \" Inkle and Yarico.\" \nThere were a pit, gallery, and three tiers of boxes, with a hand- \nsome saloon and minor conveniences for the audience. Mr. and \nMrs. G. L. Bai-rett also appeared at this house, the latter making \nher dehut as Mrs. Beverly in the \" Gamester.\" The following \nwas the bill on the opening night at the Haymarket : — \n\nBELLE'S STRATAGEM. \n\nDoricourt, S. Powell. \n\nSir George Touchwood, Mamott. \n\nFlutter, C. PoweU. \n\nSaville, J. H. Dickson. \n\nCourtaU, Taylor. \n\nVillars, A Young American. \n\nHardy, Simson. \n\nLetitia Hardy, Mrs. S. Powell. \n\nLady Frances, Mrs. Hughes. \n\nMiss Ogle, Miss Harrison. \n\nMrs. Racket, Mrs. Simpson. \n\nThe \"Winthrop House and the adjoining Freemason's HaU, \nwhich made the corner of Boylston Street, were destroyed by \nfire in April, 1864, which left nothing but the Avails standing. \nThe present grand temple of Masonry succeeds to both the \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 319 \n\nformer. It is a magnificent monument of this angle of the \nCommon. \n\nThe Masonic Temple is not unworthily supported on the \nopposite corner by the Hotel Boylston, — a site which will never \nlose interest as the home of John Quincy Adams, sixth President \nof the United States. In the old mansion-house was horn \nCharles Francis Adams, who has erected the splendid edifice \nwe are regarding. \n\nBoylston Street was the ancient Frog Lane of the South End. \nIts route was the same as now, except that the sea Avashed the \nsoutherly end at the foot of the Common. We have remarked \nthat the fathers of Boston were not particular about names. \nThe future was veiled from them, and any peculiarity served \ntheir purpose. The amphibious croaker may have rendered the \nair of the neighborhood vocal with liis evening song in the day \nof Adams or his neighbor Foster. Sloughs and mud -holes were \ncommon to the vicinity. It is recorded that one, both wide and \ndeep, lay in front of Mather Byles's house. The selectmen were \nimportuned to see to it without avail, until one morning a pair \nof them got their chaise stuck fast in the midst, when the par- \nson accosted them Avith, — \" Well, gentlemen, I am glad to see \nyou stirring in this matter at last.\" \n\nThe \" Old ]\\Ian eloquent \" is one of the honored names on \nthe roll of the Boston Bar. The Athenseum was enriched by \nhis private library at a merely nominal sum. He studied law \nwith Theophilus Parsons, and wrote powerful political articles \nunder the signature of Publicola, in 1791, advocating neutrality \nwith France. Minister to Holland, England, and Prussia, he \nwas intimate Avith Burke, Fox, Sheridan, Pitt, and their con- \ntemporaries of the period of the French Revolution. A mem- \nber of the United States Senate from 1803 to 1808, his vicAVS \non the measures of Mr. Jefferson were in conflict with those of \nMassachusetts, and he resigned. He was minister to Russia in \n1809, and a commissioner at Ghent in 1815. Again minister \nto England in 1817, he became subsequently Mr. Monroe's \nSecretary of State, and his successor in 182.5. In 18.31 he Avas \nreturned to Congress, Avhere he continued until his sudden \n\n\n320 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\ndecease in the Capitol in 1848. \"This is the last of earth ; I \nam content,\" were the last words he spoke. \n\nMr. Adams was minister to Russia during the invasion of \nBonaparte. When questioned as to the burning of Moscow, \nhe stated that both the Emperor and Eostopchin, the governor, \ndenied having ordered it. Had the government assumed the \nresponsibility, they would have been obliged to indemnify the \nsufferers. \n\nIn Miss Quincy's Memoir are some interesting personal recol- \nlections of Mr. Adams while at the court of St. Petersburg. \nSaid he : — \n\n\" I never saw Alexander on the throne. He was a man who cared \nlittle about thrones, and was one of the most complete republicans, \nin character and manners, I have ever known. He used to walk the \nstreets of St. Petersburg every day, and stop and talk to every one \nhe met. He was extremely popular, and I do not believe he was \ncan-ied off by treachery. Alexander, during the whole of the war \nwith Bonaparte, exposed himself as much as any of his ofl&cers. At \nthe close of that war he was undoubtedly one of the first generals \nin Europe. Moreau was killed at Ms side by a cannon-ball from the \nwalls of Dresden.\" \n\nSpeaking of Moreau's death, Mr. Adams observed : — \n\n\" He was fighting against his country, which no man can ever be \njustified in domg. A man, if he disapproves a government or a war, \nmay remain quiet and neutral ; but nothing should ever induce him \nto take up arms against his country. I saw Moreau's funeral at St. \nPetersburg, which was attended with great pomp.\" \n\nThe victor of Hohenlinden was excluded by decree from the \nranks of the French army, July 6, 1804, and under the surveil- \nlance of a colonel of gendarmes went to Cadiz, where he em- \nbarked for the United States. Moreau was in America eight \nyears, during which he travelled extensively, visiting Boston \namong other places. The venerable William Minot, of this \ncity, stated, at a recent interview, that he remembers seeing the \ngeneral in a passing carriage while he was in Boston. He went \nto Niagara Falls, and descended the Ohio and Mississippi. A \nsmall affluent of the Missouri is named for him. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 321 \n\nHe lived for some time at Morrisville, in Pennsylvania, in a \nhouse purchased by him on the banks of the Delaware, — the \nmost conspicuous in the place. The general was very affable \nand hospitable. He also resided in New York, where he was \nmuch consulted by American pohticians, though he sedidously \nabstained from party intrigue himself. After a residence of \nabout eight years in the United States he returned to Europe, \nto engage in the strife then raging there. The American vessel \nwhich carried Moreau — this was in 1813 — was permitted to \npass the blockade by Admiral Cockburn, at the request of the \nEussian minister. \n\nHis death-bed was attended by the King of Prussia, the \nEmperor of Austria, and Emperor Alexander, who manifested \nthe deepest grief at his loss. Metternich, Schwartzenburg, and \nthe allied generals visited him, and Alexander, who had a great \nfriendship for the dying general, held him a long time in his \narms. The following is an extract of a letter to Madame Moreau, \nwritten by him, with a steady hand, while sinking under the \namputation of his limbs : — \n\n\" My dear friend, at the battle of Dresden, three days ago, I had \nboth legs carried away by a cannot shot. That scoundrel, Bonaparte, \nis always lucky.\" \n\nCharles Francis Adams passed liis boyhood with his father \nat St. Petersburg, and while the elder Adams was minister at \nthe court of St. James, the son went to an English school. He \nstudied law in Webster's ofi&ce, and was admitted to the bar, \nbut never practised. Mr. Adams, after having edited a Boston \nnewspaper, and served in the legislature, was the candidate of \nthe Free Soil party for the Vice-presidency in 1848. But Mr. \nAdams is best known by his diplomatic services at the same \ncourt where his father served so long. His conduct of delicate \nnegotiations during the great civil war was such as to place him \nat the head of American diplomats. His services were recently \nrequired by our govermnent in the negotiations at Geneva, \narising from the Alabama and other claims. Mr. Adams mar- \nried a daughter of Peter C. Brooks, a wealthy citizen of Boston. \n\nIn this corner of the Common, and adjoining the Burying- \n14* V \n\n\n322 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nGround on the east, were situated the hay-scales, after their \nremoval from the corner of \"West Street, and also a gun-house ; \nthe latter was transferred, in 1826, to a location near the present \nProvidence depot. It contained a laboratory, well furnished \nwith warhke material. There was also a laboratory on Pleasant \nStreet, between the corner of Boylston and Pfaff's Hotel, during \nthe Eevolution, on what is now called Park Square, and another, \nsubsequently used by Prothingham, Wheeler, and Jacobs as a. \ncarriage factory, and seen in the frontispiece. \n\nThe first manufacture of duck was begun by an incorporated \ncompany in Boston, about 1790. They erected buildings on a \nlarge lot in Boylston Street, at the corner of Tremont. In \n\n1792 they were in the full tide \nof success, employing four hun- \ndred operatives, and turning \nout fifty pieces a week of ex- \ncellent canvas. Here were man- \nufactured the Constitution's \nsails, so that she was an Amer- \nican ship tliroughout, except in \nher armament. The manufac- \nture of cotton began in New \nEngland as early as 1643, and caUco printing was undertaken \nin Boston before 1794. \n\nDuring the war of 1812 a number of field-pieces belonging to \nthe government were collected in this corner of the Common, \nand the city military took turns mounting guard over the park. \nThe N'ew England Guards, which were organized in 1812, per- \nformed their share of this duty, and several of the members, \namong whom was Abbott Lawrence, got their one hundred and \nsixty acres of land from the general government in requital for \na certain term of service here, at the Charlestown ISTavy Yard, \nand at N'oddle's Island. There were sixty-seven names on the \nmuster-roll in 1814, and in 1859, after the lapse of nearly half \na century, forty-three of the sixty-seA^en were still living, of \nwhom a mere handful of aged men now survive. \n\n\nOLD LOOM. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 323 \n\n\nCHAPTEE XI. \n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON CONTINUED. \n\nCommon Burying-Ground. — Joshua Bates. — Public Garden. — RoiJewalks. \n\n— Topography of the Common. — British Troops on. — Description of their \nCamps. — The Light Horse. — Powder House. — Old Elm. — Witchcraft \nand Quaker Executions. — The Duel in 1728. — Mill-Dam. — Mexican \nVolunteers. — Beacon Street. — Prescott. — Copley. — John Phillips. — \nWendell Phillips. — Robert C. Winthrof). — Hancock Mansion. — Governor \nHancock. — General Clinton. — State House. — Public Statues, etc. — \nThe Beacon. — The Monument. — Lafayette's Residence. — George Tickuor. \n\n— Malbone. — Samuel Dexter. — Incidents of Lafayette's Visit in 1824. — \nJosiah Quincy, Jr. — Historical Resume. — Repeal of the Stamp Act. \n\nTHE Common Burying-Ground has but little antiquity com- \npared with the Chapel, Copp's Hill, or Granary Cemeteries. \nIt was opened after these in 1756, and has, according to its \nchanging relations with others, been called at various times the \nSouth and Central Ground. \n\nUnder Mayor Armstrong, the Boylston Street Mall was car- \nried across the foot of the Common, cutting off some of the \ntombs on that side of the graveyard. The owners of the \nvaults resisted the invasion of the sacred dust, but the im- \nprovement was accomplished by which Beacon and Tremont \nStreet Malls were connected. \n\nUnsupported tradition has given to the Common Ground \nthe credit of being first used for negro burials, but we find no \nbetter evidence of this than that some very thick skulls were \ndug up at a considerable depth from the surface. It is known, \nhowever, that this was the sepulchre of such of the common sol- \ndiers as died from disease during the British occupation, and of \nthose who died from their wounds received at Bunker Hill. \nThey were buried in a common trench, according to military \ncustom, and many of the remains were exhumed when the ex- \ncavations were proceeding at the northwest corner of the yard. \n\n\n324 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe officers who died of their hurts at Blinker Hill were in- \nterred in the churches and cemeteries, hastily, but with greater \ndecency. Many of these have been forwarded to their far- \naway hoDies. \n\nWe cannot pass the Public Library without an allusion to \nits great benefactor, Joshua Bates. This eminent Bostonian, \nwho became the chief of the great house of the Barings in \nLondon, was a poor boy, almost as humble as the least among \nthose who daily benefit by his generosity. He attracted the \nattention of his patron, William Gray, while driving a load of \nstones on his father's team. His quick, ready replies interested \nthe merchant, who gave him a place in his counting-house, \nwhence graduated a financier second to none in the Old or \nNew World. \n\nIn the Public Library is a Revolutionary relic of interest, \nwhich acquired an even greater importance in connection with \nthe Sanitary Commission in the war of Rebellion. It is the \noriginal capitulation of Burgoyne at Saratoga, with the signa- \ntures of the king's commander, Riedesel, and the lesser officers, \nEnglish and Hessian, in order of rank. \n\n\" In vain they fought, in vain they fled ; \nTheir chief, humane and tender, \nTo save the rest, soon thought it best \nHis forces to surrender.\" \n\nWhere now the Public Garden is teeming witb beauty, \nnearly the whole extent of the ground was occupied by rope- \nwalks, five in number. As you pass along Charles Street going \nin the direction of Beacon, these ropewalks stretched about \nthree fourths of the distance, there meeting the water which, \nwashed Charles Street. On the other hand, they continued \nnearly to Eliot Street. Charles Street was divided from the \nCommon about 1804. \n\nThese ropewalks were the successors of those in Pearl and \nAtkinson Streets, destroyed by fire in 1794. The town granted \nthe tract in order to prevent the erection of new buildings in \na district they endangered, as well as to render substantial aid \nto the unfortunate rope-makers ; they were again consumed in \n\n\n1 TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 325 \n\ntheir new location in 1806. The land whereon these rope- \nwalks were situated was marsh, or flats, which indeed was \nthe prior condition of nearly all that low ground now known \nas the parade of the Common. At high tides most of this \ntract was probably overflowed. On the verge of it was a little \nelevation known as Fox Hill, long ago levelled to contribute to \nthe filling of the marsh. As long ago as 1750 the town voted \nto lease these marsh-lands ; but if they were used, the purpose \nhas not transpired. \n\nTo continue the topography of this region of the Common, \nfrom the bottom of Beacon Street to Cambridge Bridge was a \nhigh bluff, similar to the headlands of the harbor islands ; the \nbase washed by the river. Excellent springs, covered at high \nwater, trickled along the beach. This eminence, knoAvn as \"West \nHill, was occupied by the British as a mortar-battery ; it has \nbeen reduced to a convenient grade, and employed in making \nCharles Street. It seems clear that the shore or beach once \nleft this headland with an inward sweep, southerly to the \nliigher ground at the foot of Boylston Street. \n\nAfter the era of improvement was begun by the Mount \nVernon proprietors, the hill was reduced by them. In this \nlabor they employed the first railway used in ISTew England, by \nan inchned plane, over which box cars conveyed their loads to \nthe water at the foot of the hill. About this time a sea wall \nwas buUt along Charles Street from Beacon to Boylston. \n\nTo return to the ropewalks. The town, in its generosity, \ninvested the proprietors with a title which might have forever \nprevented the existence of the Pubhc Garden, now properly a \npart and parcel of the Common. The rights of the proprie- \ntors were finally purchased by the city. The question whether \nthe city should sell these lands lying west of Charles Street, \nwas, in 1824, negatived by the citizens, who thus decided to \npreserve the beautiful view of the river and its shores beyond, \nnow obstructed by the newly erected city of the Back Bay. In \nthis manner has been secured the Public Garden, — \n\n\" Where opening roses breathing sweets diffuse, \nAnd soft carnations shower their balmy dews ; \n\n\n326 LANDMAKKS OF BOSTON. \n\nWhere lilies smile in virgin robes of white, \nThe thin undress of superficial light, \nAnd varied tulips show so dazzling gay, \nBlushing in bright diversities of day, \nEach painted floweret in tlie lake below \nSurveys its beauties, whence its beauties grow.\" \n\nFrom the bottom of tlie Common the troops were embarked \nin silence for Lexington, at about ten o'clock on the night pre- \nceding the memorable 19th of April. On the Common were \narrayed the forces engaged at Bunker Hill before they marched \nto the points of embarkation. Many a tall feUow heard the \ndrums beat the rappel for the last time as he shouldered his \nfirelock, and fell in the ranks on that eventful morning. \n\nOf the first troops wliich the Ministry despatched to Boston, \nthe 29th went into camp on the Common for a short time, un- \ntil they were quartered in various parts of the town. The 1 4th \nand the Train marched with the 29th to the Common from \nLong \"Wharf, but were assigned to other locahties. On the 31st \nof October, 1768, took place the first military execution ever \nwitnessed in Boston. The doomed man was Richard Ames, a \nprivate of the 14th; his crime, desertion. He was shot on the \nCommon, both regiments being present under arms. Inter- \ncession was made with General Gage to spare the man's life \nwithout avail. \n\nThese were not the first troops to use the town training-field \nby many, but their coming marked an epoch in history. The \nprovincial forces of Shirley and Pepperell enlivened the green \nsward in 1745; and in 1758, on the 13th January, General \nAmherst and his army, 4,500 strong, disembarked from their \nships, and pitched their tents on the Common. This was the \nforce destined to operate against Canada. At this time, and \nlong afterwards, the British officers wore bayonets. A portrait \nof General \"Wolfe is extant with a firelock slunc^ at his back and \nthe bayonet by his side. Burgoyne's officers also wore them \nwhen they came to Boston in 1777. \n\nThe Higlaland Regiment, commanded by Colonel Fraser, ex- \ncited the admiration of the town, wliich had seen nothing like \nit before. Their colonel was the same who displayed such con- \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 327 \n\nspicuous bravery at tlie battle of Stillwater in 1777, under \nBurgoyne's command. In the crisis of the second day's battle \nGeneral Morgan called some of his trusty riflemen, and, pointing \nout the gallant Briton, said to them : \" That gallant ofiflcer is \nGeneral Fraser. I admire and honor him, but it is necessary \nhe should die ; victory for the enemy depends upon him. Take \nyour stations in that clump of bushes, and do your duty.\" In \na few minutes Fraser fell, mortally wounded. He requested to \nbe buried in a redoubt he had erected, which was accordingly \ndone, imder the fire of the American guns. The object of the \nburial-party being discovered, the firing ceased, except the oc- \ncasional booming of a minute-gun in honor of the valor of the \ndeceased soldier. Fraser's regiment was with Wolfe at the \nmemorable ascent of the Heights of Abraham in 1759, and, \nunder Murray, was engaged at the battle of Quebec ia 1760. \n\nOn the 2d July, 1774, the train of artillery from the Castle \nlanded, and marched to the Common. On the 4th of October \nthere were two regiments stationed here, and it continued there- \nafter a permanent camp until the evacuation. Two companies \nwere stationed in the mortar redoubt, and also held a small \nthree-gun battery higher up on the slope of the hill. A¥hen \nthe British departed, the thirteen-inch mortar from the battery \nwas found lying on the beach, where it had been overturned, \nuninjured. Another of the same calibre, found sunk at the end \nof Long Wharf, was placed by the Americans in the South \nBattery. One of these Revolutionary relics was taken to \nCharlestown ISTavy Yard ; the other was mounted on the bat- \ntery at ISTew York, the same year it was captured. Two twelve- \npounders from the battery on Beacon HUl were also secured by \nthe Americans. There were a few shot thro\\\\Ti into the British \ncamp during the siege by an American floating battery, but no \nharm was done. \n\nThe positions of the British defences and encampments on \nthe Common during the winter of 1775-76 were as foUows : \nA small earthwork was thrown up at the northwest corner, a \nlittle higher up than the present entrance on Charles Street ; \nthis was designed for infantry, and held by a single company. \n\n\n328 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nThe little elevation mentioned by the name of Fox Hill was \nnearly or quite surrounded by water at times, and was hence \ncalled the island ; on this was a small redoubt. At the south- \nwest corner, at a point at high-water mark, — now intersected \nby Boylston Street extension, — was another breastwork for \ninfantry. South of this was a strong redoubt, wliich would be \nbisected by Hollis Street, were it extended to the shore as it \nthen existed ; one front faced Pleasant Street, while the other \nwas along the then beach. This formed the first line, the \nPleasant Street redoubt and the battery at the foot of Beacon \nStreet being on the flanks. \n\nOn the westerly slope of the hill overlooking the parade, and \non which the flagstafi\" is now situated, was a square redoubt, \nbehind which lay encamped a battahon of infantry ; to the east, \nand on a Une with the easternmost point of the hill, were two \nhalf-moons for small arms, with a second battalion in its rear. \nAbout opposite Carver Street, resting on the southwest corner \nof the burial-ground, was a bastioned work, directly across \nBoylston Street. This was the second line. On the hill for- \nmerly known as Flagstaff Hill, but now dedicated to the sol- \ndiers' monument, the artillery was parked, protected by intrench- \nments. Immediately behind this hill, stretching from the \nburial-ground across to Beacon Street Mall, were the camps of \nthree battalions of infantry. Such were the dispositions to \nprevent a landing by the American forces under Washington. \nNone of the works were formidable except the most southern, \nwhich was connected with the lines on the iN'eck. The Common \nwas an intrenched camp, with a regidar garrison of 1,750 men. \n\nThe remains of the British works were visible until the be- \nginning of the centiuy. Persons are still h\\'ing who have seen \nthe holes made by the soldiers for their kitchens, and the ditches \non the hill where the monument is to stand. \n\nThe strength of the British position may be inferred from \nthe fact that Du Coudray, an experienced French officer of \nartillery, engaged by our commissioners to command that arm \nin our service, laughed long and heartily on vie-\\ving from Bea- \ncon Hill the works which the British had erected, and which \nthey had so precipitately abandoned. \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 329 \n\nBehind the three-gun battery situated on Beacon Hill were a \nnumber of ropewalks, bounding north on Myrtle Street, and \noccupied in Revolutionary times by Henderson Inches. This \nwas the camp of the British Light Horse, who used the rope- \nwalks as their stables, and the Old South as a riding-school. \nBelknap Street is now continued directly through these rope- \nwalks. The spur of Beacon Hill known as Mt. Vernon, and for \nwhich that street takes its name, was called Mt. Hoardam, and \nMt. Whoredom, a difference merely of orthography. We shall \nsee that the military positions in and around the Common were \npresided over by some distinguished personages. \n\nIn May, 1706, an act was passed erecting a Powder House in \nthe town, and one was built on the hill near the Frog Pond. \nThere was another pond on the Common in early times called \nthe Horse Pond, a stagnant pool of water long since filled up. \nIt was situated a little to the southeast of old Flagstaff Hill, \nand was connected by a ditch with the river ; across the ditch \na little foot-bridge was thrown. A third pond, to the westward, \nwas called Sheehan's, from a man of that name hanged there. \nThe Powder House referred to must not be confounded with \nthe one at West Boston, — a much larger and better-built \nmagazine. \n\nThe superficial features of the Common, except in the in- \nstances pointed out, remain unchanged. The Mighty Ebn yet \nrears its hoary front, and puts forth its verdure as of old. It \nis the only living though dumb witness of the pageants of \nShirley, Amherst, Gage, and Howe. The hfe-current flows \nfeebly through the limbs of this tree of trees, but still it stands, \nacknowledged monarch of its fellows. The green mists which \nin spring-time clothe the trees in the mails cloud but lightly \nthe aged crest of the Old Ebn. Kingdoms, empires, dynasties, \nhave disappeared, yet the tree stands with its gnarled roots \ngrasping its native earth, waiting in silent majesty the day \nwhen it shall be laid to its rest, full of honors and of years. \n\nThe branches of the Old Elm, if we may believe tradition, \nhave been adorned with strange fruit, such as Tristan L'Hermite \ndehghted to suspend from his master's forests. We know that \n\n\n330 \n\n\nLANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\nWilliam Eobinson and Edward Stevenson, convicted Quakers, \n\"were hung upon the Common. Mary Dyar was reprieved after \nher foot was on the fatal ladder, through the intercession of her \nson, and escaped to meet a similar fate the next year. The \nlifeless forms of Margaret Jones, of Anne Hibbins, and perhaps \n\n\nTHL, OLD ELM. \n\n\nother victims of judicial murder, may have depended from these \nsame limbs during the reign of the witchcraft horrors. The \nremains of those who suffered at this time were treated with \nstudied cruelty. Their bodies were refused their friends, and \neven the privilege of protecting their place of sepulture was \ndenied. \n\nThe best judges have considered the age of this tree to be \nconsiderably more than two hundred and fifty years. It ap- \npears to have exceeded the usual term of maturity allotted to \nits species ; but artificial means, with great care for its preserva- \ntion, have no doubt eked out its existence. A terse biography \n\n\nA TOUR BOUND THE COMMON. S3l \n\nof the tree is found on the entrance to the enclosure, placed \n\nthere by Mayor Smith, under whose direction the fence was \n\nerected : — • \n\nTHE OLD ELM. \n\nThis tree has been standing here for an unknown period. It is \n\nbelieved to have existed before the settlement of Boston \n\nbeing full gi'owii in 1722. Exhibited marks of \n\nold age in 1792, and was nearly destroyed \n\nby a storm in 1832. Protected \n\nby an Iron Enclosure \n\nin 1854. \nJ. V. C. Smith, Mayor. \n\nIt should he mentioned, however, that a tradition has been \ncurrent which assigns to Captain Daniel Henchman — the same \nMdio commanded a company of foot from Boston, in King- \nPhilip's war, and was also captain of the Ancient and Honora- \nble Artillery Company in 1676 — the honor of planting the \nGreat Elm, six years earlier. This, if true, would make the \nelm more than two hundred years old. But the tree could \nhardly have attained, in fifty-two years, to the size represented \non the earliest plan of the town. It is also worthy of remark \nthat the age of Liberty Tree, planted only sixteen years after \nthe settlement, was definitely known and established by the \nSons of Liberty, while we nowhere meet with any contempo- \nrary account of the planting of the Great Elm. \n\nThe shooting of Matoonas, one of King Philip's sagamores, \nis chronicled in 1656. He was tied to a tree, — perhaps this \nvery ehn, — and met death with the stoical indifference of his \nrace. \n\nThere was, formerly, on the northerly side of the Great Elm; \na cavity large enough to serve as a hiding-placp for boys. This \nbeing filled with clay and covered with canvas, in process of \ntime was closed up by the natural action of the tree. Known \na hundred years ago as The Great Tree, and appearing ■ fuU- \ngrown a century and a half gone by, this venerable tree may, \nwithout dispute, claim to be the oldest inhabitant of Boston. \n\nAmong the events with which the history of the Common is \nconnected is the duel fought near the Powder House, July 3, \n\n\n332 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n1728, at between seven and eight o'clock in the evening. Both \nthe combatants were young men of the first respectability; \ntheir names, Benjamin Woodbridge and Henry Phdlips. They \nfought with swords, the former being thrust tlu'ough the body, \nwliile his adversary received some shght wounds. Phillips was \nhurried away on board the Sheerness man-of-war, then lying in \nthe harbor, by Ms brother Gillam Phillips, Peter Faneuil, and \nsome others. The body of the unfortunate Woodbridge was \nfound the next morning lying near the scene of the aiiray. Mr. \nSargent, better known as the \" Sexton of the Old School,\" has \ngiven some interesting details of tliis affair. The Faneuils and \nPhiUipses were connected by marriage, which accounts for the \nagency of Peter Faneuil in Hemy Phillips's escape. Young \nWoodbridge lies in the Granary Burying- Ground, \n\nThis duel gave rise to a ncAv law, which decreed that the \noffender, upon conviction, should \"be carried publicly in a cart \nto the gaUows, Avith a rope about his neck, and set on the gal- \nlows an hour, then to be imprisoned twelve months without \nbail.\" Any person killed in a duel was denied \" Christian \nBurial,\" and interred \" near the usual place of public execution \nwith a stake drove tlirough the body.\" Death was the penalty \nmeted out to the survivor with the same vindictive piu'suit of \nthe senseless remains. \n\nWhen the British troops were first stationed in the town, \nthey had a hosjjital at the bottom of the Common ; it took fire \nand was nearly consumed in May, 1769. There was also, at a \nlater period, a guard-house in the same locahty. \n\nPubhc executions have occurred at the bottom of the Com- \nmon, at or near the foot of Beacon Street, the criminals being \nhastily buried in the loose graA^el of the beach. So carelessly \nwas this performed that an eyewitness relates that he has seen \nthe corpse of one victim disinterred by the sea, with the mark \nof the hangman's noose still visible. \n\nThe Mill-Dam, or Western Avenue, is fast losing its distinc- \ntive features of yore, and shaping itself into a boulevard, bor- \ndered in its whole extent by residences. It was the greatest \nundertaking in its day Boston had witnessed ; we may even \n\n\nTOUK KOU^D THE COMMON. 33o \n\ndoubt \"whether the far-seeing Mr. Cotting perceived it to be the \nfirst step towards converting the Back Bay into tenxt firma. \n\nThe work was begun in 1818 by the Boston and Eoxbury \nMill CorjDoration, but Mr. Cotting did not live to see its com- \npletion, Colonel Loanimi Baldwin succeeding him as engineer. \nIn our Introduction we have given a very brief account of this \nthorouglifare. Laborers were brought from Ireland specially to \nbe employed on it, and it was opened with due ceremony. A \ncavalcade of citizens crossed from the Brookline shore, and were \nreceived by the inhabitants on the Boston side. \n\nMany recollect the entrance into the city of the Massachu- \nsetts Volunteers after the Mexican war. They were almost \nliterally in rags, and it was not until the charitable hands of \nBoston ladies had supplied needful clotliing that the regiment \nwas able to march into town. Their appearance indicated httle \nof the \" pomp and circumstance,\" but much of the hard usage \nand bad rations, of glorious war. \n\nWe may now pursue our way up the ascent of Beacon Street \nand its neighboring mail. The expense of this mall was de- \nfrayed from a fund raised by subscription to erect fortifications \nduring the war of 1812, then remaining in the hands of the \ntown officers. \n\n\" Here aged trees cathedral walks compose, \nAnd mount the hill m venerable rows.\" \n\nThe name of Beacon Street was applied very early to that \nportion north and east of the State House, and to the westerly \npart before the Eevolution. At this time there were not more \nthan three houses between Charles Street and the upper end \nof the Common, the Joy house, when built, making the fourth. \nThe rest of the hill was covered with small cedars and native \nshrubbery, with here and there a cow-path, through which the \nherds ranged unmolested. \n\nThe home of Prescott, the eminent historian, was at 55 \nBeacon Street. A deeper interest attaches to the labors of the \ngifted author on account of his partial blindness, caused by an \ninjury to his eye while at Harvard. All efforts both at home \nand abroad failed to restore his sight, and his literary work had \n\n\n334 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nto be performed with the aid of an amanuensis, though hs \noccasionally \"wrote with a stylus on a writing-frame prepared ex- \npressly for him. jSTo library can be called complete that does \nnot contain \"Ferdinand and Isabella,\" \"The Conquest of \nMexico,\" \"Peru,\" and \"Charles the Fifth.\" He died before \ncompleting liis Philiji II., wliich he had intended to make his \ngreatest work. j\\Ir. Prescott was the gi-andson of the old \nsoldier of Louisburg and Bunker Hill, and by a coincidence \nmarried a granddaughter of that Caj)tain Linzee who com- \nmanded the Falcon at the battle just named. He was a \nD. C. L. of Old Oxford, and member of most of the learned \nsocieties of Europe and America. \n\nThe mansion of the late David Sears, now a club house, is \nrendered interesting as the site of the home of Jolm S. Copley, \nthe distinguished American painter. Copley owned the greatest \nestate in Boston, embracing eleven acres, in which were included \nthe reserved six acres of Blackstone. \"Walnut Street was the \neastern boundary, Pinckney Street its northern, and the bay its \nwesterly limit. On the northwest corner of the tract stood the \nold Powder House to Avhich we have referred. It was built in \n1774, remote from the position of the former magazine near the \nGreat Tree, where it had been exposed to accidents on days of \npublic rejoicing. The walls were of Braintree gTanite, seven \nfeet thick, with bomb-proof arch. It was surrounded by pali- \nsades, and was estimated to contain, when full, a thousand bar- \nrels of powder. Near it was a Avatch-house. \n\nCopley was in a certain sense a pupil of Smibert, the works \nof that artist having been his first studies. He married a \ndaughter of Richard Clarke, a rich merchant, and one of the \nobnoxious tea-consignees. The painter acted for the consign- \nees in one of the conferences with the town committee. The \nClarkes had a store in King Street, and lived in the Cooke \nmansion, previously described, in School Street. The house \nwas visited by a mob, and the Clarkes with the other con- \nsignees retired for safety to the Castle. \n\nIn the old two-story house which formerly stood here Cop- \nley painted some of his best pictiu'es, probably those of Han- \n\n\nA TOUE ROUND THE COMMON. 335 \n\ncock and Adams among the number. Here also Charles \"W. \nPeale, father of Eembrandt Peale, studied with Copley in \n1768. In 1774, leaving his family in. Boston, Copley went to \nEngland, where he at once gained an advance^ rank among the \n\n\nTHE SEABS ESTATE. \n\n\nBritish painters. His Death of Lord Chatham established his \nfame, and his large picture of the Siege and Eplief of Gibraltar \nwas hung in Guildhall, London. He died suddenly in 1813. \n\nDiudap relates that Copley's death was thought to have been \nhastened by the following circumstance : — \n\n\" Some American speculator who was acquainted with the superb \nsituation of Copley's house in Boston, overlooking the beautiful \ngreen and parade called the Common, made an offer to the painter \nfor the purchase, which, in comparison to the value of property m \nformer days ia Boston, seemed enormous. Copley eagerly closed \n\n\n336 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nwitli him, and sold tlie property for a song compared with its real \nvalue. Shortly after, he, learning it was worth twenty times the \nmoney he had sold it for, tried to undo the bargain, and sent his \nlawyer son to Boston for the purpose, but it was too late.\" \n\nGardiner Greene, the sou-in-law of Copley, was his agent, and \nHarrison Gray Otis and Jonathan Mason were the purchasers \nof the painter's fine estate for the sum of $ 18,450. Finding \nno escape, the conveyance was made by the younger Copley, \nafterwards Lord Lyndhurst, in 1796. Mr. Copley had learned \nthat it was proposed to locate the new State House on Beacon \nStreet, — a circumstance Ms agent had omitted to communicate, \n— hence his efforts to cancel the sale. The society of the future \nChancellor of the Exchequer was much courted during his \nvisit to Boston and 'New York. The elder Coj)ley never re- \nturned to his native city. \n\nTrumbull describes Copley as an elegant-looking man, dressed \nin fine maroon cloth coat with gilt buttons. Besides being a \npainter, Copley was an engraver, having executed a portrait of \nEev. Wilham Welsteed of Boston. This knowledge served him \nin good stead in London. Copley, with West, was one of \nTrumbull's sureties when the latter was tlorown into prison in \nLondon. \n\nLord Lyndhurst said his father was his own master, and \nentirely devoted to his art to the last year of his life, and that \nhe never saw a decent picture, except his own, until he was \nthirty. SuUy's opinion of Copley was that he was equal \" in \nall respects but one to West ; he had not so great despatch, but \nthen he was more correct, and did not so often repeat him- \nself.\" \n\nThe adverse criticism upon Copley's pictures was that they \nwere crude in coloring, and wanted ease and naturalness. His \nhistorical paintings were a collection of portraits without action, \nbut his draperies were considered exquisite. Dr. Dibdin con- \nsidered his portraits admirable, but too stiff and stately. A \ncatalogue of the existing works of this eminent native artist \nis now being prepared by IMr. Augustus T. Perkins of Boston. \n\nGeneral Knox hved in the Copley House, after the war, for \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMOX. 337 \n\na short time. The old mansic«i fronted Beacou Street, and had \nfine grounds and a stable attached. \n\nDavid Sears inherited a large fortune from his father, and, gu \nwhere you will in Boston, you will find monuments of his \nwealth and enterprise. He commanded the Cadets previous \nto the war of 1812, as well as since that time. His mansion \nwas long the admiration of the town. Some beautiful panels \nin the front were executed by Willard. \n\nHarrison Gray Otis erected a handsome residence next west \nof the Sears estate ; Judge Cushing's adjoined it on the east, \nand was the second of the three houses mentioned as consti- \ntuting Beacon Street. \n\nThe house at the corner of Walnut Street was built by Hon. \nJohn PhiUij)s, first Mayor of Boston, State Senator, and Judge \nof the Court of Common Pleas. He was nephew to Lieutenant- \nGovernor William Phillips, and father of Wendell Phillips, the \ncelebrated antislavery orator of Boston. His maiden speech on \nthis question was made in Faneuil Hall in 1837, twenty-four \nyears before the antagonism between the ]!^orth and South cid- \nminated in ci\"\\dl war. Unlike most reformers, he has lived to \nsee the triumph of the principles to which he devoted the best \nyears of his life. Mr. Phillips possesses the natural gift of \neloquence, and stands hardly rivalled as a speaker by any con- \ntemporary. \n\nThis mansion, now considerably altered in its exterior ap- \npearance, was next the residence of Thomas L. Winthrop, \nlieutenant-governor of Massachusetts from 1826-32, who died \nin 1841. He was father of the Hon. Eobert C. Winthrop, who \nhas been prominently connected with most of the societies for \nthe advancement of science, art, and Hterature, and whose ser- \nvices in many fields of usefulness are fully acknowledged by \nhis fellow-citizens. Mr. A¥inthrop's mother was a daughter of \nSir John Temple, and he is, therefore, by this marriage, a \ngreat-grandson of Governor Bowdoin. The statue to Prankhn, \nin School Street, is the product of his suggestion ; and, at its \ninauguration, he delivered an address on the life and character \nof the great Bostonian. \n\n15 V \n\n\n338 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\nOn the opposite corner of \"Walnut Street was the residence \nof B. P. Homer, a highly respected merchant. In the rear \nof Mr. Homer's, on Wahiut Street, was the house in which \nDr. George Parkman hved at the time of his murder by Web- \nster. \n\nJoy Street recalls the name and estate of Dr. John Joy, ex- \ntending between this thoroughfare and Walnut Street, and \nBeacon and Mt. Vernon Streets. Dr. Joy was an apothecary \nin Washington Street, at the corner of Spring Lane. It is \nrelated that Ixis wife was much averse to a removal so far out \nof town as Beacon Street then was, and exacted a promise from \nthe Doctor to return into the town at no distant day. In that \nday a residence in Williams Court was considered far more \neligible. The doctor built a wooden house on the hill back \nfrom Beacon Street, which was ultimately removed to South \nBoston Point. \n\nNext to the corner of Joy Street lived Samuel T. Armstrong, \nanother of Boston's chief magistrates, of whose improvement \nof the Common we have recited several instances. He was the \nson of the Revolutionary soldier, John Armstrong. Mr. Arm- \nstrong was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1836. He \nhad in former years been a bookseller in State Street, at the \ncorner of Flagg Alley, — the firm being Belcher and Armstrong, \n— and then at jSo. 50 in Old Cornhill, the site of Paul Eevere's ' \nshop. This vicinity took the name of Booksellers' Row, from \nthe number of that trade there congregated. \n\nBefore you come to the grounds of the State House, two \nfreestone residences attract your notice. These showy edifices \nhave displaced one of the noblest private mansions of the Colo- \nnial period, built by Thomas Hancock in 1737, and given to \nhis nephew, the governor, by his aunt, Lydia Hancock. The \nhouse long remained a unique feature of the surroundings of \nthe Common, until it became too antiquated for modern ideas, \nand too valuable. The front of the estate embraced from Mt. \nVernon Street, given to the town by the governor, to Joy \nStreet, formerly Clapboard, and since Belknap Street. AU of \nthe State House and part of the Reservoir ground, including Han- \n\n\nA TOUK EOUND THE COMMON. \n\n\n339 \n\n\nbelonged. \nThe \n\n\nHANCOCK MAKSION. \n\n\ncock Avenue, Mt. Vernon Place, and a part of Hancock Street, \nin which was situated \nhis nursery, \nto the Hancocks, \nsite of the State House \nwas Hancock's pasture ; \nand gardens and or- \nchards surrounded this \ntruly princely mansion. \nThe building was of \nstone, built in the sub- \nstantial manner favored \nby the wealthier Bos- \ntonians. The walls \nwere massive. A bal- \ncony projected over the \nentrance - door, upon \nwhich opened a large window of the second story. The cor- \nners and window-openings were ornamented with Braintree \nstone, and the tiled roof was surmounted by a balustrade. Dor- \nmer windows jutted out from the roof, from which might be \nobtained a view as beautiful as extensive. A low stone wall \nprotected the grounds from the street, on which was placed a \nhght wooden fence, with gate-posts of the same material. A \npaved walk and a dozen stone steps conducted to the mansion, \nsituated on rising ground at a little distance back from the \nstreet. Before the door was a wide stone slab, worn by the \nfeet of the distinguished inhabitant and his illustrious gTiests. \nA wooden hall, designed for festive occasions, sixty feet in \nlength, was joined to the northern wing ; it was afterwards re- \nmoved to Allen Street. \n\n\"As you entered the governor's mansion, to the right was the \ndrawing or reception room, with fumitiu'e of bird's-eye maple cov- \nered with rich damask. Out of this opened the dining-hall referred \nto, in which Hancock gave the famous breakfast to Admiral D'Estaing \nand his officers. Opposite this was a smaller apartment, the usual \ndining-hall of the family ; next adjoining were the china-room and \noffices, with coach-house and bam behind. \n\n\n340 LANDMARKS OF BOSTON. \n\n\" At the left of the entrance was a second saloon, or family draw- \ning-room, the walls covered with crimson paper. The upper and \nlower halls were hung with pictures of game, hunting-scenes, and \nother subjects. Passing through this hall, another flight of steps led \nthrough the garden to a small summer-house close to Mt. Vernon \nStreet. The grounds were laid out in ornamental flower-beds bor- \ndered with box ; box-trees of large size, with a great variety of \nfruit, among which were several immense mulberry-trees, dotted the \ngarden.\" \n\nSuch is the description given by Miss Eliza G. Gardner, many \nyears an inmate of the Hancock House. \n\nThis was the house pillaged by the soldiers about the time \nof the battle of Lexington, who also broke down and mutilated \nthe fences, until, on complaint of the selectmen, General Gage \nsent Percy to occupy it. It is also stated that in the previous \nmonth of March British officers had set an example to the men \nby hacking the fences with their swords, breaking windows, \netc. A few days afterwards Hancock was again intruded upon \nby his red-coated neighbors, who refused to retire from his \npremises at his request, and mockingly told Mm his possessions \nwould soon be theirs. \n\nAt this time Gage had an order from the king for Hancock's \napprehension, but he feared to meet the issue ; a second order \ndirected him to hang the patriot. The wrath against Hancock \nescaped in a variety of ways more harmless. One of the effa- \nsions indited to the patriot reads thus : — \n\n\"As for their king, John Hancock, \nAnd Adams, if they 're taken, \nTheir heads for signs shall hang up high \nUpon that hill called Beacon.\" \n\nThe Hancock House became the quarters of General Clinton \nwhile he remained in Boston ; he took command at Charles- \nto^vn, September, 1775. Both house and stables were in part \noccupied by the wounded from Bunker Hill. The house, how- \never, received no important injury during the occupation, the \nfurniture showing but little signs of iU-usage, and the pictures \nremaining untouched. \n\nIn this house Hancock had entertained D'Estaing in 1778, \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 341 \n\nLafayette in 1781, Washington in 1789, Brissot, chief of the \nGirondists, and, in later times. Lords Stanley and Wortley, and \nLabouchifere and BougainviUe. \n\nD'Estaing rested under a cloud for his desertion of our forces \nin Ehode Island, but was, nevertheless, hospitably entertained \nby Hancock. About forty of the French officers dined every \nday at the governor's table, for he was a generous host. On one \noccasion an unusual number assembled to partake of the gov- \nernor's viands, when, in the language of Madam Hancock, \" the \nCommon was bedizened with lace.\" The cooks were driven to \ndespair, and the exigency was only met by milking the cows on \nthe Common. \"We do not learn whether this was acceptable to \nthe owners of the cows. The Count requited the governor's \nentertainments by a grand dinner on board his ship. The \ngovernor's lady, seated near her host, was requested to puU a \ncord, which was the signal for a discharge of all the gvins of \nthe squadron. The good dame confessed herself surprised at \nthis coup de theatre. \n\nBrissot was astonished to find the governor in friendly con- \nverse with \" a hatter \" (jSTathaniel Balch). Balch was a great \nfavorite of the governor's. He was a \" feUow of infinite jest,\" \nmajestic in appearance, benevolent, and of sterling worth. His \nwitticisms never failed \" to set the table in a roar.\" Loring \nrelates that when Hancock had occasion to go into the district \nof Maine on an official visit, he was attended by Hon. Azov \nOrne of his council, and his old friend Balch. Their arrival \nat Portsmouth, N\". H., was thus humorously announced : — \n\n\" On Thursday last, arrived in this town, Nathaniel Balch, Esq., \naccompanied by His Excellency John Hancock, and the Hon. Azor \nOrne.\" \n\nWhen Hancock was dying he called his old friend Balch to \nhis bedside, and dictated to him the minutes of his wiU, in \nwhich he expressly gave his mansion-house to the Common- \nwealth. Death intervened before this intention could be carried \nout. \n\nA strong effort was made to save this old New England mon- \nument, but without avail. It was proposed by Governor Banks, \n\n\n342 LANDMAEKS OF BOSTON. \n\nin 1859, that the Commonwealth should purchase it, and the \nheirs offered it at a low valuation, A joint committee of the \nLegislature reported favorably upon the measure, but it met \nwith strong opposition from the rural districts, and was defeated. \nSuggestions were offered to make it the residence of the gov- \nernors, or a museum for the collection of Eevolutionary relics. \nThe house was in excellent preservation, the interior wood-work \nbeing sound as when the halls echoed to the tread of the old \ngovernor. The chamber of Lafayette remained as when he \nslept in it ; the apartment in which Hancock died was intact ; \nthe audience-hall was the same in which Washington, D'Estaing, \nBrissot, the Percy, and many more had stood ; and, finally, the \nentrance-hall, in which for eight days the dead patriot lay in \nstate, opened upon the broad staircase as in the time of old \nThomas and Lydia Hancock. \n\nState action failing, some efforts were made by the city, in \n1863, to secure the relics of the building itself. The heirs \noffered the mansion, with the pictures and some other objects \nof historical interest, as a free gift, with the design of preserv- \ning it as a memento of Colonial and Eevolutionary history. It \nwas proposed to take it down and erect it anew on some other \nsite. Few will regret that such an historical anachronism was \nnot committed. The buUding was pidled down, and with it \ndisappeared the only monument to the memory of John Han- \ncock. \n\nGovernor Hancock entered the Latin School in 1745. He \nwent to England when quite young, where he witnessed the \ncoronation of the monarch who afterwards set a price upon his \nhead. President of the Provincial Congress in 1774, of the \nContinental Congress in 1776, he first affixed his bold auto- \ngraph to the Declaration of Independence, and it thus circu- \nlated upon the floor of Congress. We find him acting as \nmoderator at a town-meeting in 1778, the same year he was \nappointed major-general of the Massachusetts militia. We have \nseen him presiding over and directing the action of the conven- \ntion which ratified the Federal Constitution, and at the peace, \nthe choice of the people of his native State as their chief \n\n\nA TOUR ROUND THE COMMON. 343 \n\nmagistrate. Hancock died sincerely regretted. If he had some \nconspicuous faults, they were more than counterbalanced by his \nmany noble qualities. \n\nHancock was tall, nearly six feet, and thin. In later years \nhe stooped a httle, and was a martyr to the gout. In his attire \nhe was a type of the fine gentleman of his day, — a scarlet coat, \nrichly embroidered, with ruffles of the finest hnen, being his \nordinary dress. \n\nWe give herewith a fac-simile of the much-admired auto- \ngraph of Governor Hancock appended to a ticket of the lottery \nauthorized by law for the rebuilding of Faneuil HaU after the \nfixe of 1761. The engraving is of the exact size of the original \n\n\nBos TOM June 176;. • \n\nFaneull'H^W LOTTERY, No. Five. ? \n\n\n4^ ^-r HE PoiTeffor oFthis Ticket (No 34. \n\nFleet Street, 161 ; gardens of Gov- \nernor Hutchinson on, 167 ; named, \n168, 220. \n\nFleming, John, 107. See Mem. \n\nFlounder Lane, 281. \n\nFlucker, Thomas, residence of, 2/1 ; \n\nLucy, 271. \nFuller Sarah Margaret (Countess d Os- \nsoli), residence and school of, 312 ; \nshipwreck and death of, 312, 392. \nFulton Street, 128. \nForbes, R. B., 161. \nFore Street, The, 7, 152, 219. \nForest Hills, General Warren en- \ntombed at, 311. \nFort Du Quesne, 125. \nFort Field. See Fort Hill. \nFort George, 168. \n\nFort Hill, 6, 7, 17, 115 ; embargo flag \non, 116, 176 ; shipyards at, 179 ; \nillumination on, 209 ; great fire of, \n1760, 272 ; Revolutionary fort lev- \nelled, 272 ; fortified, 284 ; garrison \nof, 285 ; works strengthened, 285 ; \nguns removed, 285 ; rejoicings on, \n286 ; description of, 287, 288 ; lev- \n\n\nelled, 288 ; Stamp Act troubles, 399, \n\n409 ; hill fortified, 424. \nFort Hill Block, 280. \nFort Independence, 280. See Castle. \nFort Lee (N. Y.), incident of, 374. \nFort Snelling named, 221. \nFort Washington, incident of, 373. \nForty-ninth British regiment, part of, \n\nin Lexington expedition, 304. \nForty-seventh British regiment, 177, \n\n229. \nForty-third British regiment, 177. \nFoster. John, prints first book in Bos- \nton, 82. \nFoster Street, 200, 211. See Clark. ^ \nFoster, William, innkeeper, 105. \nFoster, William, residence of, 306, \n\n313, 404. \nFoster's Wliarf. See Wlieelwright's. \nFoundling Hospital, Loudon, Eng- \nland, 30. \nFourth Baptist Church, site of, 267. _ \nFourth British regiment, part of, in \n\nLexington expedition, 304. \nFourteenth British regiment, quarters \n\nof, 271 ; on the Common, 326. \nFow'le, William B., 145. \nFowle, Zachariah, printing-office of, \n\n223. \nFox, British ship, 220. \nI Foxcroft, Thomas, 55. \n1 Fox Hill levelled, 325, 323. \nFrankland, Sir Charles H., 30, 97 ; \nresidence, 162 ; Lady Frankland, \n163, 165 ; description of house, 163, \n164^ 165, 236 ; narrow escape of, 421. \nFrankland, Lady, narrow escape of, 421. \nFranklin Avenue (Dorsett's Alley), \n\n79 ; part of Brattle Street, 79. \nFranklin, Benjamin, 57 ; anecdotes of, \n\n58 ; apprentice in Queen Street, 80 ; \npublishes Courant, 80 ; his old press, \n\n80 145 ; birthplace, 146 ; original \nportraits, 147, 162 ; obtains Hutch- \ninson's letters, 166 ; baptized, 229, \n249 ; anecdote of, 251 ; bom, 252 ; \nMrs. (Reed), 80. \n\nFranklin, James, prints Boston Ga- \nzette, 79 ; N. E. Courant, 79 ; forbid- \nden to print Corn-ant, 80, 103, 104, \n\n\n456 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nFranklin, Josias, his sign and sliop, \n146, 252. \n\nFranklin Place, 255. \n\nFranklin School, Charles Sprague at- \ntends, 417. \n\nFranklin Statue, 57, 58, 337. \n\nFranklin Street, 9, 39, 75, 227 ; a bog, \n254 ; reclamation of, 254. \n\nFraser, Colonel Simon, his regiment on \nBoston Common, 326 ; death and \nburial at Stillwater, 327. \n\nFrederick, Francis, hanged, 424. \n\nFreeman, James, 39. \n\nFreeman Place Chapel, built on site of \nGovernor Phillips's house, 362. \n\nFreemason's Arms, 150. See Green \nDragon Tavern. \n\nFreemasons' first Lodge in Boston, \n150. \n\nFreemason's Hall (Tremont Street) \nburnt, 318. \n\nFrench and Indian war, 20. \n\nFrencL army, entry into Boston of, 433 \nto 437 ; composition of, 433 ; uni- \nform and baud, 434 ; embarkation, \n437. \n\nFrench Artillery, uniform of, de- \nscribed, 436. \n\nFrench Huguenot Church, 63 ; de- \nscription of, 64 ; occujiied by Cath- \nolics, 256. \n\nFreneau, Philip, lines of, on General \nGage, 427. \n\nFree Writing-School, 75. \n\nFriends of Liberty, resort of, 70. \n\nFrizell's Square. See North Square. \n\nFrog Lane. See Boylston Street. \n\nFrog Pond, 329. \n\nFront Street. See Harrison Avenue. \n\nFrothingham, Nathaniel, 282. \n\nFrothiugham, Mr., 313, 322. \n\nFrothingham, Richard, Jr., 116. \n\nFuller, Sarah Margaret, 312. \n\n\nG. \n\nGage, General Tliomas, 53, 57, 90 ; \nlands at Long Wharf, 115 ; chariot, \n116, 123, 124, 125, 127, 137, 149, \n\n\n168, 203, 208, 216, 225, 236; in \nProvince House, 242, 243 ; married, \n243 ; resemblance to Samuel Adams, \n243 ; proclamation ridiculed, 244, \n247, 272, 293, 326, 340 ; portrait of, \n348, 369, 426, 427. \n\nGallery of Fine Arts, 130. \n\nGallows, position of, 423 ; anecdote \nabout, 423 ; executions, 424. J \n\nGamba, Count, 193. ^ \n\nGammell, T., 283. \n\nGarden Court Street, 162, 164. \n\nGarden Street, 370. \n\nGardiner, John, 261. ^ \n\nGardner, Gideon, innkeeper, 428. \" \n\nGarchier, John S. J., 38, 386. \n\nGardner, Eliza G., 340. \n\nGarrison, William Lloyd, 379. \n\nGas first used in Boston, 22. \n\nGates, General Horatio, 66, 73, 103, \n144, 145 ; anecdote of, 232, 310 ; \ncommands in Boston, 383 ; anecdote \nof, 383, 429. \n\nGay Alley (Brattle Street), 71. \n\nGay, John, 1. \n\nGay, Timothy, 206. \n\nGee, Joshua, shipyard of, 179 ; resi- \ndence, 202, 204. \n\nGeographical divisions, 10. H \n\nGeorge I., 102. \" \n\nGeorge II., 90 ; portrait, 140, 167. \n\nGeorge III., 58; accession last pro- \nclaimed in Boston, 90, 167 ; outlaws \nHancock and Adams, 308, 309. \n\nGeorge Street. See Hancock. \n\nGeorge Tavern, Governor Burnet's re- \nception at, 238. \n\nGeorge Tavern (St. George), American \nadvanced post at, 428 ; burnt, 428 ; \nhistory of, 428, 429, 430 ; anecdotes \nof, 430. \n\nGerry, Elbridge, 70, 201. \n\nGerrish, Thomas, 282. \n\nGeyer, Frederic, residence of, 389. \n\nGeyer, Nancy W., 390. a \n\nGibben's shipyard, location of, 419. 4| \n\nGibbs, Major Caleb (of Boston), 182. \n\nGill, John (Edes and), imprisoned by \nHowe, 81. See Edes. \n\nGilman, Ailhur, 58. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n457 \n\n\nGlasgow, British frigate, 207, 208. \n\nGlass manufacture beguu in Massa- \ncliusetts, 408. \n\nGoddard, Benjamin, 196. \n\nGoddard, Nathaniel, 196. \n\nGofFe, General William, 55. \n\nGooch, Captain, brave deed of, 373. \n\nGoodrich, Henry, 286. \n\nGoodwin, Benjamia, yard of, 180, 201, \n204. \n\nGoodwin's Wharf, 202. \n\nGordon, General Hugh McKay, 154. \n\nGore, Governor Christopher, 39, 45, \n72; defends Selfridge, 114, 190, \n269 ; residence described, 279 ; \nsketch of, 279 ; personal appear- \nance, 280 ; resides in Park Street, \n352, 389. \n\nGore Hall named, 280. \n\nGore, Samuel, 72, 282, 314, 408. \n\nGorges, Robert, 4. \n\nGorham, Mr., residence of, 275. \n\nGouch Street named, 373 ; noted for, \n374. \n\nGould and Lincoln, bookstore of, 402. \n\nGould, John, 215. \n\nGovernment of Boston, 14. \n\nGovernment House. See Province \nHouse, 246. \n\nGovernor's Alley, 64. \n\nGovernor's Dock, location of, 114. \n\nGovernor's Foot Guards. See Cadets. \n\nGovernor's House. See Province \nHouse. \n\nGrafton, Duke of, 140. \n\nGrand Lodge occupy Old State HoiLse, \n91. \n\nGranary, Constitution's sails made in, \n182 ; the site of, 298 ; description \nand uses of, 299 ; removed, 299. \n\nGranary Burying-Ground, 54, 76, 204 ; \nGovernor Cushing buried in, 248, \n289 ; history of, 296, 297, 298 ; noted \npersons buried in, 296, 297 ; Frank- \nlin cenotaph, 298 ; called South \nBurying-Groimd, 298 ; Faneuiltomb, \n296 ; victims of Boston Massacre \nburied in, 297 ; filled with bodies, \n298 ; tombs erected in, 298 ; en- \nlarged, 298 ; legends of, 298 ; stone \n\n2e \n\n\nwall built, 298, 307, 323 ; Benjamin \nWoodbridge buried in, 332 ; Gov- \nernor Eustis buried in, 366. \n\nGrant, Moses, 206, 282, 314. \n\nGrant, Ulysses S., 105, 243. \n\nGraupner's Hall, 394. \n\nGraves, Admiral Thomas, residence of, \n272. \n\nGraves, Daniel, 206. \n\nGray, Edward, 273. \n\nGray, Harrison, 44, 245, 273 ; pro- \nscribed, 274 ; goes to London, 274. \n\nGray, John, 273. \n\nGray, Captain Robert, discoverer of \nColumbia River. \n\nGray, Tliomas, 38. \n\nGray, William, 201, 324, 382. \n\nGray's Wliarf, 201. \n\nGreat Mall, The, 305, 306 ; first trees \nplanted in, 300 ; description of, 30G ; \ntrees cut down by British, 303 ; in- \ncidents of, 310, 360. \n\nGreeley, Horace, 312. \n\nGreen, Bartholomew, prints News Let- \nter at, 82 ; residence, 93 ; prititiug- \noffice, 392. \n\nGreen Dragon Tavern, 64, 148, 149, \n150. \n\nGreen, Joseph, 33, 66 ; residence, 67 ; \nlampoons the Masons, 96 ; residence, \n67, 414. \n\nGreen, Jeremiah, 285. \n\nGreen, John (and Russell) office, 76, 81. \n\nGreen Lane (Salem Street), 153, 210. \n\nGreen Lane. See Congress Street. \n\nGreen, Samuel, innkeeper, 176. \n\nGreen Street, 151 ; residents of, 372 ; \nchurch, 373. \n\nGreen Store Battery, 425. \n\nGreene, Albert G., 300. \n\nGreene, Gardiner, 47 ; residence, 52, \n53 ; President of the United States \nBank, 94 ; Copley's agent, 336, 363, \n389. \n\nGreene, General Nathaniel, 66, 144, \n282, 310 ; to assault Boston, 359 ; \ncommands in Boston, 382, 405. \n\nGreenleaf s Gardens. See Washington \nGardens. \n\nGreenleaf, Dr. John, 124. \n\n\n458 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nGreenleaf, Stephen, 304 ; residence, \n\n313, 352. \nGreenleaf, William, reads Declaration \n\nof Independence, 91. \nGreenough, Henry, 247. \nGreenongh, Richard S., 38, 57, 58, 226. \nGreen's Barracks, 271. \nGreenwood, Ethan A., 42. \nGreenwood, Rev. F. W. P., 30. \nGreuze, 147. \nGridley, Jeremy, 71, 314; residence, \n\n402. \nGridley, General Richard, at Bimker \nHill, 208, 426 ; lays out works on \nNeck, 427. \nGriffin, Rev. Edward D., 301. \nGrifBn's Wharf, 410. See Liverpool. \nGriggs, John, recollections of Boston \n\nNeck, 426. \nGrove Street, 370 ; Medical College in, \n\n377. \nGrowth and progress of Boston, 23. \nGruchy, Captain, 200, 215. \nGuerriere, British frigate, 99, 188, 189, \n\n190 ; flag of, 193. \nGuiccioli, Countess, 193. \nGun-house, on Copp's Hill, 204 ; in \nCooper Street, 223 ; attack on, 224 ; \non Fort Hill, 288. \nGun-house in West Street, 314; re- \nmoval of guns from, 314 ; history of \nthe guns Hancock and Adams, 315 ; \none on the Common, 322 ; removed \nto Pleasant Street, 322. \nGun-house (Thacher Street), materials \n\nof, 375. \nGunpowder Plot. See Pope Day, 149. \n\n\nH. \n\n\nHackett, James H., first appearance \n\nin Boston, 368. \nHagen, P. von, 303. \nHaley, Madam, 52. \nHalf-Square Court, 98 ; Custom House \n\nm, 106. \nHalifax, Lord, 78. \nHalifax, N. S., 32; patriots carried to, \n\n65. \n\n\nHall, Captain James, 282. \nHallowell, Benjamin, residence of, \n\n148 ; assaulted, 170, 273, 285. \nHallowell, Benjamin Carew, 148. \nHallowell's shipyard, 275, 287. \nHamilton, Alexander, 296 ; statue of, \n\n344. \n\nHamilton, Colonel, 355. \n\nHamilton College, 381. \n\nHamilton Place, 39 ; Manufactory \nHouse in, 301 ; built, 304. \n\nHamilton Street, 286. \n\nHammock, John, 215. \n\nHancock, Ebenezer, 66; office and \nresidence, 144, 145. \n\nHancock, frigate, 220. \n\nHancock House, 141. \n\nHancock, Governor John, 24, 40, 42, \n43, 44, 49 ; house occupied by Per- \ncv, 53, 57, 69, 71; portrait by \nTrumbull, 73, 91, 110 ; gives a bell \nto Brattle Street Church, 122, 123, \n124, 125 ; store, 129, 130 ; portrait, \n140, 141 ; builds Hancock's Row, \n144 ; Pope Day, 150 ; warehouses, \n170, 176, 208, 214 ; address on Mas- \nsacre, 228, 233, 248 ; action to sup- \npress theatres, 261 ; gives bell and \nvane to Federal Street Church, 263 ; \npresides over Federal Convention, \n264 ; widow, 264 ; commands Ca- \ndets, 293 ; commission revoked, \n294 ; fireward, 295 ; tomb of, 296 ; \nfuneral, 297, 308 ; anecdote of, 309 ; \nhouse, 338 ; extent of estate, 338, \n339 ; description of mansion, 339, \n340; pillaged, 340; quarters of \nGeneral Clinton, 340 ; incidents of, \n340, 341, 342 ; anecdotes of, 341 ; dies \nintestate, 341 ; sketch of, 341, 342 ; \npersonal appearance, 343, 350 ; m- \ntroduces music on Common, 359, \n393 ; dinner to Rochambeau's offi- \ncers, 437. \nHancock, John (son of Ebenezer), \n\n349. \nHancock, Lydia, residence of, 76 ; gives \nher mansion to Governor Jolin, 338, \n\n342. \nHancock, Madam, anecdote of, 341. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n459 \n\n\nHancock mansion, history of, 338 to \n343 ; efforts to preserve it, 341, 342 ; \ndemolislied, 342 ; Stamp Act repeal, \n359, 362. \n\nHancock's Row built, 144. \n\nHancock School, 155. \n\nHancock Street, named, 352 ; caUed \nGeorge Street, 352. \n\nHancock, Thomas, 76, 130, 163 ; his \nwharf, 170 ; fimeral, 208 ; builds \nhouse on Buacon Street, 338, 342, \n\n351. \nHancock's Wharf, description of, 170 ; \nevents at, 170, 171 ; Lafayette lands \nat, 356. \nHandel, 32. \nHandel and Haydn Society, sketch of, \n\n394 ; occupy Boylston Hall, 403. \nHanover Avenue, 172. \nHanover Church. See Beecher's \n\nChurch. \nHanover, Massachusetts, anchors of \n\nfrigate Constitution made at, 182. \nHanover Square, 396. \nHanover Street, 10, 19, 25, 63, 70, 75, \n130, 143, 144 ; widened, 145 ; Frank- \nIm's birthplace, 146 ; widened, 147 ; \nbridged, 152 ; a neck, 152, 161 ; \nGovernor Hutchinson's gardens, 167, \n172, 173. \nHanover Street Church (Methodist), \n\n415. \nHarper, Mr., 256. \n\nHarris, Isaac, 182; hoists flag over \nConstitution, 185 ; saves Old South, \n233. \nHarris, Lord George, 203. \nHarris, Master, residence of, 161. \nHarris, Rev. Thaddeus M., anecdote of, \n\n413. \nHarris Street, 175. \n\nHarrison Avenue, origin and descrip- \ntion of, 404, 405. \nHarrison, John, first rope-maker, 273 ; \n\nropewalks, 273. \nHarrison, Joseph, Collector in 1770, \n97 ; assaulted, 168 ; Richard Ack- \nlom, 170. \nHarrison, Peter, 29. \nHarrison, General W. H., 45. \n\n\nHarris's Folly, 281. \n\nHart, Zephaniah, 180. \n\nHartford Convention, 44, 295. \n\nHartly, Mr., 182, 197. \n\nHartt, Edward, 180. \n\nHartt, Edmund, 180 ; residence, 181, \n\n196 ; buried, 206. \nHartt's Naval Yard, 181, 183, 195, 196, \n\n197. \nHartt, Ralph, 180. \n\nHarvard College, 33, 84; Rumford \nProfessorship, 87, 103, 160; Gore \nHall named, 280. \nHarvard Place, 270. \nHaskell, S., innkeeper, 398. \nHatch, Israel, innkeeper, 96 ; adver- \ntisement, 399. \nHatch, Mrs., 307. \nHatch's Tavern, location of, 313. \nHatters' Square, 145. \nHaverhill Street, 378. \nHawkins's Shipyard, 175. \nHawkins Street, 371. \nHawkins, Thomas, 175 ; shipyard, 178. \nHawthorne, Nathaniel, description of \nOld Prison, 77 ; invocation to Town \nPump, 84 ; Scarlet Letter, 92 ; Le- \ngends of Province House, 235. \nHay, Theodocia, 206. \nHaymarket, The, 313, 322. \nHaymarket Square, 151. \nHaymarket Theatre, site of, 313, 317 ; \n\nopening and description of, 318. \nHayne, Robert Yomig, 45. \nHays, Catherine, 293. \nHay-scales. See Haymarket. \nHayward, Dr. Lemuel, residence of, \n\n392. \nHayward, John, Postmaster of Boston, \n\n104. \nHayward Place named, 393. \nHealey, G. P. A., 140. \nHeart and Crown, 146, 234. \nHeath, General William, 40, 144, 145, \n231, 267 ; commands in Boston, 383 ; \nheadquarters, 383. \nHenchman, Captain Daniel, 200 ; ac- \ncredited with planting the Great Elm, \n331. \nHenchman, Colonel Daniel, residence \n\n\n460 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nof, 76 ; biiilds first paper-mill, 76 ; \nstore, 85, 137. \n\nHenchman's Lane, 199, 200. \n\nHercule, French ship, 437. \n\nHermione, French frigate, 356. \n\nHewes, George R. T., residence of, 269 ; \nTea Party, 282, 283. \n\nHewes, Shubael, butcher-shop of, 270. \n\nHibbins, Anne, 53 ; executed, 330. \n\nHibbins, William, 53. \n\nHichborn, Benjamin, residence and \nsketch of, 250 ; commands Cadets, \n294. \n\nHigginson, Francis, portrait of, 346. \n\nHigginson, Stephen, 196. \n\nHigginson, Stephen, Jr., 196. \n\nHigh Street, 37, 46, 272 ; called Cow \nLane, 273 ; affray in, 274 ; described, \n280. \n\nHill, Aaron, Postmaster, 269. \n\nHill, Thomas, 406. \n\nHillier's Lane (Brattle Street), 71. \n\nHillsborough, Lord, 249, 398. \n\nHills Wharf, 127. \n\nHinckley, David, residence of, 362 ; tra- \ngic incident connected with, 363. \n\nHistoric Genealogical Society, 364 ; \norigin and sketch of, 365 ; building \nand library, 365. \n\nHistorical Society, Massachusetts, 37, \n52, 141 ; relics of Hutchinson in, \n167 ; of Province House, 247 ; in \nFranklin Street, 255 ; Speaker's Desk \nand Winslow's chair, 347. \n\nHodgkinson, Mr., 256. \n\nHodson, Thomas, 351, 352. \n\nHolbrook, Abraham, 314. \n\nHolland's Coffee House, 50. \n\nHoUey, Rev. Horace, 415. \n\nHollis Street, British works near, 328, \n411 ; originally called Harvard, 414 ; \ngreat fire in, 416. \n\nHollis Street Church, 102, 103. \n\nHollis Street Church, history of, 414, \n415, 416 ; Stamp Act celebration, \n414; burnt, 414 ; removed to Brain- \ntree, 415 ; tablets in, 416 ; fire of \n1787, 416 ; troops qxiartered in, 416. \n\nHollis, Thomas, Hollis Street named \nfor, 414. \n\n\nHolmes, Francis, innkeeper, 105. \nHolmes, Dr. 0. W., 65, 192. See Hub \n\nof the Universe. \nHoly Cross Cathedral, site and sketch \n\nof, 255, 256 ; removal, 256. \nHolyoke, Edward A., 39 ; residence, \n\n159. \nHolyoke Street. See Tremont. \nHome of Little Wanderers, 222. \nHomer, B. P., residence of, 338. \nHood, Lord, 310. \nHood, Thomas, 94. \nHooper, Rev. William, 374. \nHooten, John, 283. \nHopkinton, Sir CTiarles Frankland's \n\nestate at, 162. \nHorn Lane. See Bath Street. \nHorse Pond, 329. \nHorticultural Building, 294. \nHorticultural Hall, 42 ; statues on, 344. \nHospital Life Insurance Company \n\nfomided, 317, 377. \nHotel Boylston, site of J. Q. Adams's \n\nresidence, 319. \nHotel Pelham, 313. \nHouchin's Corner, 70. \nHouse of Correction, site of, 299 ; in \n\nLeverett Street, 375 ; at South Bos- \nton, 375. \nHouse of Industry, 376. \nHovey and Company, 389. \nHow, Edward C, 282. \nHoward, Captain Anthony, 25. \nHoward Athenaeum, 40 ; site, 366. See \n\nMillerite Tabernacle ; opening, 368 ; \n\nburnt, 368 ; rebuilt and sketch of, \n\n368. \nHoward, John, 48. \nHoward, S., 283. \nHoward, Simeon, 374. \nHoward Street, 47 ; (Southack's Court), \n\n48, 49. \nHowe, Lord George, monument erected \n\nto, 241. \nHowe, Sir William, 65, 69 ; at Bunker \n\nHill, 70, 86, 90 ; arrival in Boston, \n\n125, 127, 136, 160, 177, 207, 208, 225 ; \n\nresidence, 236 ; at coimcil of war, \n\n243 ; sketch of, 244 ; address before \n\nbattle of Bunker HiU, 245, 246; \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n461 \n\n\nquarters of, 271, 373 ; stops destruc- \ntion of trees on Common, 306, 382, \n432. \nHub of the Universe, Dr. Holmes ori- \nginates the saying, 344. \nHubbard, Deacon, 231. \nHubbard, Thomas, residence, 389. \nHubbard, Tuthill, Postmaster of Bos- \nton, 104. \nHudson, Francis, 202. \nHudson's Point, 5; (Mylne Point), \n\n24 ; named, 202. \nHull, 116. \n\nHull, General, Lafayette visits, 364. \nHull, Hannah, 204 ; anecdote of, \n\n212. \nHull, Commodore Isaac, at Exchange \nCoffee House, 99 ; anecdotes of, 99, \n100, 139, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, \n192, 194, 197, 290. \nHull, John, 51, 52, 204, 211 ; estab- \nlishes mint, 212 ; supposed residence \nof, 296. \nHull Street, 204 ; named, 211. \nHumphries, General David, 100, 364. \nHumphries, Mrs. General, residence \n\nof, 364. \nHumphries, Joshua, designs frigate \n\nConstitution, 182, 192. \nHunnewell, Jonathan, 283. \nHunnewell, Richard, 283. \nHunnewell, Richard, Jr., 283. \nHimt, William M., 141. \nHuntington, General, 364. \nHurd, Mr. , assists in planting trees of \n\nGreat Mall, 306. \nHurdley, William, 282. \nHutchinson, Anne, 51, 62 ; trial and \n\nbanishment of, 63, 226. \nHutchinson, Edward, residence of, \n\n171, 200. \nHutchinson Street. Sm Pearl Street. \nHutchinson, Thomas (Elder), 163, 164; \nresidence of, 168, 175 ; buried, 207 ; \ngives land for school-house, 219. \nHutchinson, Governor Tliomas, 31, 40, \n63, 90, 102, 122, 125, 158 ; residence \nof, 166 ; sacked, 166 ; description, \n167 ; sails for England, 167 ; house \nbuilt, 168 ; succeeds Spencer Phips, \n\n\n211, 223, 230, 233, 236, 240, 241, \n267, 271, 278, 293, 308, 347, 399. 413. \n\nI. \n\nlasigi, Mr., 344. \n\nInches, Henderson, 125 ; ropewalks \n\nof, 329. \nIndependent Cadets, march to Rhode \n\nIsland, 250 ; quarters and sketch of, \n\n293 ; disbanded, 294 ; reorganized, \n\n294 ; escort Lafayette, 355. \nIndependent Chronicle, enterprise of, \n\n433. \nIndia Street, 109, 110 ; built. 111. \n, India Wharf, 111. \nIndians, Eastern, 8. \nIndian Hill, West Newbury, 247. \nIngersoll, Joseph, innkeeper, 42, 105, \n\n122. \nIngollson, Daniel, 283. \nInsurance Office, first, 107. \nIpswich, 57. \nIrving, Mr., 170. \nIsland of Bo.ston, 152. \n\n\nJackson, Andrew, 95 ; visits Boston, \n139, 183, 185,192, 193, 194 ; head of, \n195 ; at Tremont House, 290, 373. \n\nJackson, Judge Charles, 100. \n\nJackson, Dr., residence of, 365. \n\nJackson, General Henry, 182; anec- \ndote of his regiment, 430. \n\nJackson, James, 38, 61. \n\nJackson, Hon. Jonathan, 43. \n\nJacobs, Mr., 322. \n\nJamaica Pond, 23. \n\nJames I., 50. \n\nJames II., 34, 237. ' \n\nJar\\'is, Leonard, 293. \n\nJarvis, Rev. Samuel F., 311. \n\nJason, American ship, 220. \n\nJava, frigate, 190. \n\nJefferson, Thomas, 126 ; his embargo, \n279 ; opinion of Samuel Adams, \n308, 319. \n\nJeffrey (and Russell) purchase North \nBattery, 177. \n\n\n462 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nJeffrey, Patrick, estate of, 25 ; ScoUay's \nBuilding erected by, 75, 76. \n\nJeffrey's Wliarf, 177. See North Bat- \ntery. \n\nJeffries, Dr. Jolin, recognizes War- \nren's body, 69 ; buried, 296, 363. \n\nJelcyll, Jolm, 50. \n\nJenks, Rev. William, 57, 219 ; his \nchurch and residence, 373. \n\nJenkins, Robert, 215. \n\nJohnson, Lady Arabella, 35. \n\nJohnson, Edward, 3 ; description of \nBoston, 17. \n\nJohnson Hall, 59. \n\nJohnson, Isaac, 10 ; his location, 35, \n52, 59, 234. \n\nJohnson, Samuel, 193. \n\nJoliffe's Lane. See Devonshire Street. \n\nJones, Inigo, 369. \n\nJones, Commodore Jacob, 186, 193. \n\nJones, John Coffin, 124 ; residence of, \n148, 253, 389. \n\nJones, John Paul, sails from Boston in \nFrench fleet, 437. \n\nJones, Margaret, hung, 320. \n\nJones, Mrs., 256. \n\nJones, Thomas Kilby, Morton Place \nnamed foi-, 253. \n\nJonson, Ben, 61. \n\nJossleyn, John, 17, 21. \n\nJoy, Benjamin, 196, 385. \n\nJoy, Dr. John, 333 ; shop and resi- \ndence, 338. \n\nJoy Street, 338. \n\nJoy's Buildings, comer Congress and \nWater, 37, 109 ; Washington Street, \n84. \n\nJulien HaU, 277. \n\nJulien House (\" Restorator \"), site and \nsketch of, 270, 271. \n\nJulien, Jean Baptiste, residence of, \n270 ; dies, 271 ; \"widow succeeds \nhim, 271. \n\nJunon, British frigate, 191. \n\n\nKean, Charles, 258. \n\nKeaa, Edmund, first plays in Boston, \n\n\n257 ; second visit and riot, 257 ; anec- \ndote of, 258. \n\nKeayne, Captain Robert, 58 ; house, \n88, 137, 300. \n\nKeith, Colonel, 383. \n\nKeith, Lieutenant Robert, 221, \n\nKendrick, Captain Jolm, 254. \n\nKennedy, Timothy, murdered, 424. \n\nKent, Benjamin, 269. \n\nKent, Duke of, in Boston, 390. \n\nKemble, Thomas, 13, 162. \n\nKidd, William, imprisoned in Boston \nJail, 77 ; piracies, arrest and execu- \ntion, 77, 78. \n\nKilby, Christopher, residence of, 272 ; \nKilby Street named for, 272. \n\nKilby Street, 23, 41, 105 ; description \nof, 109 ; Stamp Office in, 110 ; named, \n272 ; filled, 288. \n\nKimball, Moses, 42. \n\nKing Philip, 40 ; PhUip's War, 5, 83, \n331. \n\nKing, Rufus, 82, 269. \n\nKing, Thomas Starr, sketch of, 415, \n\nKingman, Edward, innkeeper, 392. \n\nKing's Arms. See George Tavern. \n\nKing's Chapel, 28, 29 ; architect of, \n29 ; history of, 30 ; description of \nOld Chapel, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 ; tombs \nunder, 36, 46, 56, 61 ; Warren's re- \nmains deposited in, 69, 163 ; Gov- \nernor Burnet attends, 239 ; Governor \nShirley buried under, 267 ; over- \ncrowded, 385 ; royal gifts to, 386, \n394, 416. \n\nKing's Chapel Burying-Ground, 32, \n35 ; legends of, 36 ; interments \ncease in, 36, 37, 204, 205, 206 ; Gov- \nernor Winthrop buried in, 226, 228 ; \nfilled with bodies, 298 ; tombs erected \nin, 298, 323. \n\nKing's Head Tavern, site of, 168. \n\nKing Street, 55, 60 ; Andrew Faneuil's \nwarehouse, 64 ; changed to State, \n89 ; called Congre s, 89 ; full of \ndwellings, 98 ; lower end in 1708, \n108 ; great tide of 1723, 109 ; Gov- \nernor Shirley resident in, 239. \n\nKinnison, David, 283. \n\nKii-k, Edward N., 50. \n\n\ni \n\n\nI \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n463 \n\n\nKirk, Thomas, 170. \n\nKirkland, Jolm T., 38, 100 ; residence, \n\n381. \n\nKirkland, Samuel, 381. \n\nKnapp, Josiah, dwelling of, 419. \n\nKueeland, Samuel, printing-office of, \n79 ; prints Boston Gazette, 79, 80. \n\nKneeland Street occupied by a wharf, \n419. \n\nKnight, Sarah, 162. \n\nKnox, General Henry, shop of, »5 ; \nanecdotes of, 85, 86 ; portrait, 141, \n158 ; marries, 271 ; estate at Thomas- \nton, 272, 281, 315 ; occupies Copley's \nhouse, 336. \n\nKupper, Charles F., 408. \n\nL. \n\n\nLaboratory, British, on Griffin's \nWharf, 284; American, 322; an- \nother, 322. \n\nLabouchiere visits Boston, 341, 367. \n\nLafayette, G. W., resides in Boston, \n\n278. \nLafayette Hotel, 398. \nLafayette, Marquis de, 45 ; anecdote \nof, 97; in Boston, 105, 124; at \nFaneuil Hall, 138, 139 ; at Boston \nTheatre, 259, 265, 278; streets \nnamed for, 316, 341 ; reception m \n1824, 345, 346 ; in 1825, 346 ; resi- \ndence in 1824, 352, 396 ; fire of \n1787, 416 ; incidents of his recep- \ntion, 354, 355 ; anecdotes of, 355, \n356, 357, 363, 364, 382. \n\nLamb, Charles, 128. \n\nLambert, Captain, 190. \n\nLamb Tavern, site and history ot, \n\n392. \nLameth, Alexander de, 433. \nLa Nymphe, British frigate, 191. \nLa Rochelle, 54. \nLathrop, Rev. John, 160 ; residence, \n\n168 ; buried, 296. \nLatin School (South), 33, 44, 54, 56, \n\n57, 72, 75, 136 ; Franklin goes to, \n\n146. \nLatin School Street, 66. \n\n\nLaud, Archbishop, 50. \nLauzun, Duke de, cavalry of, descnp- \ntion of, 435 ; incident of his execu- \ntion, 436 ; legion of, 435. \nLavoisier, 87. \nLawrence, 121. \nLawrence, Abbott, 46, 120, 121, 322 ; \n\nresidence, 357. \nLawrence, Amos, shop of, 120 ; resi- \ndence, 316. \nLawrence Scientific School, 121. \nLaws, curious old, 12, 15. \nLearned, Colonel Ebenezer, first to en- \nter Boston after the evacuation, 432. \nLeather Street, 280. \nLe Berceau, frigate, 196, 197. \nLechmere's Point, 25. \nLee, American schooner, 220. \nLee, Arthur, 252. \nLee, General Charles, 125, 425. \nLee, Joseph, 282. \nLee, Thomas, residence of, 173. \nLee, William, entertains Talleyrand, \n\n141. \nLe Kain, Mrs., residence of, 275. \nLe Mercier Andre, 64. \nLeonard, Mr., opens National Theatre, \n\n378. \nLes Deux Anges, 196. \nLevant, frigate, 186 ; captured, 191 ; \n\nflag of, 193. \nLevasseur, M., 356. \nLeverett, Governor John, 82 ; resi- \ndence, 83, 102, 156, 174 ; portrait \nof. 346. ^ ^^., \n\nLeverett's Lane, 101 ; John F. Wil- \nliams resides in, 264. See Congress \nStreet. \nLeverett Street, 151 ; Almshouse re- \n1 moved to, 300, 370 ; jail m, 374. \nLeverett Street Jail, debtors confined \n\nin, 375 ; executions in, 375. \nLeverett, Elder Thomas, 101 ; owned \n\nsite of exchange, 101. \nLewis, Samuel S., 128. \nLexington, 44, 53 ; battle of, 137. \nLexington expedition planned, 242; \n\nthwarted, 243. \nLey, Lord, in Boston, 109, \nLiberty Hall, 397, 398. \n\n\n464 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nLiberty sloop (Hancock's), seizure of, \n\n170. \nLiberty Square, 109 ; made gro^^nd, \n109 ; Stamp Office in, 110 ; named \nfor and celebration of Civic Feast in, \n110 ; burnt over, 272. \nLiberty Tree planted, 331 ; arch \nerected on site of, 354 ; Stamp Act \nrepeal, 359. \nLiberty Tree, site of, 396 ; planted, \n397 ; cut dovvTi, 397 ; effigies hung \non, 399 ; events under, 399, 400, \n401 ; Liberty stump and pole, 398. \n\nLiberty Tree Tavern, 398. \n\nLight Infantry Company, 294. \n\nLighthouse (tavern), The, 26. \n\nLighting the streets, 22. \n\nLincoln, Abraham, 141. \n\nLincoln, Earl of, 35. \n\nLincoln, Enoch, 388. \n\nLincoln, General Benjamin, first \nUnited States Collector of Boston, \n103, 105 ; expedition to Nantasket, \n116 ; commands troops in Shays's \nEebellion, 361. \n\nLincoln, Governor Levi, 346. \n\nLincoln, Levi, Sr., 388 ; Levi, the \nyounger, 388. \n\nLincoln, Martha, incident of her de- \ncease, 388. \n\nLincolnshire, England, 6. \n\nLind, Jenny, 40, 293, 371, 394. \n\nLindall Street, 267. \n\nLindel's Row, Mrs. Pelham's shop, 372. \n\nL'Insurgente, frigate, 171. \n\nLinzee, Captain, sword of, 40, 334. \n\nLion Tavern, site and history of, 394. \n\nLion Theatre, opening and sketch of, \n394. \n\nLisbon, earthquake at, 162, 163. \n\nLittle, Captain George, 196 ; court- \nmartialled, 197. \n\nLittle Wild Street, London, 58. \n\nLittle, William, residence of, 168. \n\nLivingstone, Robert, assists in fitting \nout Captain Kidd, 77, 78. \n\nLivingstone, Robert, 193. \n\nLiverpool Wharf, 230 ; the Tea Party, \n281; barracks and laboratory on, \n284, \n\n\nLloyd, Dr. James, residence of, 363. \nLloyd, James, residence of, 363 ; en- \ntertains Lafayette, 363. \nLloyd, Mrs. James, residence of, \n\n355. \nLondon Bookstore, 107. \nLondon Packet, 170. \nLondon Stone, 144. \nLong Acre. See Tremont Street. \nLong Island, 116. \nLong Island (New York,) search on, \n\nfor Kidd's treasure, 78. \nLong Wharf, incident of, 100, 112 ; \nhistory of, 114, 115 ; events con- \nnected with, 115, 116 ; embarkation \nof British troops from, 116, 117, \n327 ; first locomotive landed from \nEngland, 411. \nLord Ashburton. See Alexander Bar- \ning. \nLord, James, Collector of Boston, \n\n142. \nLoring, James S. , 65, 314. \nLoring, Matthew, 283. \nLothrop, Rev. Samuel K., 76, 123. \nLoudon, Lord, 310. \nLouisburg, 115, 137. \nLouisburg Square, statues in, 344. \nLouis Philippe (Due de Chartres), in \nBoston, 100, 101 ; residence of, in \nBoston, 145. \nLouis XVI., 58, 110,145 ; portrait by \n\nStuart, 408. \nLovell, James, 65 ; Collector of Bos- \nton, 142 ; residence of, 277, 373. \nLovell, Master John, 44, 57, 65 ; eulo- \ngy on Peter Faneuil, 136, 245. \nLove Lane. See Tileston Street, 218. \nLove, Susannah, 218. \nLow, John, innkeeper, 287. \nLowell, Rev. Cliarles, 316. \nLowell, Francis Cabot, establishes \ncotton factories, 316 ; city of Lowell \nnamed for, 316. \nLowell Institute founded, 316. \nLowell, Judge John, 316. \nLowell, John, 32 ; residence of, 316 ; \n\ncalled \"Boston Rebel,\" 317, 389. \nLowell, John, Jr., foimds Lowell In- \nstitute, 316. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n465 \n\n\nLucas, Sarah, 206. \n\nLudlow, Charles, 186. . \n\nLudlow, Mr., 15. \n\nLyman, Theodore, Sr., 49, 196, 371, \n389. \n\nLyman, General Theodore, 356. \n\nLynch, General, 433. \n\nLyudhurst, Lord, 52, 53; revisits \nBoston, 336. \n\nLynde Street, 370. \n\nLynn, 25 ; remains of Quakers re- \nmoved to, 268. \n\nLynn Street, 198 ; ancient arch in, \n199, 200 ; origin of, 219. \n\n\nM. \n\n\nMacdonough, Thomas, 186. \n\nMacedonian, frigate, 197. \n\nMackay, William, 269. \n\nMackerel Lane (Kilby Street), 105. \n\nMackintosh, Captain, 397, 399. \n\nMacready, Mr., first appearance in \nBoston, 259, 394. \n\nMadison, James, 105. \n\nMagaw, Robert, 373. \n\nMagnalia, Mather's, 4. \n\nMagnifique, French seventy-four, lost \nin Boston harbor, 180, 437. \n\nMain-guard, British, 90. \n\nMain Street, 22. \n\nMalbone, Edward G., residence of, \n353. \n\nMalcom, Captain Daniel, 207. \n\nManley, Captain John, captures by, \n220 ; dies, 220. \n\nMann, Horace, statue of, 345. \n\nManners and customs, 11, 12. \n\nManufactory House, 39 ; site, 301 ; \ndescription of, 302, 303, 304 ; excise \nlaid on carriages in support of, 302 ; \nattempt to occupy it by troops, 303 ; \nMassachusetts Bank in, 303 ; build- \ning sold, 303 ; occupied by wounded, \n203, 303, 313. \nMarblehead, stage to, 26 ; Frankland's \ncourtship, 162 ; Constitution chased \ninto, 187. \nMarbury, Rev. Francis, 63. \n20* \n\n\nMargaret Street, 218. \nMarion, Joseph, establishes first insur- \nance office, 107. \nMarion, sloop-of-war, 185. \nMarket Dock, 127. See Town Dock. \nMarket Place, first, 89 ; in 1708, 127. \nMarket Square, 132. \nMarket Street (New Comhill), built, \n\n76. \nMarlborough Hotel, 225 ; dinner to \n\nLafayette, 364. \nMarlborough, John, Duke of, street \n\nnamed for, 225, 237. \nMarlborough Street named, 225, 235 ; \nnew location of, 271, 385 ; named \nWashington Street, 420. \nMarquis of Lome, 272. \nMarston, Captain John, innkeeper, \n\n105, 170. \nMarshall, John, Chief Justice, 38, \nMarshall Street, 143. \nMarshall, Thomas, 24, 202. \nMarshall Wyzeman opens Eagle Thea- \ntre, 378 ; opens theatre in iBoylston \nHall, 404. \nMarshfleld, 46. \nMartin, Mr., 283. \nMartin, Mrs., 389. \nMascarene, Jean Paul, 60. \nMason, Jonathan, 335. \nMason, Jonathan, Jr., 389. \nMason, Lowell, 259. See Odeon. \nMason Street, Hatch's Tavern in, 313 ; \nSouth Writing-School in, 314 ; Med- \nical College in, 317 ; boundary of \nCommon, 296. \nMasonic Temple (old), description of, \n\n312 ; Alcott's school, 312. \nMasonic Temple (new), 318, 319. \nMassachusetts Bank, site of British \nCoffee House, 108 ; first location, \n303. \nMassachusetts cent, description and \n\nhistory of, 423. \nMassachusetts Charitable Fire Society, \n\n266. \nMassachusetts Company, 47. \nMassachusetts Constitutional Conven- \ntion, 45. \nMassachusetts Frigate built, 179. \n\nDD \n\n\n466 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nMassachusetts General Hospital, in- \ncorporated and endowed, 247, 317 ; \nsite and history of, 376, 377 ; ether \nfirst used in, 376. \n\nMassachusetts Historical Society, 5. \n\nMassachusetts Hospital Life Insurance \nCompany, 384. \n\nMassachusetts Indians, 2, 8. \n\nMassachusetts Medical College in Ma- \nson Street, description, 317 ; in Grove \nStreet, 376 ; Parkman mm-der, 378. \n\nMassachusetts Mechanics' Charitable \nAssociation, first meetings of, 71, 120, \n147 ; early meetings, 149, 181 ; build \nRevere House, 371. \n\nMassachusetts Spy printed, 223 ; re- \nmoved to Worcester, 223 ; different \nlocations of, 391 ; enterprise of, 433. \n\nMassachusetts Volunteers (Mexican \nwar), entry of, into Boston, 333. \n\nMather, Cotton, 4, 8, 57, 160 ; res- \nidence of, 161, 162 ; portrait of, \n372. \n\nMatlier, Hannah. See Crocker, 175. \n\nMatlier, Rev. Increase, 65, 80, 160 ; res- \nidence, 161 ; house burnt, 169 ; \nagent, 210, 391. \n\nMather, Rev. Richard, 160, 412. \n\nMather, Samuel, 160 ; residence, 161, \n162 ; protects Governor Hutchinson, \n166 ; pastor of First Universalist \nChurch, 172. \n\nMatignon, Rev. Father, 255. \n\nMathews' Block, 175. \n\nMatoonas, shot, 331. \n\nMatthews, Charles, 403. \n\nMatthews Street, 280. \n\nMaverick Church, 416. \n\nMaverick, Samuel, 13, 174. \n\nMay, John, residence of, 171. \n\nMayhew, Rev. Jonathan, 118, 374. \n\nMaynard, J. E., stables of, 371. \n\nMcintosh, Mr., 283. \n\nMcLean Asylum, 377. \n\nMcLean, John, residence, 307 ; anec- \ndote of, 307 ; bequest to Hospital, \n377. \n\nMcLean Street, 376. \n\nMcLellan, Mr., 364. \n\nMcMurtie, Mr. 276. \n\n\nMcNeil, Captain, 196. \n\nMears, Samuel, innkeeper, 286, 428. \n\nMedal voted to Washington, 432. \n\nMein, Jolm, establishes first circulat- \ning library, 106 ; shop, 197. \n\nMelodeon, sketch of, 394. \n\nMelvill, Thomas, Tea Party, 282; \npreserves small bottle of the tea, \n283 ; residence and sketch of, 372, \n373, 406. \n\nMelville, Herman, 372. \n\nMelj-ne's Corner, 289. \n\nMercantile Library, 278. \n\nMercer, Captain George, 62. \n\nMerchants' Bank, 94. See United \nStates Bank. \n\nMerchants' Exchange, present, comer- \nstone laid, 278. \n\nMerchants' Hall, site and use of, as \nPost-Ofiice and Exchange, 269. \n\nMerchants' Row, named, 108 ; first \nhouse of entertainment in, 108, 109, \n110, 112 ; Triangular Warehouse in, \n131. \n\nMeriam, William, innkeeper, 287. \n\nMerry's Point, 176. \n\nMerry, Walter, his point, 176. \n\nMessinger, Colonel, 139 ; shop, 393, \n394. \n\nMethodist Alley. See Hanover Avenue, \n173. \n\nMetropolitan Place, 419. \n\nMetternich, Prince, 321. \n\nMexican war, 333. \n\nMexican Volunteers, quarters of, 379 ; \nneglect and abuse of, 379 ; their \nflag, 379. \n\nMiantonimoh in Boston, 108. \n\nMiddle Street (Hanover), 153. \n\nMiddlecott Street, 370. See Bowdoin. \n\nMiddlesex Canal, 24, 152. \n\nMifflin, Thomas, 116, 220, 429. \n\nMiles, Mrs., Governor Eustis lodges \nwith, 365. \n\nMilitary Company of the Massachu- \nsetts. See Ancient and Honorable \nArtillery, 137. \n\nMilk, Jolin, 206. \n\nMilk, Mrs., 287. \n\nMilk Street, 10 ; Museum in, 41 ; Post- \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n467 \n\n\nOffice in, 104, 105 ; inhabitants re- \nmoved, 227 ; route of Tea Party, \n230 ; Province House opposite, 235 ; \nancient Fort Street, description of, \n251, 264 ; notable residents of, 271 ; \ngreat fire in, 272. \nMill Bridge, 149, 152. \nMill Creek, 127, 131, 132 ; bridged, \n151 ; description of, 152 ; a canal, \n152. \nMill Dam, 25. \nMiller, William, 367. \nMill Field. See Copp's Hill. \nMill Pond, 7, 8, 10, 126, 127, 145 ; de- \nscription of, 150, 151, 152 ; filled \nup, 152 ; Baptist Church on, 222 ; \nBeacon Hill used for filling, 350, \n369 ; Theatre on site of, 378. \nMill Pond Corporation, 151. \nMilmore, Martin, 344. \nMilton, first paper-mill in colony at, \n\n76. \nMilton Place, 268. \nMinot's Building, 402. \nMiuot, George Richards, 39, 264. \nMinot, George, 315 ; anecdote of, 431. \nMinot, John, 431. \nMinot, Stephen, petition of, 430. \nMinot, William, 320 ; office, 402. \nMinot Street, 375. \nMinott, Stephen, 114. See Tea Wharf, \n\n115. \nMint, established by Massachusetts, \n\n422 ; site of, 423. \nMolesworth, Captain Ponsonby, 97. \nMolineux, William, 282, 302 ; resi- \ndence and sketch of, 357. \nMonck, George, innkeeper, 122. \nMonroe, James, visit to Boston of, 100, \n\n319. \nMontagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 103. \nMontague, W. (Admiral), anecdotes \n\nof, 75, 283. \nMontague, W. H., 69, 365. \nMontague, Eev. William, 217 ; the \nbullet which killed Warren, 218 ; \nanecdote of, 414. \nMontgomery Place, 294. \nMonument (Beacon HUl), 349 ; history \nand description of, 350, 351 ; inscrip- \n\n\ntions, 350, 351 ; rebuilding author- \nized, 352, 370. \nMoon Street, 159 ; Samuel Mather, \na resident of, 161, 166 ; Sun Tavern \nin, 287. \n]\\Ioore, Peggy, tavern of, 404. \nMoore, Thomas, 283. \nMoorhead, Rev. John, 263. \nMoreau, General, 139 ; funeral of, \n320; visit to Boston, 320; resi- \ndence, 321 ; returns to Europe, 321 ; \ndeath, 321. \nMorgan, General Daniel, incident of \n\nbattle of Stillwater, 327. \nMorris, Commodore Charles, 99, 186. \nMorris, Gouverneur, anecdote of, 429. \nMorrison, Rev. Dr., 124. \nMorse, Jedediah, 8; humorous de- \nscription of Albany, 422. \nMorse, S. F. B., 277. \nMorton, Joseph, innkeeper, 393. \nMorton, Marcus, 253. \nMorton, Perez, residence of, 113, 393 ; \nlast of the barristers, 403 ; district- \nattorney, 424. \nMorton Place named, 253, \nMorton, Thomas, 2. \nMorton, W. G. T., office where ether \nwas first applied, 366 ; curious state- \nment about the ether discovery, 366. \nMovmt Auburn Chapel, statue of Win- \n\nthrop in, 226. \nMountfort, Colonel John, 221. \nMountfort's Comer, 158. \nMount Hoardam. See Mount Ver- \nnon. \nMountjoy's Comer, 158. \nMount Vernon proprietors, 4 ; use \n\nfirst railway in New England, 325. \nMoimt Wollaston, % 14. \nMount Vernon Place, 339. \nMount Vemon Street, 338, 340 ; called \n\nSumner and Olive Street, 352. \nMount Vemon, 6 ; called Mount Hoar- \ndam, 329. \nMower, Samuel, 206. \nMuddy River, 14. \nMunroe, W., innkeeper, 248. \nMurdoch, James E., 404. \nMuhlenburg, General, 356. \n\n\n468 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nMurray, General James, 327. \n\nMurray, Rev. John, 172. \n\nMuseum, Boston, 38, 40, 41, 294 ; Co- \nlumbian, 41 ; burnt, 41, 42 ; New \nEngland, 42, 74 ; New York, 42 ; \nMix's New Haven, 42 ; Wood's Mar- \nket, 132 ; New England, 132. \n\nMusgrave, Pliilip, Postmaster of Bos- \nton, 79. \n\nMusic Hall, 294 ; one in Brattle \nStreet, 307, 394. \n\nMushawomuk, 3. . \n\nMyles Standish expedition to Boston \nBay, 2 ; costume, 11 ; sword of, \n40. \n\nMylne Point (Hudson's), 24. \n\nMylne Street. See Summer Street. \n\nMystic, 8 ; River, 2. \n\n\n]sr. \n\nNancy, British ordnance brig, captured, \n220. \n\nNantasket Road, British fleet in, 65, \n75, 115. \n\nNapoleon Bonaparte, 139, 141 ; Mos- \ncow campaign, 320, 321. \n\nNapoleon, Louis, in Boston, 101. \n\nNason, Elias, 145, 162. \n\nNassau Street, description of, 412. \n\nNatioiial Lancers, 379. \n\nNational Theatre, history of, 378. \n\nNaval Academy (Annapolis), 193 ; \nestablished, 385. \n\nNaval Rendezvous, North Square, \n159. \n\nNeal, Daniel, 16. \n\nNeck, The, 7, 10, 21, 23, 24, 25, 43, 94, \n214 ; Governor Burnet's reception, \n238, 244 ; catliedral on, 256 ; Earl \nPercy's troops march over, 304 ; lines \non, 328 ; retreat of the British from, \n416 ; description of, 418, 419 ; early \ncondition of, 419 ; road over, 419, \n420 ; paved, 420, 421 ; dikes built to \nprotect, 420 ; dreary aspect of, 421 ; \na resort for sportsmen, 421 ; fenced \nin, 421 ; houses on, 421 ; brickyards, \n422 ; guard stationed on, 424 ; forti- \n\n\nfied, 424 ; British works on, 425, 426 ; \npartly demolished, 426 ; American \nworks, 427 ; taverns on, 428, 429, \n430 ; entry of American and French \narmies, 432 to 437. \n\nNelson, Horatio, Lord, 186. \n\nNeptune, French ship, 437. \n\nNereide, French ship, 437. \n\nNesbitt, Colonel, 229. \n\nNew Boston, 10. \n\nNewbury Street, 20 ; new location of, \n291 ; residents of, 391 ; named \nWashington, 420. \n\nNew England Bank, 105. \n\nNew England flag, description of, 179. \n\nNew England Guards, 191 ; in 1812, \n322 ; survivors, 322. \n\nNew England House, 132. \n\nNew England Journal, 8. \n\nNew Exhibition Room (Board Alley), \nopening of, 261 ; bill of first per- \nformance, 261. \n\nNew Fields. See West Boston. \n\nNew Guinea, 199. \n\nNew Haven, 55, 57. \n\nNewman, Henry, residence of, 291. \n\nNewman, Captain Samuel, 221. \n\nNew North Church, 155 ; site and \nsketch of, 173, 416. \n\nNewport, R. I., 9, 19, 29. \n\nNew South Church, 228 ; site and his- \ntory of, 380, 381. \n\nNews Letter, where published, 82, 104. \n\nNew State House first occupied, 91. \n\nNewton, Thomas, 32. \n\nNew York, 22. \n\nNichols, Colonel Richard, 174. \n\nNicholson, Captain Samuel, 182, 184, \n186, 187, 221. \n\nNiles's Block, 60. \n\nNoah's Ark, 175. See Ship Tavern. \n\nNoddle's Island, 13, 14, 23, 56 ; Bap- \ntists meet on, 222 ; works erected in \n1814, 247 ; garrisoned, 322, 418. \n\nNorfolk County Road, 27. \n\nNorman, John, publishes first direc- \ntory, 110 ; office, 145. \n\nNorth Allen Street, 377. \n\nNorth American Review, first number \nof, 304. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n469 \n\n\nNorth Battery, US I history of, 1<6, \n\n177 ; sold, 177 ; armament, 177. \nNorth Bennet Street, Methodist Chapel \n\nill, 172. ^ , \n\nNorth Burying-Place. See Copp s \n\nHill. . , , \n\nNorth Carolina, white slavery in, 14. \n\nNorth Church, 19. \n\nNorth End, 10, 19,25,26,27,68,143; \n\nthree streets wide, 152 ; British \ntroops in, 158 ; patriotism of and \nfamous residents in, 220, 221, 22i , \ndraft riot in, 223. \nNorth End Coffee House, site of, 171. \nNorth Grammar Schools, 218. \nNorth Latin School, 218. \nNorth Latin School Street. See Ben- \nnet Street. \nNorth Margin Street, 150. \nNorth Market Street, 105 ; Triangular \n\nWarehouse in, 131. \nNorth Mills, 151. \nNorth Row, location of, 371. \nNorth Square, 130; description of, \n156 to 170 ; rendezvous for tooops, \n158 ; barracks in, 168 ; Bethel \nChurch in, 169 ; fire of 1676, 169, \n\n198 \n\nNorth Street, 7, 26, 127; Wood's \nMuseum in, 132 ; drawbridge at, 152. \n\nNorth Street (Hanover), 153. \n\nNorthumberland, Duke of, 407 ; lodg- \nings in Boston, 410. \n\nNorthumberland, French ship, 437. \n\nNorth Writing School, 218. \n\nNorton, Mrs., 227. \n\nNoyes, Oliver, builds Long Wharf, \n\n114. \n\n\nO. \n\n\nOak of Reformation, 398. \nObbatinewat, 2. ., <• \n\nOchterlony, Sir David, residence ot, \n\n153,154. , \n\nO'Connor, Captain, 283. \n\nOdeon. &e Boston Theatre, 259. \n\nOrange Street, 21, 102; extent and \nname, 401 ; description, 420 ; named \nWashington, 420 ; paved, 421. \n\n\nOld Brick Church. See First Church. \nOrations of the Cincinnati in, 105, \n155 ; Washington attends, 432. \n\nOld buddings, one corner Sun Court \nand Moon Streets, 159. \n\nOld Burying-Place (King's Chapel \nYard), 35, 55, 56. \n\nOld Cocked Hat in Dock Square, his- \ntory and description of, 132, 133. \n\nOld Corner (Court and Tremont), Ed- \nward Webster's Company enlisted, \n\n379. \nOld Comer Bookstore, 62. \nOld Drury. See Boston Theatre, 256. \nOld Fortifications, 420, 421 ; erected, \n424; history of, 424; armament, \n424 ; garrison, 425. \nOld Market House, 130, 133. \nOld North Church, location and his- \ntory of, 160 ; burnt, 169 ; Sir Wil- \nliam Phips attends, 210, 218. \nOld Prison. See Boston Jail. \nOld South Block, 253. \nOld South Church, 22, 30 ; keys de- \n1 manded by Andros, 34, 35, 52, 148, \n182, 213 ; Dr. Blagden resigns pas- \ntorate of, 220 ; history and descrip- \ntion of, 227, 228 ; Lady Andros's \nfuneral, 228 ; Warren's Address m, \n229 ; Tea Party Meeting, 230 ; occu- \npation by British troops, 231, 232, \n329 ; tablet, 228 ; clock, 234, 244, \n282, 348 ; Governor Eustis's fimeral, \n366, 392, 416. \nOld State House, 34, 43; used as \nTown House, 58, 59 ; history and \ndescription of, 89, 90, 91 ; Court \nHouse, 90 ; alterations, 91 ; pro- \nposal to build the United States \nBank on site of. 94 ; Post-Office m, \n105 ; Selfridge killed near, 114 ; first \nmarket on site of, 130 ; rendezvous \nof Ancient and Honorable Artillery, \n138, 210, 238 ; monument to Wolfe, \n24l'; Federal Convention assembled \nin, 263, 293 ; Speaker's desk, 347 ; \ndescription of CouncU Chamber, \n347,391,431. \nOld Stone House (Cross Street), de- \nscription of, 154, 155, \n\n\n470 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nOld Way, The, 151. \n\nOld Wharf. Hee Barricado. \n\nOlive Street. See Mount Vernon. \n\nOliver, Governor Andrew, 267, 273 ; \nresidence, 278 ; mobbed, 278 ; dies, \n278 ; sketch of, 278, 279 ; hung in \neffigy, 399 ; resigns ■ office of Stamp- \nMaster, 400. \n\nOliver's Dock, 109 ; named for, 110 ; \nscene of destruction of Stamp-Office, \n110. \n\nOliver, Peter, 110; leaves Boston, 278. \n\nOliver Place, 409. \n\nOliver Street, 41 ; named, 271 ; paved, \n272 \n\nOliver, Thomas, residence of, 234. \n\nOrange Tree Lane, 68. \n\nOrange Tree (tavern), 25, 70. \n\nOrne, Azor, 341. \n\nOsgood, James E., and Company, \n304. \n\nOstinelli, Mr., 291. \n\nOstinelli, Eliza, dehd of, 368. \n\nOtis, Harrison Gray, 14 ; law office, \n44 ; anecdotes of, 46, 47, 57, 124, \n190 ; first public speech, 256 ; op- \nposes theatres, 261, 336 ; residence, \n337. \n\nOtis, James, 44 ; residence, 60, 71, 76, \n89, 133, 135, 148, 149, 248, 252, 253, \n269, 351, 402. \n\nOtis Street, American headquarters, \n383 ; Sir William Pepperell's estate, \n384. \n\nOxenbridge, John, 35, 55 ; house, \n56. \n\nOxford, Loid, 78. \n\n\nPaddy's Alley, 153. \n\nPaddock, Adino, 26 ; names Long \nAcre, 289 ; residence, 294 ; plants \ntrees in Long Acre, 294 ; Captain of \nArtillery, 295 ; intends surrender- \ning his guns, 314 ; intention frus- \ntrated, 314. \n\nPaddock's Mall, history of. 294, 295, \n360. \n\n\nPaige, E., and Company, innkeepers \n105. \n\nPaine, Nathaniel, 237. \n\nPaine, Robert Treat, 57 ; residence, \n265 ; died, 265, 267 ; sketch of, \n266. \n\nPaine, Thomas (R. Treat, Jr. ), writes \nprize address for Federal Street Thea- \ntre, 256 ; sketch of, 266. \n\nPainter's Arms, description of, 144. \n\nPalfrey, Rev. J. G., 123, 355. \n\nPalmer, Edward, 15, 34. \n\nPalmer, Mr. , residence of, 277. \n\nPantheon Hall. See Boylston. \n\nPaper Currency, 237. \n\nPark Square, 322. \n\nPark Street, 148, 299 ; Workhouse and \nBridewell in, 299 ; town property on, \nsold, 300 ; Pound in, 300. \n\nPark Street Church, 182, 234 ; spire \nof, 300 ; history of, 301 ; architect \nof, 301 ; capitals cut by Willard, \n311. \n\nPark Theatre (New York), opening of, \n417. \n\nParJcer, Bishop, anecdote of, 414. \n\nParker Block, site of, 248. \n\nParker, Chief Justice, 100. \n\nParker House, 57, 65. \n\nParker, Isaac, 82. \n\nParker, John, 196 ; residence of, 291. \n\nParker, Captain John, his musket, \n347. \n\nParker, Rev. Samuel, 387. \n\nParker, Rev. Theodore, bequeaths rel- \nics to the State, 346, 379, 394. \n\nParkman, Dr. George, 165 ; residence, \n338, 371 ; scene of murder, 377. \n\nParkman, Samuel, 141, 196 ; residence, \n371. \n\nParris, Alexander, architect of Saint \nPaul's, 310. \n\nParsons, Eben, 196. \n\nParsons, Tlieophilus, residence of, 277 ; \nanecdote of, 277 ; J. Q. Adams a stu- \ndent with, 319, 403. \n\nParsons, Theophilus, Jr., 277. \n\nPatten, William, malt-house of, 416. \n\nPatterson, Miss, 384. \n\nPaving of streets, 21. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n471 \n\n\nPavilion, 56. \n\nPaxton, Charles, residence of, 273 ; \nmobbed, 273, 277. \n\nPayne, Jolui Howard, 253 ; at Boston \nTheatre, 259 ; residence and sketch \nof, 262 ; dies, 262, 313. \n\nPayne, Mr., 253. \n\nPayson, Joseph, 282. \n\nPeabody, Ephraim, 46. \n\nPeabody, George, 27. \n\nPeale, Charles W., student of Copley, \n353. \n\nPeale, Rembrandt, 335. \n\nPearl Street, 37 ; route of Tea Party, \n271 ; Admiral Graves's quarters, \n272 ; called Hutchinson Street, 273 ; \nnamed, 273 ; shoe market, 280. \n\nPearl Street House, 248, 275. \n\nPeck, John, purchases Province House, \n246. \n\nPeck, Samuel, 282 ; shop, 410. \n\nPelby, William, 291 ; opens Warren \nTheatre, 378. \n\nPelham, Charles, 32. \n\nPelham, Mary, residence, 371 ; adver- \ntisement, 372. \n\nPelham, Peter, residence, 372 ; an en- \ngraver, 372. \n\nPelican, British brig, 197. \n\nPemberton, Rev. Ebenezer, 104. \n\nPemberton HiU, 6, 8, 10, 34, 47, 62, \n365, 389. \n\nPemberton House, 50. \n\nPemberton, James, 47. \n\nPemberton Square, 50, 53. \n\nPemberton, Thomas, 134, 154 ; ac- \ncount of commerce of Boston, 179, \n180. \n\nPenfold, 383. \n\nPenn, James, 56. \n\nPennsylvania Academy, 276. \n\nPenobscot Expedition, 120. \n\nPepperell, Sir William, sword of, 40, \n239 ; forces on the Common, 326. \n\nPepperell, Sir William (Sparhawk), \n57 ; estate and sketch of, 384. \n\nPepys, Richard, 4, 5. \n\nPercy, Earl of Northumberland, 44 ; \nquarters, 53, 242, 245, 265 ; marches \nfor Lexington, 304 ; occupies Han- \n\n\ncock House, 340 ; commands on \nBoston Neck, 426. \n\nPerkins, Augustus T., 336. \n\nPerkins, James, 37, 196, 280. \n\nPerkins, Sergeant, 16. \n\nPerkins, Thomas, residence of, 291. \n\nPerkins, Thomas H., 38, 196 ; resi- \ndence, 277, 278 ; commands Cadets, \n294. \n\nPerkins Street named, 280. \n\nPerley, Rev. Mr., 277. \n\nPerodi, Mr., suicide of, 363. \n\nPerry, Commodore 0. H., at Exchange \nColfee House, 100. \n\nPest-House Point, 369. \n\nPeters, Edward D., residence and re- \nmains of fortifications, 426. \n\nPeterson hanged, 426. \n\nPettick's Island, 116. \n\nPfaffs Hotel, 322. \n\nPhiladelphia Coffee House, 171. See \nNorth End Coffee House. \n\nPhiladelphia, frigate, 186. \n\nPhillips, Adelaide, 40. \n\nPhillips, Edward B., 38. \n\nPhillips Church, 416. \n\nPhillips, Deacon John, 154. \n\nPhillips, General WiUiam, 231, 383. \n\nPhillips, Gillam, 332. \n\nPhillips, Governor William, 53 ; resi- \ndence, 54, 55, 56, 100, 196, 337, \n362. \n\nPhillips, Henry, 96, 332, 393. \n\nPhillips, John, first mayor, 14 ; resi- \ndence, 337. \n\nPhillips, R., 258. \n\nPhillips, Wendell, residence of, 337, \n379. \n\nPhillips, William, Sr., 302. \n\nPhillips's Pasture, 409. \n\nPhips, Mary, anecdote of, 210. \n\nPhips Place, 209. \n\nPhips, Spencer, residence of, 211. See \nDavid Bennet. \n\nPhips, Sir William, 200 ; residence, \n209 ; arrival in Boston, 210, 211. \n\nPhcebe, frigate, 171. \n\nPickering, John, 39. \n\nPickering, Timothy, 100. \n\nPierce's Alley (Change Avenue), 105. \n\n\n472 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nPierce, William, shop of, 145, 283. \n\nPierpont, Rev. John, sketch of, 415. \n\nPierpont (and Storey), set in pillory, 93. \n\nPillmore, Rev. Joseph, 172. \n\nPillory, incidents of, 92, 93, 313. \n\nPinckney Street, 334. \n\nPine Street Church, 220. \n\nPitcairn, Major John, quarters of, 158, \n159 ; death and burial, 217. \n\nPitt, William, 141. \n\nPitts, Hon. James, residence of, 369. \n\nPitts, Lendall, one of Tea Party lead- \ners, 282, 283. \n\nPitts Street, Mexican Volunteers in, \n379. \n\nPitts Wharf, 127. \n\nPleasant Street, 64, 305 ; laboratory \nin, 322 ; British works in, 328. \n\nPleiades or Seven Star Inn, site of, 387. \n\nPlymouth Colony, 2 ; relics of, 347. \n\nPlymouth, Mass., 2. \n\nPlymouth Rock, Choate's mot on, 219. \n\nPoinsett, Joel R., 139, 192. \n\nPoint Alderton, 116, 188. \n\nPoint Judith, named for, 212. \n\nPolk, James K., 385. \n\nPollard, Anne, her landing and deposi- \ntion, 5. \n\nPollard, Colonel Benjamin, 115. \n\nPomeroy, Colonel (British), 285. \n\nPomeroy, General Seth, 208. \n\nPomeroy, Zadock, 248. \n\nPond Lane. See Bedford Street. \n\nPond Street. See Bedford. \n\nPonsonby, Lord, 97. \n\nPoor debtors, 375. \n\nPoore, Benjamin Perley, owner of \nFranklin's press, 80 ; relics of Prov- \nince House, 247. \n\nPope, Alexander, 38. \n\nPope Day, 107 ; description of, 149, \n150, 167 ; anniversary celebrated, \n399. \n\nPoplar Street, 370. \n\nPopulation of Boston, 20, 21. \n\nPormont, Philemon, 56. \n\nPorter, David, Sr., residence of, 171. \n\nPorter, Commodore David, 111 ; res- \nidence of, 171, 186. \n\nPorter, Admiral David D., 171. \n\n\nPorter, Thomas, 282. \n\nPortland Street, 126, 145. \n\nPortsmouth, New Hampshire, 45 ; first \nstage-coach to, 26. \n\nPortsmouth, flying stage-coach, 26. \n\nPost-Office in Old State House, 89 ; on \nsite Brazier's Building, 92 ; in Mer- \nchants' Exchange, 269 ; history and \nlocations of, 104 ; corner Congress \nand Water Streets, 104 ; New, 141, \n254 ; in Summer Street, 385. \n\nPost-routes, first established, 104 ; \npost-rider to Hartford, 253. \n\nPound, site of, 300. \n\nPowder, scarcity of, in American camp, \n430, 431. \n\nPowder-house on the Common, 329 ; \nat West Boston, 329 ; duel near, 332 ; \non the Copley tract, 334 ; descrip- \ntion of, 334. \n\nPowder-mill, first in New England, \n118. \n\nPowell, Charles S., first manager of \nFederal Street Theatre, 256, 257 ; \nfits up a theatre in Hawley Street, \n261 ; opens Haymarket, 318. \n\nPowell, Jeremiah, 346. \n\nPowers, Hiram, 38, 345.' \n\nPowers, Michael, hanged, 424. \n\nPownall, Governor Thomas, 40, 236, \n240 ; anecdote of, 241, 348. \n\nPratt, Benjamin, oflSce and description \nof, 402. \n\nPreble, Ebenezer, residence of, 382. \n\nPreble, Edward E., 195. \n\nPreble, Commodore Edward, 111, 186, \n187, 211. \n\nPreble, Captain George H., 179, 184. \n\nPrentis's, Captain Henry, residence of, \n148, 282. \n\nPrescott, Colonel William, sword of, \n40, 208. \n\nPrescott, Judge William, 277 ; resi- \ndence of, 390. \n\nPrescott, W. H., 38 ; residence of, 333 ; \nblindness, and literary work, 334. \n\nPresident's Roads, 187. \n\nPreston, Captain Thomas, 71, 85 ; de- \nfence, 126, 166, 266 j trial, 402. \n\nPrice, Roger, 386. \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\n473 \n\n\nPrice, \"Wmiam, 82. \nPrince, John, residence of, 275, 283. \nPrince Library, 234. \nPrince of Orange, 401. \nPrince Street, 151, 153, 162, 202 : \nnamed, 219 ; description, 219 ; \nBritisli barraclcs in, 219. See Black \nHorse Lane. \nPrince, Tliomas, 52 ; library burned, \n\n231. \nPrince's Pasture, 376. \nPrincess Louise, 272. \nPrison Lane, 229. \nProctor, Edward, 282. \nProctor's Lane, 219. See Richmond \n\nStreet. \nProctor's School-house, 223. \nProspect Hill, 203. \nProtector, frigate, 211. \nProtector, ship, 186. \nProvince Hospital, location of, 369. \nProvince House, 64, 65, 225, 232 ; his- \ntory and description of, 235 to 248 ; \nlocation, 235 ; first giibernatorial oc- \ncupant, 236 ; successive inhabitants, \n236 to 245 ; robbery in, 242 ; Lex- \nington expedition planned in, 242 ; \ndivulged by a groom, 243 ; Church's \ntreason discovered in, 243 ; built, \n246 ; purchased by the colony, 246 ; \noccupied by State oficers, 246 ; \nstyled Government House, 246 ; \nsold, 246 ; relics of, 247, 293, 431. \nProvince Pest-House. See Hospital. \nProvince Snow, 48. \nProvince Street, 64. \nProvincial Congress, 159. \nPublic Garden occupied by ropewalks, \n324 ; a marsh, 325 ; secured to the \ncity, 325 ; Ticknor's bequest, 352. \nPublic Library, 313 ; relic in, 323. \nPudding Lane, 98. \nPulaski, Count, 264, 310. \nPurchase Street, 87 ; named, 273 ; \nrope-field in, 273 ; birthplace of \nSamuel Adams, 281 ; description of, \n309. \nPurkett, Henry, anecdote of, 264, 282, \n\n410. \nPutnam, Colonel, 364. \n\n\nPutnam, General Israel, 69, 129 ; at \nBunker Hill, 207, 208, 220 ; to as- \nsault Boston, 359 ; commands in \nBoston, 382, 432. \n\n\nQ. \n\nQuakers, 15 ; persecution of, 268 ; \nbuild first brick meeting-house, \n268. \nQuaker Burying-Ground, site and his- \ntory of, 267, 268 ; remains exhumed, \n268. \nQuaker Lane, 101. -See Congress \n\nStreet. \nQuaker Meeting-house, 101 ; site and \nhistory of, 267, 268 ; burnt, 267 ; in \nMilton Place, 268. \nQueen's Ball last held in Boston, \n\n246. \nQueen's Chappell, 33. \nQueen Street, 65 ; changed to Court, \n\n77 ; Franklin's printing-office, 80. \nQueen's Light Dragoons, 231. \nQuincy Block, 279. \nQuincy, Dorothy. See Hancock and \n\nScott. \nQuincy, Edmund (son of Josiah), 212. \nQuincy, E. S., 54, 188. \nQuincy, Josiah, 14, 23, 82 ; improves \nTown Dock, 128, 129, 130, 139, 196 ; \nbirthplace, 248 ; establishes House \nof Industry and Reformation, 249 ; \nPresident of Harvard, 249 ; anecdotes \nof, 250, 279, 354 ; reception of La- \nfayette, 356 ; Neck paved by, 421. \nQuincy, Josiah, Jr. (Mayor), 23 ; res- \nidence, 357. \nQuincy, Josiah, Jr. (patriot), resi- \ndence, 248 ; dico, 249 ; sketch of, \n249 ; Mrs. Sigoumey's lines on, 249. \nQuincy, Judith, 212. \nQuincy, Mass., President Monroe at, \n\n100. \nQuincy Market, 127 ; description, 128, \n\n129. \nQuincy Place, 275, 280 ; trees in, \n\n409. \n1 Quincy, town of, 14, 26. \n\n\n474 \n\n\nINDEX. \n\n\nE. \n\nRailways, experiment, 26, 278 ; Low- \nell, 26, 151, 350 ; Worcester, 26 ; \nProvidence, 26 ; Maine, 26, 151 ; \nEastern, 26, 151, 350 ; Old Colony, \n27 ; Fitchburg, 27, 151 ; Hartford \nand Erie (Norfolk County), 27. \n\nRainlrow, British ship, 220. \n\nRainsford, Edward, 404. \n\nRainsford's Island, 188. \n\nRainsford's Lane. See Harrison Ave- \nnue. \n\nRand, Isaac, 363. \n\nRandolph, Edward, first Collector, 34, \n156, 157, 200 ; imprisoned, 285. \n\nRandolph, town of, 14. \n\nRantoul, Robert, portrait of, 346. \n\nRatcliff, Rev. Robert, 34. \n\nRawdon, Francis, 203. \n\nRawson, Edward, 222. \n\nRawson, Grindal, 3. \n\nRawson's Lane. See Bromfield Street. \n\nRaymond, James, 394. \n\nRead, John, residence of, 402. \n\nRed Lyon Inn, site of, 156 ; fire of \n1676, 169. \n\nRed Lyon Wharf, 157. \n\nReed, Commodore George W., 189. \n\nReed, Joshua, 429. \n\nReed, William, store attacked, 224. \n\nRehoboth, 5. \n\nRepertory, The (newspaper), 91. \n\nReservoir grounds, 338, 350, 352. \n\nRevenge Church.