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Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing tliis resource, we liave taken steps to \nprevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. \nWe also ask that you: \n\n+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for \npersonal, non-commercial purposes. \n\n+ Refrain fivm automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google's system: If you are conducting research on machine \ntranslation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the \nuse of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. \n\n+ Maintain attributionTht GoogXt \"watermark\" you see on each file is essential for in forming people about this project and helping them find \nadditional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. \n\n+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just \nbecause we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other \ncountries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of \nany specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner \nanywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liabili^ can be quite severe. \n\nAbout Google Book Search \n\nGoogle's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers \ndiscover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web \n\nat|http: //books .google .com/I \n\n\nThe History \n\n\nOF THK \n\n\nBunker Hill Monument Association \n\n\nDURING _ -^ \n\n\nCbe iFtrst Centurp \n\n\nOF \n\n\nTHE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. \n\n\nBY \n\nGEORGE WASHINGTON WARREN, \n\nLATB PBB8IDKNT OV THK A8SO0IATION. \n\n\nMONUMENTS THEMSELVES MEMORIALS NEED. \n\n\n98llttf| IFIIustrattonB. \n\n\nBOSTON: \n. JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, \n\n(Latb Ticknor Awn Fields, akd Fields, Osgood, and Company). \n\nM.DCCC.LXXVII. \nIk. U. 8. A. CI. \n\n\nF \n\n\n\\ \n\n\nCopyright secured, January, 1877, in the Office of the Librarian \n\nof Congress, by \n\nG. Wabhincston Warren. \n\n\nCambridge : \nPress of John Wilsofi and Son. \n\n\nTO \n\n\n* . \n\n\nd)e inemorp \n\n\nOP \n\n\nDANIEL WEBSTER. EDWARD EVERETT, \n\nTHOMAS HANDASYD PERKINS, \n\nJOHN COLLINS WARREN, \n\nAND \n\nWILLIAM TUDOR, \n\nTHE PRINCIPAL ORIGINATORS OF THE \n\nB U N K E E HILL M O :N^ U M E N T, \n\nOF \n\nHENRY ALEXANDER SCAMMELL DEARBORN, \n\n^ AND \n\n^ WILLIAM SULLIVAN, their chief co-adjutors; \n\nr \n\nOF \n\n\nAMOS LAWRENCE and JUDAH TOURO, \n\nWHO ADDKD THKIK NOHLB DONATIONS TO THK MEANS RAISED BY \n\nTHE WOMEN OF THE COUNTRY \n\nFOR ITS COBIPLETION IN 1840; \nALSO, OF \n\nNATHANIEL POPE RUSSELL, THE FAITHFUL TREASURER, \n\nAND \n\nSOLOMON WILLARl), THE DEVOTED ARCHITECT, \n\n\nQt{)t0 f^umble fHemorial \n\n\nOF THEIK IMPERISHABLE WORK 18 GRATEFULLY DEDICATED BY \n\nTHE AUTHOR. \n1877. \n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\nT^HE first present the author remembers ever \n•*• to have received was one of those hand- \nsomely engraved diplomas of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, bearing his name in full, set in a \ngilt frame, and hung in the parlor, — a paternal gift \nto a boy of eleven years. Bojn at the foot of Bunker \nHill, and often in childhood having rambled over the \nbattle-field while yet a pasture, he naturally felt a \npersonal interest in the completion of the undertaking \nof the Association, and, having been early chosen into \nits directory, he was prompted to labor for it. \n\nHe was requested by Mr. \"Webster to prepare an \naccount of the first two great celebrations on Bunker \nHill, to accompany his orations in a proposed re- \npublication. This he undertook to do; but, when \nafterwards Mr. Everett kindly assumed the editorship \nof all\" the works of the great Statesman, no other \nhand was required. Subsequently the author has \nbeen frequently requested to prepare a History of \nthe Association, embracing the noteworthy events, \nand giving a summary of the labors, the difficul- \nties, and the triumphs it has experienced. \n\n\nVi PREFACE. \n\nWhen first elected Scci-etary, he found scarcely any \nof the original papers on file. By continuous search \nand inquiries, he has been able to collect, during the \nlast forty years, from the descendants or family friends \nof the prominent founders, a large mass of scattered \nmaterial. The newspapers of the period have supplied \nmany details. Some of the matter quoted is of a \ntrivial character, and some of a high order : taken \ntogether, it may serve as an index of the times of the \nformer generations, and may help to give a nearer \nview of the eminent men who figured in them. \n\nAcknowledgments are due to Mr. Ernest Edwards \nof London, now with J. R. Osgood & Company, the \ninventor of the heliotyping process, who has found \nout the way to multiply copies of the photograph in \na durable form, — an art superior to the art of \nprinting, as it reproduces the exact text and every \nform of faC'Simile illustration. \n\nAn attempt has been made to prepare a com- \nplete Table of Contents of this Volume, so as to \nsupersede the necessity of an Index, by denoting \nthe different topics treated on each page in course. \nThe reader, in consulting it, may see at a glance \nthe order in which the different divisions of the \nwork are set out, and may readily find any par- \nticular to which he may wish to advert. The \nplacing of reference notes at the bottom of the \n\n\nPREFACE. vii \n\npage has been avoided, as it has seemed the better \nway to incorporate into the text what is intended \nto be read in connection, so that the attention \nneed not be distracted nor the symmetry of the \npage be marred. Pains have been taken to pre- \nsent to the public a book, which, at least in its \ntypographical appearance and in all those acces- \nsories which attract the eye, shall be worthy of \nthose distinguished characters whose extraordinary \nlabors in building our noblest National Monument \nhave made an historical record thereof desirable. \n\nIt was at first intended to append a list of the \npi'incipal contributors to the Monument, but it was \nfound difficult to fix fairly upon the lowest sum, \nthe donors of which should be distinguished by this \nhonorable mention. The subscription of the pre- \nscribed fee of membership was as generous and pa- \ntriotic an act on the part of some as that of twenty \ntimes the amount or more by others; besides, it was \npromised in the beginning that the names of all \nthose who should give a single dollar would be \npreserved in perpetual remembrance. It may be \nat some future time within the means of the Asso- \nciation to print a catalogue of all those who have \ncontributed directly to its funds, a considerable part \nof which has already been prepared. The names, \nhowever, of the original associates, and of all those \nwho have been made members by election, appear \nin this volume. \n\n\nIt is hoped that this volume may aid in perpetuating \nthe memory of the founders of this Society, to whom \nthe country's gratitude is due. And if it shall further \nserve to foster and keep ever alive a profound senti- \nment of nationality, and an abiding love of the Union \nwhich our Fathers bequeathed to us to transmit to \npostenty, the author will be happy to have done some- \nthing towards -accomplishing one of the leading ob- \njects of the Bunker Hill Monument Association. \n\n\nHotel Vk.ndOme, \n\nBoston, Dec. 25, 1876. \n\n\n-^ \n\n\nc^sL, \n\n\nu \n\n\n^Vi»^ \n\n\nu \n\n\ne^ \n\n\n1^\"%^ \n\n\ndk \n\n\nC f^ \n\n\n^ \n\n\n-^^A-^-^ \n\n\n^^\"^-^VMi/ ^^(^' \n\n\nX \n\n\nM \n\n\ns \n\n\n^y^^^^^^^C^j;/^^ >^ \n\n\n^^^'-\"^ rr^*'^Ct.^^ \n\n\n^^•\"v^ <: \n\n\n•^-w^^ \n\n\n\"— ' ^^ i 4^^^ \n\n\ntv-Pi \n\n\n-^ \n\n\nAO^P^JC^ \n\n\n^^ \n\n\nCONTENTS. \n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nThe Battle of Bunker Hill, 1. The Two Great Events connected with \nit^-d. Washington Commander-in-Chief, 5. The Rebuilding of \nCharlestown, 6. The First Celebration of the Anniversary of the \nBattle, 7. King Solomon's Lodge, 0. Address of John Soley, Jr., 10. \nAct of Legislature for the Preservation of the Masonic Monument, 12. \nThe Re-interment of the Body of Joseph Warren, and the Exordium of \nPerez Morton's Eulogy, 13. Warren's Character, and the Effect of \nhis Death, 14. \n\n• CHAPTER IL \n\nJames Russell, his Ancestry, and his Son, Thomas Russell, 17. The \nRussell Pasture, and the Visitors to the Battle-field, 20. Commissary \nDeveus and Thomas Miller; President D wight's Narration, 21. The \nSurvivors of the Revolution who were the Guides to the Battle-field ; \nIsaac Warren, 22. Timothy Thompson and William Calder, 23. \nMatters to be explained, 24. Dr. John Warren's Diary, 25. Fres- \ncott, Putnam, and Stark, 26. Last Words of General Warren ; the \nEnglishman's Claim, 28. Why the Battle was fought; Changes, 29. \nThe Centennial Year; Philadelphia and Bunker Hill; Boston the \nCradle of the Nation, 30. \n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nExcitement caused by General Henry Dearborn's Account, 31. Daniel \nWebster's Review of it, 32. General Sunmer's Account of Governor \nBrooks's Visit to Bunker Hill, 33. Public Attention called to it from \nthis Controversy, by William Tudor; Daniel Webster and Edward \nEverett, 36. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, 37. John C. Warren, 38. \n\n\nX CONTENTS. \n\nFirst Notice of a Meeting to form the Association, 39. The Agree- \nment to form it, 40. Petition to the legislature, 42. Act of Incor- \nporation, 44. First Meeting and Officers elected, 45. Additional \nMembers elected, 46. Circular of Committee of Correspondence, 47. \n\nCHAPTER lY. \n\nGovernor Brooks, the First President, 49. Nathaniel P. Russell, the \nTreasurer, 50. William Tudor, the Secretary ; and Mr. AVebster, act- \ning President; Letter of Caleb Cushing, 52; of Thomas Rotch, and of \nDaniel Putnam, 53; of Levi Woodbury; Mr. Everett, and Franklin \nDexter, as Secretaries, 54. Mr. Russeirs Acknowledgment of Money \nreceived from the Washington Benevolent Society, bo. Dr. Warren's \nLetter proposing a Dinner of the Directors, 56. Governor Eustis's \nReference to the Proposed Monument in his Message, 57. His Death \nand Unexecuted Purpose, 58. Dr. Chanuing's Letter, 59. Professor \nSilliman's, 60. Judge AVhite's and Samuel L. Knapp's, 61. AVillard \nPeck's and AVilliam Crafts', 62. John Wilson's, 63. William Plu- \nmer's, 64. Caleb Stark's, 65. Governor Morril's, 66. Governor Wol- \ncott's; T. W. Storrow's, 67. W. C. Somerville's, 68. (Jovernor \nPleasant's, of Virginia, and Mr. Osgood's, 69. Mr. Gilmer's, of Bal- \ntimore, 70. \n\nCHAPTER V. \n\nDiscouraging Responses counteracted by Encouraging Letter of Frederic \nTudor, 7L Letter of Judge Daggett, 72. Letter of L. Trescott and of \nIchabod Bartlett, 73; of Robert G. Shaw, and of James Lloyd, 74; of \nJohn Lowell, 75; of Dr. Codraan; Com. Bainbiidge, 76; of Jon. Good- \nhue, of New York, 77. Old High Rates of Postage ; a Letter of John \nMcLean, Postmaster- General, 78. Letter of Ichabod Bartlett, 79. \nLetter of Abbott Lawrence announcing Arrival of Lafayette, 80. \nStanding Committee issue an Address drawn up by General William \nSullivan, 8L The Address, 82. Copies distributed by General Sulli- \nvan's Students, 88. General Sullivan transmits to Dr. Warren Letter \nof Rufus Dawes, with his Indorsement, 89. Response of Selectmen of \nSandisfield and of Dracut, 90; of Manchester, 9L Judge Story's \nLetter to Mr. Everett, 91. The Judge desires to change Mr. Ever- \nett's Opinion, 92. \n\nCHAPTER VL \n\nGovernor Eustis's Wishes; the Desire of the Association for Legislative \nAid, 93. Act to aid the Bunker Hill Monument Association, 94. \n\n\ny \n\n\nCONTENTS. XI \n\nReason for the Grant of State-prison Labor, and for the Authority to \ntake Land, 97. Letter of Mr. Webster, 98. Purchase of the Land, 99. \nCorrespondence of Mr. Everett with King Solomon's Lodge, 100. \nGrantors of the Land, and Prices paid, 101. Subscriptions coming in ; \nCertificates of Membership, 102. Letters of Mr. Everett, 103. His \nNewspaper Article on Small Subscriptions, 105. His Circular in the \nname of the Directors, 109. General Dearborn's Public Notice, 116. \nPublic Meeting at the Marlborough Hotel, 118. Report of Standing \nCommittee drawn up by Mr. Everett, 1 19. \n\nCHAPTER VIL \n\nDaniel Webster elected to deliver the Anniversary Address in 1825, 123. \nCommittee of Arrangements, and Letter of George Ticknor, L24. Letter \nfrom Mr. Webster; Election of Mr. Everett to Congress; Subscription \nto a Monument in Concord, 125. Letter of Mr. Everett with regai*d \nto it; and Letter of Mr. Webster as to the Concord Celebration, and \nabout the Part it was proposed that Lafayette should take, 126. \nChanges in the Direction after the Death of President Brooks, 128. \nLetter of Daniel Putnam; Vote of the Directors as to the Public Im- \npression that Lafayette would lay the Corner-stone of the Monu- \nment, 129. Mr. Everett's Letter in relation to this and other Matters, \n130. Proposed Modes of celebrating the Anniversary ; Report of the \nCommittee of Twelve, 131. Report of the Committee on laying the \nComer-stone, 135. Conference with Mr. Webster as to its being laid \nin Masonic Form, 136. New Executive Committee for the Celebra- \ntion; Comer-stone prepared by Captain Paris, who afterwards offici- \nated as the Masonic Architect, 137. The Proposed and the Actual \nInscription on the Plate, 138. Articles deposited with it, 139. Mr. \nEverett's Letter before going to West Point; he prefers the Column \nfor the Form of the Monument, 110. His Letter to Lafayette, 141. \nLafayette's Acquiescence as to the Masonic Ceremony; Bunker Hill \nhis Polar-Star in all his Travels; General Sullivan's Invitation to Mili- \ntary Companies for Escort Duty, 142. Prompt Replies of Several Com- \npanies, 143. General Lyman reports the Resolutions of the House of \nRepresentatives, to walk in the Procession, 144. Attendance of the \nRevolutionary Soldiers; a Place for Joaiah Bowers, 145. The Attend- \nance of the same Chaplain and the Drummer who were in the Battle, \nand of Great Numbers from the Different States; Charles River Bridge \nmade free for the Day; the Procession, 146. Colonel Samuel Jaques, \nChief Marshal ; the Masonic Ceremony; Lafayette's Masonic Apron, \n\n\nXll CONTENTS. \n\n147. Prayer by Rev. Mr. Thaxter, 148. Mr. Webster speaks, facing \nthe Sun ; his Oration, 149. The Dinner and the Toasts, 151. Lafay- \nette's Toast; Levees in the Evening; Mr. We\\)ster's Noble Contribu- \ntion of his Address to the Monument Association, 152. \n\nCHAPTER VIIL \n\nJohn C. Warrf.n, 153. The Resolutions proposed by him and adopted. \n151 The Hoard of Artists, 155. Reward offered for Best Plan, 156. \nletter of Solomon Willard declining to join in the Contest for the \nPremium, 157. Report of the Board awarding the Premium to Hora- \ntio Greenough, 158. Communication from him explaining his Model, \nand his Reasons for adopting the Obelisk, 159. The Report laid upon \nthe Table, and never acted upon, 160. Mr. Greenough and his Model, \n161. Stuart, with a Borrowed Pencil, writes ** Adopted\" upon it; \nAmos Lawrence, in his last Letter, gives the Credit to Greenough and \nBaldwin, 162. Letter of G. W. Brimmer, Architect, 163. New Com- \nmittee appointed to report a Plan and Estimates of a Column, and \nalso of an Obelisk ; their Report recommending the Column, 164. The \nVote rejecting it, 167. New Committee appointed to report a Design \nin the Form of an Obelisk, 168. Mr. Everett's Letter acquiescing in \nthe Decision, and containing a Toast for the Celebration Dinner, 168. \nGeneral Dearborn's Letter still urging the Column, 169. Letter of \nSolomon Willard, with Estimates, 171. Honorable Conduct of Dr. \nWarren; William Austin's Recommendation, 172. Letter of William \nLadd, the Apostle of Peace, recommending a Mausoleum, 173. The \nPlan adopted the best for all time and wholly unobjectionable, 178. \n\nCHAPTER IX. \n\nLoAMMi Baldwin, his Father a Friend of Count Rumford, 179; his^ Class- \nmates; his Anecdote of his own Experience as a Lawyer; he adopts the \nProfession of a Civil Engineer, 180. His Brothers in same Profession, \n181. His Associates on the Committee upon the Obelisk, and his \nMethod in determining the Proper Proportions, 182. His Report in \nfull, adopted by the Board, 183. His Estimates, 188. The Building \nCommittee; Colonel Baldwin's Letter declining to serve, 190. His \nSecond Letter persisting in declining, 191. The Filling of the Vacancy, \nand the Building Committee made the Standing Committee, 194. \nPurchase of Sword of General Warren; Depositions of the Revolution- \nary Soldiers, 195. Failure of the Negotiations with the Town of \n\n\nCONTENTS. XIU \n\nCharlestown as to ita Purchase of a Right in the Battle-ground; the \nTraining-field, 196. New Street needed; Controversy about Taxes, \n197. Vote of Thanks to the Treasurer; his Statement, and the Ap- \npropriation of $25,000, for the Monument, 198. \n\nCHAPTER X. \n\nSolomon Willard elected Architect; Dinner at Dr. Warren's, 199. \nLetter of Daniel P. Parker, 200. Colonel Perkins's Recommenda- \ntion of Willard, 201. Willard's Training and Ancestry, 201; his \nAgreement to give his Services for his Expenses merely; his Selec- \ntion of the Granite for the Monument, 203; his Preparations during \nthe Winter of 1825-26, 201: his Letter announcing he had broken \nGround, 205. The Position of the Monument, as intended by the \nCommittee, with reference to the Redoubt; Surveys since made, \n206. Work at the Ledge; State Grant, 207. Mr. Willard's Let- \nter, 208. The First Railroad in the United States suggested by \nthe Projectors of the Monument, 209. First Year's Work, 210. \nGridley Bryant, 211. Colonel Perkins elected President, on the \nResignation of Mr. Webster, 212. Mr. Willard sends in his Resig- \nnation; afterwards withdraws it; his Letter to Amos Lawrence, 213. \nMoney obtained by Loans to forward the Monument, on Bank Notes \nsigned by the Committee and on Pledge of the Land, 214. Suspension \nof the Work; Mr. Willard^s Labors in the Mean Time, .215. The Two \nSucceeding Prosecutions of the Work, 216. Mr. Willard 's Judgment \nin his Choice of Men; the Monument built wholly by Total Abstinence \nMeu ; the Real Value of the Monument far above its Actual Cost, 217. \nMr. Willard's Death, 218. Memoir by Mr. Wheildon; the Work pub- \nlished by Mr. Willard describing the Monument, and vindicating the \nCourse of the Directors, 219. The Most Impressive Scene in the Life \nof Willard, 220. His Great Service in its Construction; his Claim to \nthe Regard of Posterity assured, 221. \n\nCHAPTER XI. \n\nWilliam Sullivan; his Father; his Classmates; his Brother Richard; his \nown Position, 223. His Letter to Dr. Warren, 224. Vote of Thanks \nfor his Services; William Tudor elected Director; Genentl Sullivan's \nCriticism upon a Draft of a Letter proposed to be sent to Bolivar, 225. \nHis Letter to Dr. Warren proposing to close his Agency for the Asso- \nciation, 227. He retracts his Purpose; Effort of the Standing Com- \n\n\nxiv CONTENTS. \n\nmittee to obtain New Subscriptions; Letter of Lemuel Shaw, 228; of \nThomas Power, 229. Boston had subscribed more than Half of the \nWhole Amount; Letter of Otis Corbett describing the Situation in \nWorcester, 230. Condition of Massachusetts and New England at that \nTime, 231. The Response fully equal to the First Demand, 232. The \nLottery Scheme proposed ; it had been availed of by Harvard College, \nwas then proposed by General Dearborn as a Means to carry on Inter- \nnal Improvements; Leave to sell Tickets for City of Washington asked \nfor, 233. J. K. Casey's Scheme; Petition for the Direct Aid of the \nState preferred instead, 234. Extract from the Address of General \nDearborn, 235. Changes in the Board; Governor Levi Lincoln, Presi- \ndent; the Building Committee, 237. Effort of the Ladies; Judge \nWilliam Prescott, President, and other Changes; a New Petition to the \nLegislature, 238. Resolutions adopted by the Board, 230. Extract \nfrom a New Address of Mr. Everett, 240. The Committee 'to urge \nanother Petition; the Annual Meeting in 1831, 242. The Anti-Ma- \nsonic Movement, 243. Adjournments to fill Vacancies; the Second \nAdjournment to Faueuil Hall, 244. By-Laws and Votes adopted, 245. \nThe Annual Meeting in 1832, 24G. Ground of the Anti-Masonic \nMovement, 247. The Part taken by Mr. Paris in laying the Corner- \nstone, 248. Expense of that Celebration, and the Reason for not invit- \ning Lafayette to perform the Ceremony; the Complaint of having \nbought too much Land, 250. Dr. Abner Phelps ; Mr. Everett's Plea \nagainst selling any of the Land, 251. Extract from it, 252. Regret \nthat the Appeal was not responded to; the Unfinished Monument \nlike a Ruin, and as if awaiting the Result of Attempted Nullifi- \ncation, 253. \n\nCHAPTER XII. \n\nAmos Lawrence's Birth; his Father Samuel, a Minute-man; Groton \nAcademy, 255. The Success of Amos Lawrence; his Partnership \nwith Abbott Lawrence ; his Great Philanthropy, 256. His Letter to \nDr. Warren, 257. The Reply, 258. He will not bargain with himself, \n259. His Letter to Willard, 260. To General Sullivan ; he refuses to \nfavor a Lottery; induces his Associates on the Committee to join him \nin a Loan to aid the Monument, 261. Letter and Proposition to the \nMassachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, 262. Honorable \nStanding of this Society, 263 Conmiittee of Directors to confer with \nit as to Officers; the Great Meeting in Faneuil Hall, 264. George \nBlake, Colonel Greene, and Mr. Everett, 265. He made the Occa- \nsion; his Speech, 266. Its Effect; Mr. Lawrence regrets the Opportunity \n\n\nCONTENTS. XV \n\nwas not improyed, 267. Enlargement of the Board at the Annual \nMeeting in 1833, 268. Mr. Everett's Letter to Mr. Sullivan as to New \nDiploma, and to obtaining a Share in the Tolls of the Bridges for the \nMonument, 269.- His Newspaper Article advising the Public to go over \nthe Old Bridge to help on the Monument; General Austin^s Objection \nto a Diversion of the Tolls, 271. Executive Committee, 272. Their \nReport, 273. Mr. Willard objects to their raising the Estimates; Mr. \nDarracott cdmpliments Mr. Willard, 27.5. Mr. Buckingham's Report, \n276. Proposed Reduction in the Height of the Monument; Work re- \ncommenced; Amount expended; Mr. Buckingham made President; \nMr. Watts, Secretary; Celebration in Charlestown; Alexander H. \nEverett's Oration, 278. Effort of the Young Men, 279. Conditional \nSale of the Land; the Square reduced; Depressed Financial State of \nthe Country, 280. Preparations to grade the Land ; the Last Effort to \nsave it, 281. Amos Lawrence's Will; General Lyman; Nathan Tufts; \nJoshua Bates, and A. L. Forrestier, 282. Judah Touro and his Friend \nR. D. Shepherd, 283. The Monument waiting for Woman's Help to \nelevate it, 284. \n\nCHAPTER XIII. \n\nSarah J. Hale's Effort; Extract from her First Article, 285. The Last \nof the Band, 287. Mrs. Sigourney's Co-operation; Reply of General \nDearborn, Chairman of Committee, to Mrs. Hale's Offer, 288. The \nObjectors to the Plan, 289. Resolutions of the Directors, 290. The \nLadies' Circular, 291. The Result, and Mrs. Hale's View of it, 293. \nAnnual Meetings in 1839 and in 1840 ; the President's Desponding \nReport, 294. The Vote passed Authorizing the Fair, 295. The Fair \nCommittee and the Women set to Work, 296. Proposals for complet- \ning the Monument called for; the Time appointed for the Fair; the \nWhig Mass Convention, 297. Opening of the Fair, 298. Regula- \ntions, 299. ** The Monument\" Paper; the Post-office, 300. The \nWhig Procession ; Mr. Webster Declines to propose a Whig Subscrip- \ntion for the Monument; Honor to Judah Touro, 301. Mrs. Paige's \nSubscription Book ; Contract for Completing the Monument ; the Build- \ning Committee; why a Contract was made, 302. The use of Steam \nPower in hoisting the Stone; Proposed Change of Plan of the Apex, \n303. The Record of the Laying of the Cap-stone, 304. Receipts from \nthe Fair, 305. Expenditures, 306. Thomas Sully's Letter; Payment \nby Miss Mary Otis, Treasurer ; Report of the Fair Committee, 307. \nResolutions of the Directors, 309. Treasurer's Abstract of Recent \n\n\nXVI CONTENTS. \n\nDonations ; Resolutions of Thanks to Mr. Touro, and providing for an \nInscription, 311. Mrs. Hale^s Subsequent Efforts for the Annual Ob- \nservance of a National Thanksgiving, 312. Mrs. Harrison Gray \nOtis*s Influence in Making the 22d of February a State Holiday, 313. \nThe Mission of the Women of the Country, 314. \n\n\nCHAPTER XIV. \n\nJoseph T. Buckingham, President, 315. His and the Secretary's call on \nMr. AVebster, 316. Committee of Arrangements for the Celebration \nof June 17, 1843, 317. Entry of the President of the United States \ninto Boston; the Morning of the 17th, 318; the Procession, under \nGeneral Chandler, 319; the Perfect Order during the Day; Arrange- \nments for the Public Services under James W. Paige, Chief-Marshal, \n320. The Prayer; Mr. Webster presented to the Audience: the \nOccasion fully equal to that of 1825; his Oration, 321. The Erho \n**over the Globe;** Dr. Warren's opinion, 322. Return of the Pro- \ncession; the New Procession to the Dinner in Faneuil Hall; the first \nToast and Hymn, 323. Other Toasts; the Toast of the President of \nthe United States; Toast in Honor of Mr. Webster, 324. His Re- \nply; Toast to South Carolina and Massachusetts, 325. Mr. Ban- \ncroft's Speech and Toast in Honor of Virginia, 320. Mr. Upshur's \nResponse, 327. Mr. Wickliffe's Reference to the Old South, 328. \nCaleb Cushing's Sentiments; Toast to Mr. Everett, and his Letter, \n329. Amos and Judah, 330. Concluding Sentiments ; Levee in \nthe Evening, 331. Changes near Monument Square; the two His- \ntorical Paintings, 332. Death of H. S. Legare, 333. Death of \nCaptain Cleveland, 334. Mr. Grattan's Letter, 335. The Masonic \nCelebration, 336. Address of John Soley, 337. Grand Master Pea- \nbody; Extract of Mr. AVarren's Address on the Part of King Solo- \nmon's Lodge, 338. Doings of the Building Committee and their \nReport, 340. Improvements of the Square; Mr. Warren elected \nPresident, and Joseph H. Buckingham Secretary, 312. Resolutions \nof the Association; Celebration by the City of Charlestown; Presen- \ntation of General Putnam's Sword, 343. Death of N. P. Russell, \nTreasurer, and Election of Samuel H. Russell ; Committee for the \nCelebration of the 75th Anniversary, 344. Mr. Everett the Orator; \nthe Use of a Ship-house in the Navy Yard obtained. Colonel I. H. \nWright Chief Marshal, 345. The Governor orders out the Cadets; \nthe Procession; the Appearance of the Ship-house, 346. Mr. Ever- \n\n\nCONTENTS. XVU \n\nett's Oration, 347. -The Dinner, 348. The Toasts of Mr. Webster \nand Mr. Winthrop ; Colonel Perkins's Subscription of $1 ,000 for a \nMonument to General Warren, 349. A Statue determined upon; \nthe Committee; the Sculptor; Arrangements for the Inauguration \nof the Statue, 350. The Inauguration Services ; Death of Colonel \nPerkins, 3ol. The Example he set; the Published Account of this \nCelebration; the Theme on Bunker Hill, 352. \n\n\nCHAPTER XV. \n\nVisit of the Prince of Wales to Bunker Hill ; the Invitation and \nReception, 3.53. His Visit to the Historical Society; President Win- \n^lirop shows him the Crossed Swords; the Attentions of Mayor Lin- \ncoln; the Letter to the Prince, accompanying the Memento of his \nVisit, 355. Letter of the Duke of Newcastle, 356. Of General \nBruce, 357. Second Letter, 358. The Queen and the People of \nEngland favored the Cause of the United States; the Error of the \nSeceding States, 359. The Reason for the Displaying of the Flag \nfrom the Top of the Monument, 360. Services of that Ceremony; \nExtract from the President's Address to the Governor, 36L From \nGovernor Andrew's Reply, 262. The Enthusiasm of the Assembly, \n363. Colonel Fletcher Webster's Remarks; his Heroic Death, 364. \nNames of others connected with the Association, or its Founders, who \ndied in the Civil War; the Efforts of the Association; President's \nRemarks in 1862; Mr. Winthrop indorses them, 365. The Faith \nin the Ultimate Issue, as shown in the Prosecution of Public Works \nand by Congress; the Committee on the Beacon Hill Monument, \n366. The Act authorizing the Association to rebuild it, 367. The \nLast Display of the Flag from the Mast above the Monument; a \nLiberty Pole erected on the Square; its Removal, 368. Arrange- \nments for the Centennial Anniversary; Choice of Orator; the Union \nof Charlestown and Boston; Appropriation of the City Council; \nPetition that the 17th of June be declared a Legal Holiday, 369. \nIts Result; the Two Publications in relation to the Celebration ; the \nProcession, 370. Services in the Pavilion; the Oration, 371. The \nEncomium upon it by the late Vice-President Wilson; Concluding \nServices; the Grand Lodge of Masons, and the Masonic Aprons of \nGeneral Warren and Lafayette ; the Contrast between 1875 and 1825, \n372. The Prophecy of Lafayette's Toast; the Unexpected Abolition \nof Slavery, and its Glorious Result, 373. \n\n\nXVlll CONTENTS. \n\n\nCHAPTER XVI. \n\nThe Bunker Hill Monume2v'T «i Type of the National Unity ; Mr. \nWebster's PatriotiBm, 375. The Committee on Inscriptions; the \nVacancies in it filled, 376. Drafts of Inscriptions by Francis C. \nGray and George Ticknor. 377. Letter of Mr. Gray, 378. Draft by \nFranklin Dexter, 379. Report of Mr. Everett to the Committee, \n380. The Inscriptions recommended by him, 381. Meeting of the \nCommittee; Mr. Webster's Suggestion, 384. Report of the Com- \nmittee, and the Result, 385. The Proposed Granite Lodge; Plan of \nGeorge M. Dexter and of W. S. Park; Repaii-s and Expenditures by \nSub-Committee ; George Peabody's Donation, 386. History of the \nRevolutionary Cannon, the Hancock and Adams, 387. The Streets \nto the Monument, 389. The Proposed New Avenue and Statue of \nGovernor Winthrop, 390. Present Valuation of the Land sold by \nthe Association, and of the Buildings thereon, 391. The New Sec- \nretaries, S. F. McCleary and A. C. Fearing, Jr. ; the New Diploma, \n392. The Roll of Officers; Mr. Everett; the Russells; Mr. Tudor; \nGeneral Dearborn; Mr. Winthrop, 393. Uriel Crocker; T. R. Mar- \nvin ; Honorary Members ; Annual Meeting in 1 875, 394 ; 3Ir. Froth- \ningham elected President; Vote of Thanks to the Retiring President; \nCommittee on a Statue of Colonel Prescott; other Work to be done, \n395. The Great Pendulum Experiment of Foucault, made at the \nMonument in 1850, 396. A New Phenomenon discovered by Pro- \nfessor Horsford, and his Account of it, 399. Bunker Hill the Place \nto show that the Earth moves, 401 . \n\n\nThe Monumental Dedication 402 \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\nIN MEMORIAM. \n\n\nResolutions upon the Death of N. P. Russell and of Daniel Webster, \n405. Delegation to attend Mr. Webster's Funeral ; Notices of the \nDeath of Amos Lawrence and Robert G. Shaw, 406; of Thomas B. \nWales, David Francis, Judah Touro, and Mr. Everett's Letter upon \nthe Death of Dr. John C. Warren, 407. Resolution upon the same \n\n\nCONTENTS. XIX \n\nand upon the Death of Abbott Lawrence, of David Devens, and of \nFranklm Dexter, 409. Resolution upon the Death of George W. \nOtis; Notices of Benjamin Loriug and James Clark, 410. Enumera- \ntion of the Notices and Resolutions published in the ^' Proceedings,\" \n411. Winslow Lewis and Thomas Aspinwall, 412. \n\nSOLL OF OFFICERS. \n\nPresidents and Vice-Presidents, 413. Secretaries, 414. Treasurers, \nStanding Committee, and Vice-Presidents ex officio^ 415. Direc- \ntors, 416. Anniversary Celebrations, 419. Chaplains at Annual \nMeetings, 420. Honorary Members, 421. Associate Members, 423. \nSubscribers to the Statue of General Warren, 427. \n\n\nILLUSTRATIONS. \n\n\nStfiirab(tfS0* \n\nBattle of Bunker Hill Frontispiece, \n\nJoseph Warren Facing 1 \n\n\nDaniel Webster \n\nThomas H. Perkins \n\nEdward Everett \n\nJohn Collins Warren \n\nThe Obelisk upon a Platform \n\nAmos Lawrence \n\nRobert Charles Winthrop \n\nUriel Crocker \n\nEdward Everett, as he appeared in delivering the \nAddress on Washington \n\n\nM \n\n\n31 \n49 \n71 \n153 \n179 \n255 \n353 \n394 \n\n405 \n\n\nLetter of Daniel Webster Facing \n\nMasonic Monument, and New Inscription .... \nLetter of John Marshall and Superscription . . \n\n,, ,, Thomas Jefferson \n\nThe First Diploma \n\nLetter of Lafayette \n\nModel by Horatio Greenough \n\nSection of Monument, with Measurements and \n\nStages of Progress \n\nNathaniel Pope Russell \n\nSarah Josepha Hale \n\nTables at the Ladies' Fair \n\nMr. Russell's Letter to Amos Lawrence ..... \nDaniel Webster (from Pope's Historical Painting) . . \n\nLetter of Edward Everett \n\nBunker Hill Monument and Square \n\nMr. Webster's Draft of Votes with Mr. Ever- \nett's Indorsement \n\nLetter of James Madison Foilot \n\nJames Monroe \n\nAVilliam Bainbridge \n\nJames Kent \n\nRobert Y. Hayne \n\nHenry Clay \n\n\nring \n\n\n»> \n\n\n>> \n\n\n»» \n\n\n»» \n\n\nn \n\n\n»♦ \n\n\n»» \n\n\n»» \n\n\n»» \n\n\n»» \n\n\nVlll \n\n17 \n\n78 \n\n93 \n\n102 \n\n123 \n\n162 \n\n199 \n223 \n285 \n298 \n311 \n315 \n350 \n375 \n\n385 \n422 \n\n»T \n1» \n1» \n»» \n»» \n\n\nr^ \n\n\n<^y^^Jmr^i \n\n\nOS2^-^C> (^ \n\n\n•_ ' f^vth ;uul \n\n\n! v; \n\n\ni \"'..«'^^' \n\n\nI) \n\n\n'. . ■•;»• first \n\n• ■■ i i' \" an-'s a \n\n.. '. .^ct\\t roiilt.^. \n\n< •• ■^•. .1, on ti.t' \n\n•^ ilu- l»r'iii%h uoip- \n• • - pivn'hird bv iIk' \n\n. - and of the sui r'»:nr:- \n. linutc-UK'ii a. Ill j v - '*^ \n\nnews <'l* t^u' >Mi«\" ■; ..! \n\n\nHISTORY \n\n\nOF THE \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONDMEiNT ASSOCIATION \n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\n\" Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.'' \n\nTHE Battle op Bunker Hill, on the seven- \nteenth of June, 1775, is one of those rare and \nsignal events whose historic importance is constantly \nenhanced by the lapse of time and by the growth and \nspread of our country. As the United States of \nAmerica advances in the scale of nations, the first \ngreat conflict in the American Revolution assumes a \ngrandeur proportioned to its magnificent results. \nThe resistance in Lexington and Concord, on the \npreceding 19th of Api*il, to the incursion of the \nmilitary forces sent from Boston by the British com- \nmander to seize the military stores provided by the \nprovincial authorities, was a simultaneous uprising of \nthe inhabitants of those places and of the surround- \ning towns, started by the minute-men and patriots \nwho were on the alert to watch and guard against the \n\nsuspected movement. The news of the successful \n\n1 \n\n\n2 HISTORY OF THE \n\nrepulse was transmitted by fleet and willing messen- \ngers to all the British Colonies in North Ameriea. \n\nThen it was felt that the crisis had surely come. \nWar had been levied near the capital of Massachu- \nsetts against the ill-advised representatives of the \nmother country, who were determined to enforce un- \nconstitutional laws, and all the Colonies would now \nmake common cause for home rule, or at least for a \nrepresentation in the parent government. Putnam \nleft the plough in the furrow, and came quickly \nwith a regiment from Connecticut. Stark and Reed \nmarched as quickly their forces from Xew Hampshire. \nA camp was formed at Cambridge, on the very heels \nof the British army. Harvard College, even then \nvenei'able, — for the dear old mother had passed more \nthan a third of her second century, — gave up her \nseat of learning for military quarters to the patriot \narmy. \n\nThe civil authority of the peoj)le was, by general \nconsent, vested in the Pi'ovincial Congress then con- \nvened at Watertown, composed of delegates duly \nelected at legal meetings of the inhabitants of the \nseveral towns. The Continental Congress was simi- \nlarly constituted by delegates elected from the thir- \nteen Colonies, and was at this very time in session at \nPhiladelphia. Joseph Warren was President of the \nProvincial Congress of Massachusetts, and being also \nchairman of the Committee of Safety, he exercised, \nto a considerable extent, the powei'S of a civil ruler. \nHe was active and vigilant in the public service. He \naided in the routing of the British foi-ces on the 19th \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 3 \n\nof April, and, in the carrying out of the order to \nfortify Bunker Hill, was promptly on the ground to \nrender his advice and assistance for its defence. \n\nThis world-renowned battle has been graphically \nillustrated by historians, orators, and poets. Other \nfamous writers have composed most interesting mono- \ngraphs upon it. Many controversies have unhappily \narisen with regard to its details, and the subsequent \ndistribution of honors among its heroic actors has \ngiven rise to some acrimonious disputes. The actors \nthemselves in this memorable scene were little con- \nscions of the noble history they were making, and of \nthe serious questions which would arise in after-times \nas to some of the incidents of that eventful day; yet \nit appears that pains were taken by the Provincial \nCongress, immediately after, to make a true and suf- \nficient record as to all the points which it was then \nsupposed would become a matter of controversy. \n\nAside from the remarkable bravery of the men on \nboth sides, the coolness and self-possession of the \ncommanding officers in their several assigned posts, \n^ and the unequal slaughter inflicted upon the enemy, \nthere were two events which marked this memorable \nday with sad and tragic interest. One was the con- \nflagration of Charlestown. That ancient town, — the \nslow and solid growth of almost a centuiy and a half, \n— where, on the Seventeenth of June as then (1630) \nreckoned by the old style, Governor John Win- \nthrop and his associates sat down to locate the \nseat of government, and where Harvard died, was \n\n\n4 HISTORY OF THE \n\nreduced to ashes. The church, with its commanding \nspire, the court-house, four other public buildings, \nand at least four hundred dwelling-houses, some of \nwhich were elegant and costly, and about two hun- \ndred stores, warehouses, and shops, with their contents, \nwere all desti'oyed I The fast-spreading flames, the \nclouds of smoke, and the alarms and shrieks of the \nhomeless, added to the terrors of the bloody scene. \n\nBut the still more conspicuous event, and one most \nsignificant in its results, was the death of Joseph \nWarren on the field of battle. A graduate of Har- \nvard College at the age of nineteen in 1759, a phy- \nsician of high renown, a man of culture and social \ndistinction, the civil leader just elected a major-gen- \neral, he fell a glorious volunteer when he might have \ntaken the command. \n\nWhile these great events were transpiring, unbe- \nknown to the Continental Congress then sitting at \nPhiladelphia, in those times about a seven-days jour- \nney from Boston, Georgk Washington was, in the \nname of the \"United Colonies of New Hampshire, \nMassachusetts Bay, Khode Island, Connecticut, New \nYork, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New Castle, Kent \nand Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North \nCarolina, and South Carolina,\" appointed \"General \nand Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the United \nColonies, and of all the forces raised or to be raised \nby them, and of all others who shall voluntarily offer \ntheir services, and join the said army for the, defence \nof American liberty, and for repelling every hostile \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 5 \n\ninvasion thereof.\" The commission bears date June \n19, 1775, and is signed by John Hancock, President, \n\" by order of the Congress,\" and by Charles Thom- \nson, Secretary. \n\nThis act, the authority of which was generally \nrecognized, was an oflScial assumption by the Con- \ngress, on the part of these United Colonies, — in which \nGeorgia was subsequently included, — of the military \ndefence of the newly formed nation. The Congress, \nas if by Divine intimation, was led unanimously to \nthe choice of the man who was to guide, protect, de- \nfend, and eventually to preside over the destinies of \nthis nation,^ until its establishment should everywhere \nbe acknowledged. \n\nGeneral Washington made haste to reach the scene \nof the opening strife, and on the 3d of July follow- \ning, he took command of the army at Cambridge. \nWhen, in answer to his inquiries, he was informed \nof the bravery and coolness displayed by the Ameri- \ncans in the battle of Bunker Hill, he took cour- \nage, and declared that our liberties were safe. In \nnine months from the day of Bunker Hill, — on the \n17th of March, 1776, — the deliverance of Massachu- \nsetts was accomplished by the evacuation of Boston \nby the British troops. During these nine months, they \nwere beleaguered and hemmed in by the American \nforces, — dignified by and actually deserving the name \nof the American army, — and were cut off from all \nsupplies. \n\nThe battle-field and the territory of the peninsula \nof Charlestown had until then been occupied by the \n\n\n6 HISTORY OF THE \n\nBritish forces. As soon as they put to sea, the inhabi- \ntants of Charlestown came back to find where their \nhomes were, and to rebuild the waste places. Timothy \nDwight, in his \"Travels in Xew England and Xew \nYork,'' has commented with considerjible severity \nupon their neglect to improve the fine opportunity \nthey had, to lay out the town in regular streets and \nsquares; the land-owners putting their land into com- \nmon stock for this purpose, and then each taking an \nequal quantity near his former position upon the new \nlocation. Had this been done, no town or city in the \nworld could have presented so fine an appearance, so \nbeautiful and well adapted for elegant residences are \nthe natural advantages of the place. But if any \npeople could be excused for that singular want of \nforecast in not laying out the township anew, with \nreference to a greater convenience and utility, the \ninhabitants of Charlestown, returning to the places \nof their homes after a most disastrous conflagration, \ndeserve the extenuation. During the war of the \nRevolution, with their crippled means, and in the \nabsence of proper legislative authority, they could \nhai'dly do otherwise than allow each proprietor to \nimprove his own land, without inteifering with his \nancient boundaries. \n\nBut the people of Charlestown showed they were \nconspicuous for entei'prise. In nine years after their \nreturn, they conceived the design of erecting a bridge \nbetween Charlestown and Boston over the mouth of \nCharles River. The act of the General Court of \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 7 \n\nMassachusetts, passed on the 9th of March, 1785, re- \nciting in the preamble that '^ the erecting of a bridge \nover Charles River, in the place where the ferry be- \ntween Boston and Charlestown is now kept, will be \nof great public utility,\" authorizes John Hancock, \nThomas Russell, Nathaniel Gorham, James Swan, \nand Eben Parsons, with their associates, to become \na corporation to build and maintain such a bridge. \nThe accomplishment of this work was the wonder of \nthe times: it was a bridge over what was then called \nan arm of the sea, longer than either of the London \nbridges, and supported by piers when it was asserted \nthat in the swiftly flowing currents of the stream the \nundertaking would be impracticable. \n\nThe completion of this wonderful structure was \ncelebrated on the 17th of June, 1786, — the first cele- \nbration of this anniversary. \n\nAn imposing procession was formed at the old \nState House, in State Street, under the escort of the \nCharlestown Artillery, commanded by Major William \nCalder, a survivor of the battle, led off by one hun- \ndred and twenty \" artificers \" who had been employed \non the bridge, carrying their different tools. Then \nfollowed in order the officers and proprietoi-s of the \nBridge Corporation; the Sheriffs of Middlesex and \nSuffolk; His Excellency James Bowdoin, the Gover- \nnor; His Honor Thomas Cushing, the Lieutenant- \nGovernor, and the Council of the Commonwealth; the \nSenate, with its President; the Speaker and House of \nRepresentatives; the Treasurer and Secretary of State; \nthe Consuls of France and Holland; the Judges of \n\n\n8 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe Supreme Judicial Court; the Attorney-General; \nNaval and Excise officers; the clergy; the Professors \nand Tutors of the University; the Selectmen of \nBoston and of Charlestown ; the Commander of \nCastle William, and officers of the late Continental \nArmy; the President and Directors of the Massa- \nchusetts Bank, the only bank then established; and \na large number of private gentlemen, foreigners and \ncitizens, with a body of civil officers closing the ranks. \n\nAs this dignified procession moved along in joyous \nstate, it was greeted by thousands along the streets. \nOn approaching the centre of the bridge, the artificers \nopened to the right and left. The President of the \nBridge Corporation advanced, and gave the order to \nthe master workman to adjust the draw for the pas- \nsage of the company over the marvellous structure. \nThis ceremony was accompanied by a discharge of \nthii'teen cannon from Copp's Hill, and then the pro- \ncession moved on amid the loudest shouts of an im- \nmense multitude. The estimate, at the time, of the \nwhole number of those who gazed upon the proceed- \nings, places it at twenty thousand persons. \n\nOn reaching Bunker Hill, there was another salute \nof thirteen guns, — corresponding to the number of \nStates of the Union, — and the distinguished com- \npany, numbering from eight hundred to a thousand, \nsat down to the tables. Among the thirteen regular \ntoasts which were drunk after the dinner were: \" The \nUnited States,\" — there was then no President, — \n\" The Governor and Commonwealth,\" \" The Allies of \nAmerica,\" \"This Anniversary, — may it be for ever \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 9 \n\nmarked with joy, as its birth was with glory/' \" The \njunction of the two towns;\" and the last, the thirteenth, \nwas, \"All mankind, — may peace, harmony, and hap- \npiness reward and unite all the branches of the mighty \nfamily.'' So terminated, on this field of terrific slaugh- \nter, the first great celebration of this memorable day, \nwhich, after the short period of eleven years, was \nfixed upon to commemorate the completion of a great \nundertaking auspicious of future prosperity. \"Nor \nsince has the day been pei'mitted to pass without \nsome observance of a local or a more general nature. \n\nA few years later, in 1794, King Solomon's Lodge \nof Free and Accepted Masons, in Charlestown, erected \na monument to the memory\" of General Joseph Warren \nand his associates, on the spot where he was slain. It \nwas a most graceful and patriotic act on the part of \nthe Lodge, in honor of the ilhistrious man who was, \nat the time of his death. Grand Master of the Grand \nLodge of Masons in Massachusetts, and united high \nMasonic character and renown to his devotion to \nprinciple and his soul-stirring patriotism. James \nRussell, a venerable citizen and magistrate, offered a \ndeed of as much land as might be wanted, and a com- \nmittee of the Lodge, of which Josiah Bartlett was \nchairman, erected in \" Mr. Russell's pasture \" (as their \nreport says) a costly monument, in the form of a \nTuscan pillar, eighteen feet high, placed upon a plat- \nform eight feet high and eight feet square, and sur- \nmounted by a gilt urn, bearing the initials and age of \nWarren: \"J. W. ^. 34.\" \n\n2 \n\n\n10 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe following appropriate inscriptions were placed \nupon the base : — \n\nErected A. D. 1704, by King Solomon's Lodije of Freemasons, constituted \n\nat Charlestown, 1783, in memory of Major General Warren \n\nand his Associates, who were slain on this \n\nmemorable spot, June 17, 1775. \n\n** None but they who set a just value upon the blessings of Liberty are \n\nworthy to enjoy her. In vain we toiled; in vain we fought; \n\nwe bled in vain, if you our offspring want valor \n\nto repel the assaults of her invaders! *' \n\nCharlestown Settled 1628; Burnt 1775; Rebuilt 1776. The enclosed \n\nland given by Hon. James Russell. \n\nThe dedication of this Monument, December, 1794, \nwas a touching spectacle. A procession was formed \nat Warren Hall, where the Lodge then met, consisting \nof the Lodge and other Masonic brethren, the Select- \nmen of the town, the magistrates of the counties of \nMiddlesex and Suffolk, the minister and deacons, \nother town and parish officers, military officers, and \ncitizens, and closing up with the trustees and the \nscholars of the public schools. It was preceded by a \nband of music, and marched with slow step to the \nnotes of a dirge, to the place where the monument \nwas erected. There the following concise and appro- \npriate address was delivered by John Soley, Jr., the \nWorshipful Master of the Lodge: — \n\nFellow-Citizens and Brethren : \n\nWe have now assembled, around the graves of our departed \ncountrymen, to pay that tribute which is due to the brave de- \nfenders of our liberties. Nations in all ages have endeavored \n\n\nBU^^KER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 11 \n\nto perpetuate the brilliant actions of their heroes ; thereby to \niaspire the living with a spirit of emulation, and to discharge \nthe obligations they owe to those deeds of valor by which their \nrights are secured. \n\nWe, citizens of Columbia, not content with having raised a \nmonument of gratitude in our hearts, would present one to the \neye of future generations. Directed by these laudable motives. \nKing Solomon's Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons have \nerected on Mount Warren the Pillar you behold ; and in their \nbehalf I now solemnly dedicate it to the memory of our late \nbeloved and Most Worshipful Brother, the Honorable Joseph \nWarren, and his associates, who nobly fell on this memorable \nspot, in the cause of their country. \n\nAnd when, from this celebrated eminence, you behold the \nsolemn temple, the abodes of domestic happiness, the an- \ncient seat of literature, the vestiges of opposition to tyranny, \nthe fruitful fields of the husbandman, and the waving flag of \ncommerce, — forget not those by whose virtuous exertions you \nnow enjoy these inestimable blessings. \n\nAnd, while they bloom afresh in your own remembrance, con- \nvey the history of this noble purchase to your listening children. \nTeach them obedience to the voice of their country ; inform \nthem that their birth-right is Freedom ; and, pointing to this \nMonument, tell them, the legacy left them by their countrymen \nto maintain it is valor. Having thus inspired them with their \nbravery to defend their country in the field, may they descend \nfrom the tumult of war to the tranquillity of peace, and learn \nthe noblest conquest, — of t-hemselves. \n\nAnd, O thou ever-existing and omnipresent Architect, ap- \nprove this solemn dedication to the memory of Columbia's \nvaliant sons; accelerate the extension of their honest fame, and \nperpetuate its being in the bosom of posterity. May this pub- \nlic evidence of their valor teach others the danger of invading \nthe peaceful abodes of freemen ; and may it have a tendency \nto lessen that lawless ambition for conquest which has filled the \nworld with blood. \n\n\n12 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe flags were placed at half-mast, and minute- \nguns were fired by the Charlestown artillery. After \nthe ceremonies on the hill, the procession returned in \nthe same order to Warren Hall, where Josiah Bart- \nlett, who was afterwards Grand Master of the Grand \nLodge of Massachusetts, pronounced an eloquent \neulogy on General AVarren, and a solemn dirge or \nrequiem was sung. The General Court afterwards \nrecognized the noble tribute of King Solomon's Lodge \nby the following Act, passed February 3, 1796: — \n\nAn Act for the Preservation of a Monument erected on the \n\nHeights of Charlestown. \n\nWhereas, the Society of Freemasons, in Charlestown^ \nin the county of Middlesex^ designated hy the name of King \nSolomon^s Lodge, have erected a Monument in memory of \nMajor General Joseph Warren and his associates, who were \nslain on the heights of said Charlestown, on the seventeenth of \nJune, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five ; and have \nbeen presented by the lion. James Russell with a piece of land \nfor that purpose : \n\nSect. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate aiid House of Hep- \nresentatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority \nof the same, That any legal deed or conveyance of the said \nland, duly recorded, shall enable the ^\\\\\\AKing Solomon's Lodge \nof Freemasons to hold the same in fee-simple, for the purposes \naforesaid, for ever. \n\nSect. 2. And be it further eiiacted by the authority afore- \nsaid. That the Master or Treasurer of the said Lodge for the \ntime being shall have power and authority to sue for and re- \ncover damages, in any court of law suitable to try the same, \nfrom any person or persons who shall be convicted of defacing, \ninjuring, or destroying the said Monument ; and the person or \npersons thus convicted shall, in addition to such damages \nas may be legally awarded, pay to the Master or Treasurer \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 13 \n\nof the said Lodge a fine not exceeding twenty dollars, nor \nless than two dollars^ at the discretion of the court before \nwhom the action for damnges shall be finally tried ; which \nfines shall be appropriated for the necessary repairs of the said \nMonument. \n\nSoon after the great Evacuation-day of Boston, the \n17th of March, 1776, the body of General Warren was \nfound, having been identified by Dr. Jeffries, by the \nloss of a joint of one finger by a felon, and also by a \npeculiar tooth, a part of which had been broken off \nin early life. The body was reinterred, with solemn \nceremonies, at King's Chapel in Boston, April 8, \n1776. -Perez Morton delivered the eulogy. As in \nthe following exordium he solemnly addressed the \nremains of the departed spirit, the effect upon the \ncrowded audience was indeed startling: — \n\nIllustrious Eelics : \n\nWhat tidings from the grave? Why hast thou left the \npeaceful mansions of the tomb to visit again this troubled earth ? \nArt thou the welcome messenger of peace? Art thou risen \nagain to exhibit thy glorious wounds, and through them pro- \nclaim salvation to thy country ? Or art thou come to demand \nthat last debt of humanity, to which your rank and merit have \nso justly entitled you, but which has been so long and ungene- \nrously withheld ? Art thou angry at the barbarous usage ? lie \nappeased, sweet Ghost ! For though thy body has long laid \nundistinguished among the vulgar dead, scarce privileged with \nearth enough to hide it from the birds of prey ; though not a \nkindred tear was dropped, though not a friendly sigh was ut- \ntered o'er thy grave ; and tho' the execrations of an impious \nfoe were all thy funeral knells, yet, matchless Patriot, thy \nmemory has been embalmed in the affections of thy grateful \ncountrymen, who, in their breasts, have raised eternal monu- \nments to thy bravery ! \n\n\n14 HISTORY OF THE \n\nNot only were the name and fame of Warren justly \ncelebrated at the place of his birth and death, but all \nover the globe where liberty was loved and heroism \nrevered did they become the subject of eulogy. \nBotta, the elegant Italian historian, in his history of \nthe American war, thus speaks of him, in the faithful \ntranslation of Otis: — \n\n*' lie was one of those men who are more attached to liberty \nthan to existence ; but not more ardently the friend of freedom \nthan foe to avarice and ambition. He was endowed with a \nsolid judgment, a happy genius, and a brilliant eloquence. In \nall private affairs, his opinion was reputed authority ; and in all \npublic counsels, a decision. Friends and enemies, equally know- \ning his fidelity and rectitude in all things, reposed in him a con- \nfidence without limits. Opposed to the wicked, without hatred ; \npropitious to the good, without adulation ; affable, courteous, \nand humane towards each, he was beloved with reverence by \nall, and respected by envy itself. Though in his person some- \nwhat spare, his figure was peculiarly agreeable. He mourned \nat this epoch the recent loss of a wife, by whom he was tenderly \nbeloved, and whom he cherished with reciprocal affection. In \ndying so gloriously for his country on this memorable day, he \nleft several orphans, still in childhood ; but a grateful country \nassumed the care of their education. Thus was lost to his \nState, and to his family, in so important a crisis, and in the \nvigor of his days, a man equally qualified to excel in council or \nin the field.\" \n\nThe exalted praise universally extended to Joseph \nWarren was not on account of any merit of his in the \nconduct of the battle of Bunker Hill. Though some \nwriters took it for granted that, being Major-General \nand the highest officer in rank in the field, he, of \ncourse, assumed the command, yet it is generally \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 15 \n\nknown that, when the command was tendered to him by \nColonel William Prescott, he courteously replied to \nhim that he came to learn the art of war of a veteran \nsoldier. It was rather for his unflinching service and \ndevotion to the cause of liberty, as shown in his \nwhole career, — as orator of the public assembly, as \na civil leader in the council of state, as a copatriot \nwith Samuel Adams and Josiah Quincy. Though, as \nis supposed, he did not concur in the order of the \ncouncil to fortify Bunker Hill at that time, neverthe- \nless, after the measure was determined upon, he was \nall the more eager, by his personal presence and aid, \nto promote its successful execution. When, the night \nbefore, his friend Elbridge Gerry, afterwards Vice- \nPresident of the United States, entreated him not \nto risk his life in that attempt, he replied in that well \nknown motto, henceforth for ever associated with his \nmemory : \" Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori \" \n(Sweet and graceful it is to die for one's \nCOUNTRY^. He seemed to have a presentiment that he \nwas to die for a country which even then existed in \nhis contemplation, — embracing all the United Colo- \nnies, a correspondence with whom he had promoted, — \nand which was destined to become one of the grandest \nand most powerful nations of the earth. \n\nBut, whatever his thought might have been, certain \nit now is, as we trace the signal events of the century \nto their leading causes, that, while the ruthless and \nunjustifiable act of General Gage, of burning Charles- \ntown to the ground, set the hearts of the people \n\n\n16 \n\n\nHISTORY OF THE \n\n\nagainst all further efforts of reconciliation with the \ncjemented government of the mother country, the \nmartyrdom of Joseph AVarren hallowed the canse hi \nbehalf of which the battle of Bunker Hill was fought, \nand inflamed the hearts of all American patriots with \nan enthusiastic and a determined purpose to prose- \ncute it to the end, until the Independknce of the \nunited Colonics should be achieved. \n\n\nReeled A. D. MDCCXCIV.hj Kin; Solnmon't Lodgr of rmmiMaa, conMitutMl ii \n\nCbtrlnlDWa, IT83, in memnry of Major General Jdieth Wmiih tnd bit AiMCiitM, \n\nwho were slaiii on thii mDmonibIt ipol, Juiw IT, ITTS. \n\nthe tieulnp of Libany *n onrthy lo eajnjr her. \n~ 111 TBJn, if rail, our offspring, wioi \n\nI. The cneloKd Jindgiirn by Hon. \n\n\nIn Tiin we toiled i in lain wc fo _ , \n\nTilof to rtptl the u»\"tu of \n\nChirleitDirn Sellled l»e ; BurnI );i5 ; Rehuilt lir \n\nJime« Kuu(41 \n\n\n«EW IHSCRITTIO \nif ihe flnt monamenl mcied o \ninn, AD JWS.hyKmg Solon \n\n\n■inielura. TLie Auoclition.in fulllliiK \nimperiilwble obeliak, this moilel tu be \nmoo'i Lodge. Jvne 24Ih, A, D. \\8ii.\" \n\n\nCHAPTER II. \n\n\nHie canabula gentis. \n\n\nJAMES RUSSELL, the generous donor of the \nland upon which the Masonic Monument was \nerected, was born in Charlestown, August 5, 1715, \nand died there on the 24th April, 1798. His life \nalmost spanned the whole of the eighteenth century, \nand was longer than that of any of his distinguished \nancestors in this country. He was the descendant, \nin the fourth generation, from the Hon. Richard \nRussell, who, at the age of twenty-nine, in the year \n1640, came from Herefordshire, England, and settled \nin Charlestown, and died in 1676, having filled the \noffices of Representative to the General Court, Coun- \nsellor, and Treasurer of the Province, and having \nmade many noble donations and bequests to various \npublic objects. \n\nThe grandfather of James Russell, the Honorable \nJames Russell, the eldest son of Richard Russell, \nwas born in Charlestown, October 4, 1640, and died \nthere at the age of sixty-nine, April 28, 1709, having \nsucceeded his father in his business as a merchant, \nand also in the public offices which he held. The \nfather of James Russell, our illustrious donor, was \n\n3 \n\n\n18 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe Hon. Daniel Russell, who was born in Charles- \ntown, November 30, 1685, and died Deeember 6, 1763, \nat the age of seventy-eight, having been a member of \nhis Majesty's Council for twenty years, and having \nalso served the Province as Commissioner of Impost, \nand the County of Middlesex as Treasurer, for over \nfifty years. \n\nThis is rather a remarkable instance of four gene- \nrations of the same family living in the same town, \nand succeeding to the same high offices of town, \ncounty, and province, for more than a century and a \nhalf, and all bearing the highest character for integ- \nrity, fidelity to duty, and for private as well as for \nofficial worth. \n\nJames Russell, the first above-named, married, \nApril 13, 1738, Catharine Greaves, great-gi-and- \ndaughter of the celebrated pioneer, Thomas Greaves, \nwho was born in Ratdiff, England, June 6, 1605, and \nwho arrived at Salem in 1629, with Governor Endi- \ncott, and thence removed to Charlestown in that year, \nlie laid out the town, giving it, as it is said, the name, \nand became one of the chief men of the place. One of \ntheir sons was the celebrated Thomas Russell, who \nwas born in Charlestown, April 17, 1710, and became \none of the most eminent merchants of the time in the \nUnited States. He also represented his native town \nin the General Court. On his removal to Boston, he \nbecame president of several of the leading corpora- \ntions and societies, and, among others, of the Branch \nBank of the United States. It was owing to his \nftxther's faith in the practicability of building a bridge \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 19 \n\nover Charles Eiver, persistently asserted against all \nobjectors, that he was induced to embark in the en- \nterpi'ise, which, by his influence, was speedily accom- \nplished. He was a leading man in all the great \nundertakings and public charities of the place, and \nwas distinguished for his refined manners and generous \nhospitality. He had determined to return to his na- \ntive town to spend the evening of his days, where his \nancestors on both his father's and mother's side had \nresided since its first settlement, and he was, indeed, \nerecting an elegant mansion for his future residence, \nwhen untimely death overtook him, at the age of fifty- \nsix, on April 8, 1796. Such was the general grief \nover the great public loss, that, by request of the many \nsocieties to which he belonged and imparted the life- \ngiving vigor of his intellect and wealth, a eulogy was \npronounced by Dr. John Wai'ren, a brother of \nJoseph Warren, in King's Chapel, May 4, 1796, on \nhis life and character. \n\nIt was the unhappy lot of James Kussell to bury, \nduring his protracted life, three other sons and two \ndaughters. He left, at his decease, one son and four \ndaughtei's surviving. He was ever singularly attached \nto his native town, by whose inhabitants he was revered \nand loved as a father. In many cases he subordinated \nhis own family interests to that of the town. Jedediah \nMorse, D.D., in his funeral sermon, commends, with \npastoral aflFection, '' his integi-ity, piety, charity, and \npatriotism, his hospitality, sobriety, and temperance, \nand the parental and social virtues which exalted and \nadorned his character.\" \n\n\n20 HISTORY OF THE \n\nIt is believed that there are no descendants of \nJames Russell in the male line, and bearing the \nfamily name, now living. There are, however, sev- \neral descendants in the female line, bearing distin- \nguished names, which they themselves have honored, \nsome of whom will appear as prominent actora in this \nhistory. The blood of this great progenitor still \nflows in the current of human life, in which his ex- \ncellent traits and qualities, we may believe, have been \ntransmitted. John Soley, who dedicated the Masonic \nMonument, and was afterwards Grand Master of the \nGrand Lodge of Massachusetts, married a grand- \ndaughter, and has left several descendants who have \nbeen famous in the public service. \n\nThe battle-ground, and especially the Kussell past- \nure on which the Monument to \" General Warren \nand his brave associates \" stood, became an object of \ngreat interest to sojournei'S and travellers. In the \nearly days of the Republic, when the facilities for \ntravel were exceedingly limited, the number of travel- \nlers was comparatively less than now. There were \nbut few tourists in those days. A daily stage-coach \nfurnished all the accommodation for travel on the \nprincipal thoroughfares, and many long and intimate \nfriendships were commenced by the chance acquaint- \nance of fellow-passengers during a long day's ride. \n\nAs strangers came to Charlestown to visit the \nbattle-field, they often inquired after some of the old \nresidents, who, as witnesses of the event, might relate \nto them the details of the battle, every year becoming \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 21 \n\nmore famous. There was Richard Devens, the old \nCommissary of the Army, who was on the Committee \nof Public Safety, and knew all the movements of the \npatriots, with whom he was associated from the start. \nMany statements he communicated as to their doings, \nand as to the reasons which prompted them to act. \nHe died, September 20, 1807, at the age of eighty \nyears; and there are several descendants of distinc- \ntion bearing his honored name. \n\nOf course. Judge Kussell, as the owner of the \npasture-land on which the most important event of \nthe battle and of American history occurred, knew \nall the incidents of the bloody day, and was ready to \nimpart them to all those who enjoyed his bounteous \nhospitiility. Deacon Thomas Miller, who married the \nwidow of a son of Commissary Devens, and was in \nthe battle, was always ready to accompany the \nstrangers to the ground. \n\nIt was from these three prominent citizens that \nPresident Dwight obtained the facts mentioned in \nhis account of the battle. He gives the following \nnarration of the advice of a veteran, in the first Amer- \nican council of war, upon the question, \" How many \ncartridges should be served out to the men in Pres- \ncott's expedition?'' This veteran felt the urgent ne- \ncessity of husbanding their ammunition, and he said: \n\" War is in substance the same thing with hunting. \nA skilful hunter never shoots until he is sure of his \nmark. In the same manner ought soldiers to act. \nTo shoot at men without being suflBciently near, and \n\n\n22 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwithout taking aim, is to shoot at random, and only \nto waste your powder. A thousand men are ordered \nout to Bunker's Hill. Suppose each man to have five \nrounds of cartridges; the whole number will be five \nthousand. If half of these should take effect (and \nif they do not, the men are not fit to be entrusted \nwith cartridges), the consequence is that two thousand \nfive hundred of the British fall. Does any man be- \nlieve that they will keep the ground until two thou- \nsand five hundred are shot down? Let our men take \naim, then, as I do when I am hunting deer, and five \nrounds will be enough. Ten will certaiuly be more \nthan enough.\" Although the result did not justify the \ncalculation, there is no doubt that the firing of the \nAmericans did far more deadly execution than that of \nany like body in any previous battle. This well-au- \nthenticated statement proves that there was a general \nunderstanding among all those in command on the \nAmerican side that the men should reserve their fire \nuntil they could take good aim. \n\nMany strangers were also referred to Isaac Warren, \na Kevolutionary soldier, though not in this battle, but \non duty in the immediate neighborhood, who lived \nnear the old Charlestown Square, and was about the \nonly person bearing the name of Warren in the town. \nHe would send invariably for his friend and neighbor. \nDeacon Miller, and they would often repair in com- \npany, as guides of the interested traveller, to the \nconsecrated ground. It is one of the earliest recol- \nlections of the writer's childhood, being the errand- \nboy, and then following the group, to hear the \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOaATION. 23 \n\noft-repeated, but always seemingly marvellous, story. \nThe Masonic Monument, as it gleamed up to the clear \nsky from the vacant and extended field, with no \nbuilding near to dwarf its appearance or mar its \nbeautiful proportions, and bearing its impressive in- \nscriptions, read repeatedly until learned by heart, was \nalways an object of surpassing interest. Isaac War- \nren was the founder of Warren Academy, a flourish- \ning institution in Woburn. \n\nTimothy Thompson was also frequently sought out. \nOn the day of the battle, after removing his wife, who \nwas then pregnant, he made haste to join in the fight, \nand assisted in bearing off the field Colonel Gardner, \nwho received a mortal wound, from which he soon \ndied. One of the first orders issued by General \nWashington, after taking command, was in reference \nto his funeral. Thompson's son, Timothy, was the \nfirst child born in Charlestown after the battle. The \nfather lived till 1834, and was much respected. He \nhas left several descendants, from whom the State and \nthe city have been receiving much valuable service. \n\nWilliam Calder, who commanded a company in the \nbattle, was a prominent character. After providing \nfor the safety of his son, Robert, in the morning of \nthat day, by putting him in a box supplied with \nbreathing openings, and sending him off in a team, he \njoined his company, and did good service. Major \nCalder, as he was afterwards called, raised the \nCharlestown Artillery, which he commanded at the \nbridge celebration, in 1786, and was one of the Monu- \nment Committee of King Solomon's Lodge. \n\n\n24 HISTORY OF TIHi: \n\nThere were other survivors of the battle, and many \nspectators of the scene from the surrounding house- \ntops and high places, each of whom had his personal \nreminiscences, and his own story to tell. To weave \nthese separate accounts into a connected narrative, \nhas been found to be no easy task. Such, however, is \nthe delicate and difficult office of history. Many state- \nments, as might naturally be expected, have been \nfound irreconcilable. As persons difler materially in \ndescribing an ordinary occurrence, they would be apt \nto vary more essentially in narrating a scene of such \ngreat excitement and absorbing interest. But making \nall allowance for the discrepancies which would natu- \nrally arise from the excitement of the beholder at the \ntime, and from his inadequate means of observation \nover the whole field, amid the smoke and din of a \nfrightful conflagration, enough still remains, from all \nthe statements put together and carefully sifted, from \nAvhich to draw a tolerably accurate sketch of the great \nevent as it actually transpired. \n\nThe first matter that was usually explained to \nthe visitor was, how this place came to be fortified, \nwhen the order was given to fortify the real Bunker \nHill, which is to be seen at a little distance, and of \napparently twice the height. The ready answer was \nthat this was not generally known by any distinct \nappellation as another hill. The parcels of land were \ncalled after their owners. Breed's pasture or land \nwas not on the height of this lower surface, but \nstretched out on the south-easterly declivity. The \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 25 \n\nplace selected, not being then commonly called Breed's \nHill, was deemed by Colonel Prescott, who had the \ncharge of its execution, to be clearly included within \nthe oi'der under which he acted. It was nearer to \nthe enemy in Boston, and, besides, if the higher \neminence had been fortified, the British would imme- \ndiately take possession of this. General Putnam was \nknown to be in favor of fortifying both eminences, \nbut he advocated commencing here. \n\nThe next explanation would generally be that the \noutlines of the surface did not correctly show the \nworks of the American forces in their expeditious con- \nstruction of their redoubt and line of defence. The \nBritish, on taking possession and occupying the \nground, for nine months after the battle, during which \na large part of their army made it their winter quar- \nters, had almost obliterated the American lines. They \nreversed the redoubt, so as to make it face in the \nopposite direction, looking towards the patriot lines, \nas will be more fully explained in the following \nchapter. \n\nDr. John Warren says, in his diary, \" The works \nwhich had been cast up by our men were entirely \ndestroyed.\" This is of the date of March 21. He \ndescribes Charlestown as \" a most melancholy heap \nof ruins,\" and says, \" The hill which was the theatre \nupon which the bloody tragedy of the 17th of June \nwas acted commands the most affecting view I ever \nsaw in my life. The walls of magnificent buildings \ntottering to the earth below; above, a great number of \nrude hillocks, under which are deposited the remains, \n\n\n26 HISTORY OF THE \n\nin clusters, of those deathless heroes who fell in the \nfield of battle.\" \n\n« \n\nVivid descriptions were given of Colonel William \nPrescott, as he was seen within the redoubt urging \non the work, or coolly walking outside upon the top to \ngive courage to his men, dressed in his loose Indian \nbanian ; or giving orders to his men to withhold \ntheir fire, on the advance of the enemy, until they \ncould see the whites of their eyes, to take good aim, \nand not to waste their powder; or as he was con- \nducting the retreat, the ammunition gone, and thei'e \nbeing few bayonets in the regiment to sustain a close \nencounter, leading them off the field with so small a \nloss. How he spurned the idea in the morning that \nhis regiment should be relieved, after their fatiguing \nlabors! Xo: the men who built the fort will best \ndefend it. How he did plead with General Ward for \nleave to return with his own men and only five hun- \ndred more, with suflScient ammunition and bayonets, \nand he would guarantee to retake the hill! \n\nThere were those w^ho saw General Israel Putnam \ngallantly riding over every part of the field, bringing \non reinfoi'cements, giving counsel, and ever exposing \nhimself in the thickest of the fight, lie imparted \nhis chivalrous ardor not only to his own troops from \nConnecticut, but to all who joined in the combat. \nThe British ofiicers who recognized his form in the \ndistance felt his presence, and nerved themselves to \ngreater efforts in leading on their men to the en- \ncounter. Mention was often made of the hearty \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 27 \n\ncheers given to General Seth Pomeroy, the senior \ngeneral oflScer from Massachusetts, as he advanced \nto the field. \n\nMany anecdotes were told of Colonel John Stark, \nafterwards appointed Brigadier-General of the Revo- \nlutionary army, — of his coolness and eccentric traits. \nHe was, indeed, an original character. As he \nmarched slowly with his regiment, that the men on \narrival might be still fresh for action, he took posi- \ntion at the extreme left of the line, and firmly held \nthe ground. The New Hampshire men were there in \nlarge numbers. In fact, while some of Stark's men \nenlisted from Prescott's town, Pepperell, near the bor- \nder of that State, HoUis sent in turn a full company \nto Prescott's regiment. Stark often said, \" that there \nwas no commander of all the American troops on \nthis hard-fonght day; and that most of the officei's \nwho conducted men there, all being moved by one \ncommon impulse and to one common end, fought the \ncommon enemy much as they deemed best, each \nacting pretty much on his own hook.\" This state- \nment quoted by Judge Levi Woodbury seems to be \nthe conclusion now generally arrived at upon the vexed \ncontroversy of the command : that, while Prescott \ncommanded and defended the fort, Putnam and \nPomeroy were mainly engaged in holding the centre, \nand Stark, Reed, and Knowlton, at the extreme \nleft of the line on the Mystic, were driving back \nthe enemy in his persistent attempt to flank and \nsurround the American forces. \n\n\n28 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThere were those who saw General Warren fall, \nas he slowly retreated in the rear, and was shot in \nhis head. He was heard to exclaim, \"I'm a dead \nman; fight on, my brave fellows, for the salvation of \nyour country I \" \" Country '\" was the last word upon \nthe heroic martyr's lips. \n\nThose who gazed from the neighboi'ing high places, \nviewed a most sublime spectacle, mingled with terror \nand grandeur, and they could not have failed to \ndescribe it often. There were elements in this scene \nrarely witnessed, which no pen could adequately \nportray, but which must have been most impres- \nsively told by the witnesses many a time upon the \nspot, as the great sad experience of their lives. \n\nOccasionally an intelligent Englishman would be \nshown over the ground, and, if he ventured to re- \nmark that the English gained this battle, he would \nbe told, in substance: \"True, the English gained \nthis field at tremendous cost, for on that day they \nlost a continent, as their ablest statesmen declared at \nthe time.\" Then the judgment of General Howe \nwould be questioned by his countrymen for landing \nhis troops where he did, when, under the protection \nof his ships, his barges might have borne them further \nup the Mystic, whence they could have attacked \nPrescott in his rear. But, before that could have \nbeen effected, fi'om the superior point of observation \ntheir movement would have been divined in season, \nand General Ward would have hurried on detach- \nments from his army reserved at Cambridge for that \npurpose, which, with Prescott's men, would have \nplaced the British in a still worse position. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 29 \n\nWas not the battle a blunder on both sides? were \nnot the Americans foolhardy in undertaking to for- \ntify the hill? and were not the British equally rash \nin making the attack? were questions often asked \nby the inquiring stranger. No! it was the inevitable \nmovement of events. The Americans were deter- \nmined to drive the British out of Boston. If they \nhad not made the advance, the British would have \nsecured the position, and strengthened their situation. \nAs the result showed, the British were drawn out \nby the bold movement, and appeared eager to invite \nthe combat. The challenge was accepted, and an \nexhibition of native skill, of cool courage, bravery, \nand heroic daring, satisfied their opponents that the \nAmerican patriots were indeed in sober earnest. \n\nIt is now very many years since the last survivor \nof the battle has lingered upon the scene to rehearse \nhis story upon the ground. Those who repeat the in- \ncidents now to the curious stranger speak as they \nhave learned from tradition, or from their study of the \nvarious printed accoimts. The open pasture-fields \nhave been closed in; the rude fences which divided \nthem have given place to more frequent and more \npermanent walls of separation. The Masonic Monu- \nment, erected so soon to mark the spot where AVaiTeri \nfell, has disappeared, and a crowded thoroughfare \ntraverses its foundations. Costly mansions, school- \nhouses and churches, stand where the contending \narmies trod, and commingled their blood, and buried \ntheir dead. The historic Charlestown has arisen like a \nphoenix from her immortal ashes, and now forms a part \n\n\n30 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nof the great metropolis, glorying in the sacrifice of \nfire which she made at the coming of the new-born \nnation. Within the reserved square, where the \ncourageous Prescott raised, in a short summer's night, \na formidable fortification, — a type of the nation's \nfuture rapid growth, — stands the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment, towering up to the skies, and, in a majestic \nsilence all its own, ever prepared to tell to succeeding \nages what the first Centennial anniversary of the \nBattle of Bunker Hill has brought up vividly to \nthe notice of this generation. \n\nDuring this Centennial year the attention of the \nw^hole countiy and of the world is turned towards \nPhiladelphia, where the sentiment of the Union of \nthe States was first organized in a governmental form, \nand where their Independence was not only declared, \nbut made a fixed fact in history. And, as the repre- \nsentatives and peoples of all nations and tongues \nrepair thither to exhibit in friendly rivalry whatever \nin Art, in Invention, and in Applied Science this pro- \ngressive age has developed for them re8i)ectively; \nand while in the general greeting they, in turn, may \ncuriously examine whatever of value and of interest \nis exhibited on the part of the United States of \nAmerica, at the completion of its first century, — \nthey may be pointed to Bunker Hill as the place where \nthe idea of American Independence first germinated, \nand to Boston as the Cradle of the Nation. \n\n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nOh ! is not this a holy spot ? \n\n'Tis the high place of Freedom's birth : — \nGod of our fathers ! is it not \n\nThe holiest spot of all the earth ? \n\nGREAT excitement was created in 1818 by the \npublication of \"An Account of the Battle of \nBunker Hill,\" by Henry Dearborn, then Major-Gen- \neral of the United States array. It was a pamphlet \nof sixteen pages, first written for the \"Port Folio,\" \na popular magazine, and then published separately, \nwith a copy of a map or plan of the battle newly dis- \ncovered, which had been drawn by Henry De Ber- \nnier, of the Tenth Royal British Infantry, who was \nin the engagement. In this plan, as published, Dear- \nbom had made certain changes. Dearborn was also \nin the battle, having command of a company raised by \nhim in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and forming a \npart of Stark's regiment. Being invited by the edi- \ntor of the \" Port Folio \" to prepare an account of the \nbattle, more than forty years after it occurred, he gave \nseveral interesting reminiscences of the part which \nhis commander, Colonel Stark, and himself took; but, \noverlooking and slighting the doings on other parts \nof the field, he made a desperate attack upon General \n\n\n32 HISTORY OF THE \n\nPutnam, charging him with incapacity and cowardice. \nThese reflections, coming from one who held high \nrank in the army of the United States, produced quite \na sensation throughout the country. Colonel Daniel \nPutnam published an earnest and sharp reply in de- \nfence of his father, and Dearborn, with the assistance \nof his son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, sought to sub- \nstantiate his account, by procuring afiidavits fi-om \nsevei'al of the survivors of the battle. Hon. John \nLowell also published, in the \" Columbian Ccntinel,\" \nan able review of General Dearborn's statement, in \nwhich he stoutly defended General Putnam. \n\nAt this juncture Daniel Webster published in \nthe \"!N'orth American Review \" of July, 1818, an ex- \nhaustive review of Dearborn's \" Account,\" in which \nhe gives a glowing description of the battle, and by \na comparison of the various authorities he proves \nconvincingly that General Putnam did his Avhole duty \non that day, and is fully entitled to the gratitude \nwhich his countrymen had ever felt towards him, and \nto the unlimited confidence in his valor and discretion \nwhich Washington had always expressed throughout \nhis long and faithful service. At the close of his \narticle, after a very severe rebuke to the spirit of \ndetraction which characterized General Dearborn's \nill-timed production, Mr. Webster says: \"Let us \nremember that we have nothing more precious than \nthe reputation of our distinguished men, civil or mili- \ntary, living or dead. Let lis deprecate the spirit that \ndepreciates merit; and let us embrace, in all its extent \nand spirit, that maxim, — full of the soundest wisdom. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 33 \n\nand fit to be urged again and again, with all possible \nearnestness, — character is power.\" This admoni- \ntion is applicable at all times to those writers and \nspeakers who, preferring to deal in censure rather \nthan in praise, are too anxious to seek victims of their \nspite, regardless of the fame and good name of their \ncountry. Putnam is an exception to the general rule, \nfor his brilliant record was not questioned until this \ntime, over twenty years after his decease, while, with \nmost of our great public men, the case has been that \nthey have been the subjects of severe animadversion \nand calumny in their lifetime, which have been suf- \nficiently atoned for by the genei'al praise of their \nopponents over their new-made graves. \n\nGeneral William H. Sumner, who was appointed \nAdjutant-General of the Massachusetts militia by his \nExcellency Governor John Brooks, called the atten- \ntion of his Excellency to Dearborn's ^' Account \" and \nhis plan from De Bernier, and he gives the following \nstatement: ^'The plan struck Governor Brooks as \nbeing erroneous, and he said to Colonel Swett and \nmyself, * Gentlemen, I have not been on to that ground \nsince the battle, and if you will accompany me I will \ngo there and examine it.' According to assignment, \nthe Adjutant-General, and Colonel Swett, his first aide, \nmet the Governor on the hill in the beginning of the \nmonth of June, 1818, for the purpose of examining the \nworks and comparing them with Dearborn's plan. We \nwent into the redoubt together. After looking about \nhim and examining the ground, the Govei'nor said: \n* Gentlemen, where is the sally-port? I do not see where \n\n6 \n\n\n34 HISTORY OF THE \n\nit was. Let ns look about and see if we can find it' \nWe found an excavation in the lines of the fort on the \nside opposite to that where we afterwards found it had \nbeen when the works were thrown up the night before \nthe battle. * Gentlemen/ said the Governor, ^can we \nverify this? For/ continued he, Hhe fact is, the \nbreastwork ran in a northerly or north-easterly direc- \ntion from the sally-port; and, if we can ascertain where \nthat breastwork was, we can identify the true position \nof the sally-poil.' He requested Colonel Swett and \nMajor Swan (who came down with the Governor \nfrom Medford, and whose father owned or leased \nthe ground) to go several rods in a direction which \nhe pointed out, then to turn and walk at right angles \nto the course they had before taken, to see if they \ncould find where the old breastwoik was, which had \nprobably been ploughed down. The grass was high, \nand it could not be seen, until the gentlemen, wading \nthe grass, came into a hollow place and ascended a \nlittle height, and then passed down into another hol- \nlow on the other side. The gentlemen exclaimed, \n'We have found it.' Governor Brooks said: ^I \nthought you would. Let us examine a little further. \nTake the same course, and go down a short distance, \nand see if you find there the same evidences of its \nposition.' They did so, and satisfied the Governor \nthat they had discovered the place where the breast- \nwork was built, and thus verified the fact that the \nsally-port was originally in the place where he had \nindicated it ought to be found.'' \n\n\" It was plain to the observer,\" continues General \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 35 \n\n■ \n\nSumner, \" that if the breastwork ran in the direction \nindicated by General Dearborn's plan, it would puzzle \nthe commander to tell on which side of it his men \nshould be placed, in order to defend the main position. \nThus it appears, from Governor Brooks's recollection \nof the ground, that the plan which General Dearborn \nhad published, in connection with his work impeach- \ning General Putnam, was not a plan of the ground \nas it was on the llth of June^ when the battle was \nfought. The explanation of these facts is probably \nthis: that Dearborn's was that of the works after the \nretreat of the American forces^ and the consequent \nchange of the relative position of the two armies'' \n\nThus it will be seen that the embittered controversy \nstarted by General Dearborn had the eflfect to recall \nthe attention of the leading men to the great signifi- \ncance of the battle, and the importance of verifying \nits incidents. Governor Brooks was prompted to \nvisit the field, which he had not trod since he there \nrisked his life, a period of forty-three years, although \nhe had lived all the time in the adjoining town of \nMedford, at a distance of only five miles. Colonel \nSamuel Swett, his senior aide, from the awakening of \npublic attention to the subject, with great pains and \nindustry, gathered all the information from the various \nsources which could then be reached, and produced, \nin the fall of that year, his History of the Battle. The \narticle of Mr. Webster, in the \" ^orth American Re- \nview,\" was eagerly read by all, as was every thing \ncoming from him, and his earnest and clearly ex- \npressed views became the theme of discussion in the \n\n\n36 HISTORY OF THE \n\npress, and in the social circle. For years before, no \nstranger visiting Boston would willingly leave with- \nout visiting Bunker Hill, and now the people living \nin its vicinity woke up of a sudden to realize to the \nfull extent the immortal fame of the locality. \n\nWhile the topics of the battle were still made the \ntheme of discourse and investigation, a portion of the \nland was oftered for sale. It was advertised to be \nsold at auction. \n\n\"William Tudor, a distinguished writer and scholar, \nwhose father had served as Judge Advocate during \nthe Revolution, first called the attention of his friends \nand of the public to the importance of securing, not \nonly this parcel that was offered for sale, but all the \nadjoining land, that the whole battle-field might be \npreserved, if possible, to posterity, and that a monu- \nment should be erected thereon, which should be \nequal if not superior to any work of the kind in the \nworld. \n\nMr. Tudor was the founder, and for a considerable \nperiod the editor, of the *' North American Review,\" \nand, remembering the valuable contribution which Mr. \nWebster had made to that journal in relation to the \nBattle of Bunker Hill and the merits of General \nPutnam, he applied to him to assist in the undertak- \ning. Mr. Webster gave it his most hearty approval. \nEdward Everett was next approached upon the \nsubject, and he entered into it with equal interest. \n\nMr. Webster had been then a resident of Boston \nfor seven years, during which time he had been for the \nmost part in private life. But his previous service iu \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 37 \n\nCongress as a representative from New Hampshire, \nhis argument in the Dartmouth College case before \nthe Supreme Court of the United States, and his \naddress at Plymouth, in 1820, at the Bicentennial \nAnniversary of the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, \ngave him a national reputation as the foremost man \nat the bar and the forum, and in popular oratory. \nHe had just been elected as a representative of Bos- \nton in Congress. Although he came to Boston with \nthe determination to devote himself exclusively to \nhis profession, he was obliged to yield to this impera- \ntive demand of the public. \n\nMr. Everett, then at the age of twenty-eight, was \nfilling the chair of Professor of Greek Literature at \nCambndge, and was attracting large audiences to his \npublic lectures; he was also a liberal contributor of \nvaluable articles to the \"North American Review.\" \nThe three might be said to constitute at that time a \nliterary and professional triumvirate, whose opinions \nwould be authority not only in the social circles in \nwhich they figured, but with the public in general. \nThey were also ardent in their patriotic devotion to \nthe memory of the leaders in the American Revolu- \ntion. \n\nIn their desire to enlist a leading citizen of the \nwealthy classes, whose influence would be effectual to \ngain their encouragement and support, the name of \nThomas Handasyd Perkins was naturally sug- \ngested. Colonel Perkins, as he was then familiarly \ncalled, having been a commander of the cadets, — for \n\n\n38 HISTORY OF THE \n\nin those days Colonel was a high title, — was a true \ntype of the merchant prince. He had retired from \nactive business with what was then considered an \nample fortune, and was engaged in works of benefi- \ncence, and in the enjoyment of refined society. He \nentered heartily into the plan proposed. \n\nIn securing the land of Bunker Hill, and especially \nthat part of it which was oflered for immediate sale. \nDoctor John Collins Warren was appealed to. He \nwas the son of Doctor John Warren, who was the \nbrother of the martyr Joseph, and whom he succeeded \nin the business of his profession, with an exalted repu- \ntation. He at once embarked in the undertaking; he \npromptly performed the part first assigned to him in \nobtaining the land offered for sale, and in various \nways co-operated zealously with those associated with \nhim. He readily purchased the Kussell pasture (so \ncalled), which was advertised for sale, containing \nabout two acres and three quarters, and held it until \na corporation could be created to take the title. \n\nThese five gentlemen were the principal originators \nof the Bunker Hill Monument. By the happy com- \nbination of their varied powers, and by the weight of \ntheir social influence, they were enabled to form the \npatriotic Association which has commanded the re- \nspect of the country, and is entitled to the gratitude \nand praise of succeeding generations. \n\nWell knowing the eff*ective power of the festive \nboard as a means of legitimate social influence, \nColonel Perkins invited these gentlemen and about a \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 39 \n\ndozen others to his house, for the purpose of giving a \nstart to the enterprise. \"While seated at his bounteous \ntable, the select company discussed its merits, and \ndetermined to put it into execution. It was agreed \nthat it was high time that a national monument should \nbe erected in commemoration of the American Revo- \nlution and its great results, and that Bunker Hill \nwas the place of all others whereon it should stand. \nSeveral other gentlemen were named who should be \nasked to join in this undertaking. It was finally \ndetermined that early in the ensuing spring, before \nthe meeting of the Legislature, measures should be \ntaken to procure an act of incorporation, and it was \nleft with a committee to convene them, together with \nthe other parties agreed upon, in season. The Legis- \nlature at that time commenced its session on the \nlast Wednesday of May, which was then the begin- \nning of the political year of the commonwealth. \n\nIn pursuance of this understanding, the following \nnotice was issued, and sent in the form of a private \nletter to the gentlemen invited (the original, in the \nhandwriting of Mr. Webster, signed by him and by \nMr. Tudor and Mr. Lyman, is still preserved) : — \n\nBoston, May 10, 1823. \n\nDear Sir, — Some conversation having taken place last \nyear on the propriety of forming an Association for the \nerection of a Monument on Bunker's Hill, in commemoration \nof the early events of the Revolution, it has seemed to us \ndesirable to renew the interchange of opinion on this subject, \nand to pursue the design, as far and as fast as may be prac- \nticable. \n\n\n40 HISTORY OF THE \n\nWith this view, we have takeu the liberty of inviting you \nto meet us and a few other gentlemen at the Exchange Coffee- \nhouse, on Tuesday, at twelve o'clock. \n\nWe are, with great regard, your most obedient servants, \n\nDanl. Webster. \nW. Tudor. \nTheodore Lyman, Jr. \n\nAt the time appointed, after an animated discussion, \nthe following paper was adopted and signed. It is \nthe agreement under which the Association was \nformed, prepared also by Mr. Webster, the original \nof which has been carefully preserved : — \n\nThe advantages of our Revolution are djiily felt by every \nAmerican; and, at the same time, that illustrious event is \nexciting more and more the admiration of the rest of the \nworld, and an ardent desire to adopt its principles. Yet, \nglorious and beneficent as its consequences have proved to \nthis nation, not a single monument worthy of being named \nhas hitherto been elevated to testify public gratitude or do \nhonor to national sentiment in the eyes of our own citizens \nor of strangers. \n\nThe feeling of patriotic minds has often been excited on \nthis subject, and has of late years been so frequently ex- \npressed thcit the time seems to have ariived when the gen- \nerous spirit of an intelligent and prosperous community is \nfully prepared for beginning in earnest the work of estab- \nlishing a monument worthy of the citizens by whom it will \nbe raised and of the cause to which it will be consecrated. \nIt may be justly expected that the portion of the nation \nwhich so feaiiessly, resolutely, and magnanimously took the \nlead in the struggle, should also set the first example of \nerecting a monument to its fame ; and that the citizens gen- \nerally of the Eastern States would be eager to show their \nreverence for the principles and services of the civil and \nmilitary heroes of New England. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\n\n41 \n\n\nThe Field of Bunker Hill has always presented itself \nas the most suitable site for such a monument. This ground, \nwhich is held sacred in public estimation, is j'et open ; but \nthe rapid increase of population in its vicinity will soon cause \nit to be parcelled out and occupied with buildings, when the \nashes of the brave who repose there will be dug up and \nscattered : and posterity will then loudly exclaim against the \napathy of the generation which shall have suffered this field \nof honor to be thus violated and for ever obscured. \n\nFrom these and other considerations, the subscribers have \nassociated together to obtain an act of incorporation, as a \nconvenient mode of operation ; and to devise the means of \ncollecting subscriptions and contributions from the public, \nand holding the same as trustees, for the purpose of deciding \non and erecting such a monument as shall endure to future \nages, and be a permanent memorial, consecrated by the grat- \nitude of the present generation, to the memory of those \nstatesmen and soldiers who led the way in the American \nKevolution. \n\nFor this purpose, we subscribe and pay the sum of five \ndollars. \n\n\nDanl. Webster. \n\nJesse Putnam. \n\nJoseph Story, by D. Webster. \n\nEdward Everett. \n\nSamuel D. Harris. \n\nSaml. Swett. \n\nTheodore Lyman, Jr. \n\nStephen Goriiam, Jr. \n\nW. Tudor. \n\nT. II. Perkins, by W. Tudor, \n\nII. A. S. Dearborn, by Samuel D, \n\nHarris. \nB. Go R HAM, % W. Tudor. \nFranklin Dexter. \n\n\nWilliam Sullivan, \n\nby Theodore Lyiminj Jr. \nG. TiCKNOR, by W. Tudor, \nC. R. Codman. \nW. Dutton. \nI. P. Davis. \nB. Welles. \nJ. C. Warren. \nG. Blake. \nF. C. Gray. \nN. P. Russell. \nRd. Sullivan. \nThomas Harris. \nSeth Knowles. \n\n\nIn the absence of Mr. Webster, General Henry A. \nS. Dearborn took his place on the Committee, and \njoined with Mr. Tndor and Mr. Lyman in preparing \n\nG \n\n\n42 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand presenting the following petition to the Legis- \nlature: — \n\nTo the Honourable the Senate and the House of Representatives of the \nCommonwealth of Massachusetts, in General Court assembled : — \n\nWe, whose names are hereunto subscribed, most respect- \nfully represent, — That, feeling a deep interest in the honor \nof our country, and entertaining a grateful recollection of \nthe distinguished services rendered by those patriots of the \ncouncil and of the battle-field who boldly commenced and \ntriumphantly achieved our national Independence, we are \nunwilling that their names, or the deeds which render them \nillustrious, should pass down to future ages without a mon- \nument having been erected, by the present generation, to \nthe names of the soldiers who gloriously fell in the contest \nfor freedom, and commemorative of those momentous events \nwhich immediately preceded, and which established numerous \nsplendid epochs during the progress of the Revolution. \n\nIf great actions, having for their object the public good ; \nif individuals, renowned for their civil or military virtues, \nhave, in all ages, illumined the history and claimed the \nadmiration of nations ; — if they have been decreed worthy \nof the triumphal arch, the column, the temple, or the mauso- \nleum, — what people ever had more cause thus to cherish \nthe memory of their statesmen and heroes than those of the \nUnited States? Emerging from the war for Independence, \nwe have advanced in the route of national glory with a \nrapidity unprecedented in the annals of empires ; but, during \nour cheering progress in agriculture, manufactures, commerce, \nliterature, science and the arts, we appear not to have been \nsufficiently mindful of the infinite obligations we are under \nto those who braved the hardships, privations, and dangers \nof the conflict, for the boasted privileges we enjoy. No \nmonument designates the ever- memorable heights of Charles- \ntown, or Saratoga, the plains of Trenton, Monmouth, or \nYorktown. No statue, not even of Washington, adorns the \nCapitol, or do his ashes repose under a national tomb. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 43 \n\nAs \"the first impulse to the ball of the Revolution\" was \ngiven in the North ; as the plains of Massachusetts were first \nstained with the blood of patriots, — there should be reared \nthe FIRST PILLAR of the Republic ; and what spot more \nsacred, more appropriate, and more commanding than Bun- \nker Hill ? The battle there fought may be considered as the \ncommencement of an era more wonderful in its progress and \nimportant in its consequences than anj'' which had preceded. \nThere were laid the everlasting foundations of liberty; from \nthence went forth the spirit of representative government, \nwhich is advancing, with the general and irresistible march \nof intelligence, round the globe. The whole human race are \ndestined to venerate the names of those gallant citizens of \nNew England who there breasted the tempest of war for \nthe ^^unalienable rights of man^'' — there are we bound, by \nthe principles of patriotism, gratitude, and honor, to erect a \ncolumn, which, while it perpetuates the names of those \" who \nlived in times that tried men's souls,\" and the ever-memo- \nrable action of the seventeenth of June^ seventeen hundred and \nseventy-five^ shall be a glorious monument of the taste and \nmunificence of our country. \n\nTherefore, it is requested that we, together with such \npersons as may hereafter associate with us, may be consti- \ntuted a body politic and corporate, by the name of the \n'* Bunket Hill Monument Association,\" which shall be au- \nthorized to collect money by subscriptions, and receive dona- \ntions for the purposes above stated. \n\n\nBoston, May 28, 1823. \n\n\nII. A. S. Dearborn. \nW. Tudor. \nTheodore Lyman, Jr. \n\nA Committee on behalf of the Associates, \n\n\nThen follow the names above given. \nIt required but little comparative effort to obtain \nthe passage of the following Act of Incorporation, \n\n\n44 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwhich was readily approved by His Excellency \nWilliam Eustis, the Governor: — \n\nCommonwealth of Massachusetts. \n\nIn the Year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ticenty-three \nAn act Jo incorporate the Bunker Hill Monument Association, \n\nSec. 1. Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Rep- \nresentatives, in General Court assembled, and by the author- \nity of the same. That Joseph Story, Jesse Putnam, Daniel \nWebster, Edward Everett, Samuel D. Harris, Samuel Swett, \nTheodore Lyman, Jr., Stephen Gorham, Jr., Thomas H. \nPerkins, William Tudor, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Benjamin \nGorham, Franklin Dexter, William Sullivan, George Ticknor, \nCharles R. Codman, Warren Dutton, Isaac P. Davis, Thomas \nHarris, Seth Knowles, Benjamin Welles, John C. Warren, \nGeorge Blake, and Francis C. Gray, their associates and \nsuccessors, be and they are hereby made a body politic and \ncorporate, by the name of the \" Bunker Hill Monument Asso- \nciation,\" with all the powers, and subject to all the duties, \nof aggregate corporations, and for the purposes herein after \nnamed. \n\nSec. 2. Be it further enacted. That said corporation shall \nhave power to take and hold, by gift, grant, or devise, such \nreal and personal estate and property as may be necessjiry or \nconvenient to promote the object of the incorporation, — the \nconstruction of a monument in Charlestown to perpetuate \nthe memory of the early events of the American Revolution. \n\nSec. 3. Be it further enacted. That, the said Henry A. S. \nDearborn, William Tudor, and Theodore Lyman, Jr., or any \ntwo of them, may call the first meeting of said corporation, \nby giving three days' previous notice in two public news- \npapers printed in Boston; at which, or at any subsequent \nmeeting, the said corporation may choose such officers, agents, \nand trustees as they may think proper, and establish such \nby-laws and regulations for their own government and the \nmanagement of their concerns, not repugnant to the laws \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 45 \n\nand constitution of this Commonwealth, as they may deem \nnecessary, and the same may modify and annul at pleasure. \nSec. 4. Be it further enacted, That said corporation may, \nat any time after said monument shall be completed, assign \nand transfer the same, with the land on which it stands, and \nthe appurtenances, to the Commonwealth ; and that the \nCommonwealth will accept the game, provided that the \nCommonwealth shall not thereby become liable for debts \ncontracted by said corporation. \n\nApproved by the Governor, June 7, 1823. \n\nCopy. A. Bradford, \n\nSecretary of Commonwealth, \n\nThe parchment upon which the act is engrossed \nbears the signatures of William C. Jarvis, Speaker of \nthe House, and Nathaniel Silsbee, President of the \nSenate, as well as that of the Governor. \n\nThe requisite notice was given, by the gentlemen \nnamed in the third section, by publication in the \n*^ Boston Daily Advertiser'' and the \"Boston Pa- \ntriot,\" on the 10th of June, and, on the 13th of June, \nthe first meeting was held at the Exchange Coffee \nHouse, at which it was voted to accept the act, and \nto form a corporation under the provisions thereof. \nThe meeting was adjourned to the 17th June, when \nby-laws were adopted, and the following olBicers were \nchosen : John Brooks, President; Thos. 11. Perkins \nand Joseph Story, Vice-Presidents; William Tudor, \nSecretary; Nath'l P. Russell, Treasurer; and Daniel \nWebster, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Benjamin Gorham, \nGeorge Blake, John C. Warren, Samuel D. Harris, \nJesse Putnam, Isaac P. Davis, Seth Knowles, Edward \n\n\n46 HISTORY OF THE \n\nEverett, George Tieknor, Franklin Dexter, and Theo- \ndore Lyman, Jr., Directors. A Committee of Corre- \nspondence was chosen, consisting of William Tudor, \nRichard Sullivan, and Francis C. Gray. These were \nkindred spirits, all gentlemen of culture and high \ncharacter, and qualified to lead and adorn the most \npolished society. \n\nThe bj'^-laws prescribed the duties of the different \nofficers, fixed upon the Seventeenth of June as the \nday of holding the Annual Meeting, authorized the \nDirectors to elect twelve additional Directors, mak- \ning the whole number twenty-five, and gave them full \npower to purchase the land and erect the monument, \nrequiring the plan to be submitted to the Corporation. \nThis provision seems to have been subsequently \noverlooked; except, perhaps, as the approval of the \nCorporation was not declared to be requisite, the \nreport of the doings of the Directors, including the \nadoption of the plan, might have been deemed a suffi- \ncient compliance. \n\nTwenty-five gentlemen were elected members: \nnamely, Amos Lawrence, David Sears, Patrick T- \nJackson, Nathan Ilale, Benjamin Kussell, Edward \nBrooks, John D. Williams, Jonathan Phillips, Augus- \ntus Thorndike, of Boston; Nathaniel Silsbee, Lever- \nett Salstonstall, Henry Pickering, of Salem; Joseph \nIlurd, of Charlestovvn; Levi Lincoln, of Worcester; \nHenry H. Childs, of Pittsfield; Joseph Lyman, Elijah \nH. Mills, of Northampton ; Samuel Dana, of Groton; \nBezaleel Tafl, of Uxbridge; Caleb Gushing, of New- \nbury port; Josiah J. Fiske, of Wrentham; Thomas \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 47 \n\nEotch, of New Bedford; John Reed, of Barnstable; \nFrancis Baylies, of Taunton; and Barnabas Hedge, \nof Plymouth. \n\nFive dollars was established as the fee of Member- \nship. \n\nThe following circular letter was addressed to \nprominent men of the country by the Committee of \nCoiTespondence, who commenced their labors imme- \ndiately : — \n\nBoston, July, 1823. \n\nSir, — The undersigned, a committee in behalf of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, have the honor to ad- \ndress you in regard to the object of said Association, incorpo- \nrated at the last session of our legislature. \n\nIt is intended to elevate on Bunker Hill, which fortunately \nis still partly open ground, a simple, majestic, lofty, and per- \nmanent monument, which shall carry down to remote ages a \ntestimony, consecrated by the patriotism of the present gen- \neration, to the heroic virtue and courage of those men who \nbegan and achieved the independence of their country. It \nis proposed that this monument shall contain the names and \ndates of all the distinomished characters and events which \noriginated in New England ; that it shall comprise, in one \nnoble and commanding plan, all the separate merits which \nhave, on various occasions, been proposed to be thus hon- \nored ; in fine, that it shall be a monument dedicated to the \nRevolutionary glory which belongs to this portion of the \nUnion. It shall be a structure worthy of the cause, worthy \nof the men, and worthy of the results these have produced. \nAs the struggle began with us, we should take the lead in \nthus celebrating it ; and what spot can be more suitable — \npossessed as it is of cont^picuous natural advantages, and \nrendered sacred by its recollections — than the ground where \nthe first battle was fought, — where our appeal was made ir- \nrevocable,* and sealed in blood? All the States which now \n\n\n48 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nform the Eastern divisioo of the Union have a similar interest \nin this cjiuse : they eacli sent their brave citizens to take part \nin this same battle; and each produced great men, whose \nnames will be inscribed on the monument. We presume, \ntherefore, that, from all parts of them, voluntary offerings \nmay be expected to aid this enterprise. In this State, we \npropose, through committees in each town, to make an appeal \nto every individual, and to receive the smallest donation \nthat may be offered ; believing that the design must be ef- \nfected by a universal contribution of small sums, rather than \nby a few subscriptions of great amount, though we are not \nwithout expectation that some of our wealthy and public- \nspirited men may subscribe liberally to the undertaking. \nThe separate contributions of each State and town will be \ncarefully noted; and we intend to record, in a volume to be \ndeposited in the monument, the name of every person who \ngives to the amount of a dollar. \n\nWe have addressed a letter to the Governor of your State, \nand have given him the names of the few gentlemen men- \ntioned below, to whom we have also written. We solicit \nyour sanction and your efforts in a cause which is to honor \nthe past and the present, and excite emulation in the future. \n\nWe remain, respectfully, your obedient servants, \n\nW. Tudor. \nRd. Sullivan. \n\nF. C. GUAY. \n\nThus sprang into legal existence the Bunker Ilill \nMonument Association, by whose means the most \ninteresting part of the historic battle-ground of \nAmei'ica has been preserved for the gi'ateful admi- \nration and tribute of the lovers of liberty throughout \nthe world in all coming time. \n\n\nft \n\n■ .) \n\n\nV , • V . . \n\n\nM . \\ . 1. \n\n\nt • • \n\n\n* 1 'l 4 ' \n> ' » \" • I \n\n\n•\"AVLMirlj, will* '• • \n\n\nCHAPTER IV. \nJoin we together for the public good. \n\nJOHN BROOKS, who was elected the first Presi- \ndent of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, \nwas a hero of the Revolutionary period, and continued \nto show his unselfish devotion to his native town of \nMedford, to his State and his country, dnriug his \nproti'acted life. He was an infiuential friend of \nWashington, and received from him whUe President \nthe appointment of Marshal of the District of Massa- \nchnsetts. Upon the occasion of the lamented decease \nof \"Washington he pronounced before the inhabitants \nof Medford an eloquent eulogy. He was a firm sup- \nporter of public order and the aiithonty of law, and \ngave his efficient aid in the suppression of Shays's \nRebellion. He was an esteemed fiiend of Lafayette, \nand it was his good fortune to extend to the Nation's \nguest a cordial reception and welcome, in which his \nfellow-townsmen heartily joined. When elected Pres- \nident of the Association, he had just retired from the \noffice of Governor of the Commonwealth, which he \nhad held for seven years, his successor, Governor \nEustis, having been inaugurated June 4, 1823. \nDr. John C. Warren and Col. Samuel D. Harris, \n\n\n50 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwho were appointed a Committee to inform him of \nhis election and to request his acceptance, reported, \nJune 30, that he was pleased to say, \" that the object \nof the Corporation had been a desirable one in his \nmind, that he felt a strong interest in its success, and \nthat he accepted with pleasure the office of Pi'csident \nto which he had been elected.\" lie was re-elected at \nthe Annual Meeting in 1824:; but it does not appear \nby the records, or by any I'eport or letter in existence, \nthat he attended any meeting, or acted upon any com- \nmittee, although it is highly probable that he might \nhave informally conferred with the officers of the Cor- \nporation, and given them his advice or some important \nsuggestion. lie was connected with Mr. Everett by \nmarriage, and probably had conferred with him on \nthe subject. The only real service which he appears to \nhave rendered the Corporation is his valued indorse- \nment of its objects by lending at the start his great \nand venerated name. He died in his native town, \nMedford, March 1, 1825, at the age of seventy-three \nyears. \n\nThe Corporation was remai-kably fortunate in the \nselection of its Treasurer, who was the only one of its \noriginal members who filled the same office during his \nlife and until after the completion of the great w^ork. \nIn the promptness, accuracy, and skill with which he \ndischarged the manifold and perplexing duties of his \noffice, he was alike distinguished. \n\nNathaniel Pope Kussell was descended from a \nfamily of that name, settled in Boston since 1680, \nand evidently of a different origin from the Charles- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 51 \n\ntown family. Ilis first ancestor in this country was \nthe Rev. John Russell, Jr., pastor of the First Bap- \ntist Church, who had come from England with his \nfather previous to 1642. - Mr. Russell was born in \nDanvers, Mass., August 15, 1779, during the tempo- \nrary residence of his father in that town, but was \neducated and always lived in Boston. \n\nHe received a mercantile training with Stephen \nFales, a merchant of respectability, and was after- \nwards employed as secretary by Peter C. Brooks, in \nthe private underwriting office, now incorporated as \nthe Boston Insurance Company. In 1803, Mr. Brooks \nretired from the office, and was succeeded by Mr. \nRussell, who continued it till near 1820. Having \nthen acquired a competency, Mr. Russell withdrew \nfrom active business, and devoted the remainder of \nhis life to the service of various public and private \ncharities and trusts. The most prominent among \nthese was the Treasurership of this Association, to \nwhich he devoted twenty-five years of earnest and \nvaluable service. He was also for many years Treas- \nurer of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and of \nthe West Boston Religious Societj^, under the pas- \ntoral care of Rev. Dr. Lowell, besides having twice \nbeen a member of the City Government, and a Rep- \nresentative and Senator in the Massachusetts Legis- \nlature, but declined being a candidate for Mayor. \n\nMr. Russell was a kind-hearted, helpful man, always \nready to contribute his assistance or advice to those \nwho needed either. Perhaps, after Solomon Wil- \nLARD, no member was more useful to the Association. \n\n\n62 HISTORY OF THE \n\nWilliam Tudor, who originated the sublime con- \nception of erecting a superb National Monument, was \nplaced in the responsible office of Secretary, and \nalso upon the Committee of Correspondence. The \nduties of both positions were congenial to his taste, \nand he performed them with alacnty while he re- \nmained at home; but he was soon called abroad in \nthe service of the National Government, at fii'st as \nConsul at Lima, and afterwards as Charg^ d'Affaires \nat Brazil. \n\nMr. Webster was at the head of the list of Di- \nrectors, and he presided at the meetings of the \nDirectors in the absence of the President and Yice- \nPresidents. \n\nAmong the replies to the notices of the Secretary \nto those who were elected members is the following \nfrom Hon. Caleb Cushing, which was sent with his \nusual promptness: — \n\nNewburyport, July 2, 1823. \nWilliam Tudor, Esq. \n\nSir, — I am much obliged to you, and the other members \nof the Association which you represent, for the favor you do \nme in electing me into your number, and shall gladly do all \nin my power to further its objects when they shall be more \nfully communicated to me. Enclosed is my payment to the \ntreasury. \n\nYour most obedient servant, \n\nC. Gushing. \n\nThe venerable Mr. Rotch, though belonging to the \nSociety of Friends, did not hesitate to send the fol- \nlowing acceptance : — \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 53 \n\nNew Bedford, July 0, 1823. \n\nMy dear Sir, — Your note of 5th inst., informing me that \nI have been chosen a member of the Bunker Hill Monument \nAssociation, was received in due course. For this mark of \nthe partiality of my friends, I beg leave, through you, to \noffer mj best acknowledgments, and to assure them that, at \nall times, I shall be ready to devote my feeble exertions to \nthe discharge of those duties which may be incumbent on its \nmembers. \n\n■ With great respect, your obedient servant, \n\nThomas Rotch. \n\nI enclose you five dollars, the amount paid by each mem- \nber. \n\nThe gallant son of General Putnam, who himself \nserved with his father as Aide in the Revolutionary \nWar, was not overlooked by the Committee, to whose \nletter he replied as follows: — \n\nBrooklyn, 16th August, 1828. \nTo W. Tudor, R. Sullivan, and F. C. Gray, Esquires. \n\nGentlemen, — I have not, until this evening, received your \nletter, without date, but post-marked the 5th of a month not \nlegible. \n\nI had previously been informed of the Association whose \norgan you are, and of its object ; and it will hardly be neces- \nsary for me to assure you that such co-operation as may be \nwithin my power shall be most cheerfully rendered. But I \nam growing an old man : ray health, in its best state, will not \nadmit of much personal exertion ; and the interruptions of it \nare so frequent as to confine me mostly at home. I intend, \nhowever, if not prevented by circumstances beyond my con- \ntrol, to visit Boston in the month of October ; and, should I \nbe able to fulfil this intention, it will give me pleasure to \nconfer with the committee on the subject. \n\nI am respectfully, gentlemen, your most obedient servant, \n\nD. Putnam. \n\n\n54 HISTORY OF THE \n\nHon. Levi Woodbury gave his views to the Com- \nmittee in this wise : — \n\nPortsmouth, Aug. 7, 1823. \n\nW. Tudor, R. Sullivan, and F. C. Gray, Esquires. \n\nGentlemen, — I have received your polite communication \nconcerning a monument on Bunker Hill. \n\nThe success of a subscription in this State will depend \nmuch upon the time and manner of commencing it. Pre- \nvious to the 4th of Julv would have been the most favorable \nperiod for this purpose. Whether it would now be advisable \nto delay it till another of our national festivals deserves con- \nsideration ; and your opinions on that point miglit be service- \nable to us. Inconveniences may attend the delay, of which \nwe are not aware. \n\nI will, soon as may be, confer with some of the gentlemen \nin this State wliom you have designated, and give every aid \nto the cause which my means and leisure may permit. \n\nWith high consideration and respect, your most obedient \nservant, \n\nL. Woodbury. \n\nIn 1824, Mr. Everett was placed on the Committee \nof Correspondence, to fill the vacancy occasioned by \nthe departnre from the country of Mr. Tudor. Frank- \nlin Dexter was made Secretary of the Corporation. \nThe Directors, July 27, appointed a Standing Com- \nmittee of five to manage the affairs of the Corporation, \nwith authority to call a meeting of the Directors when \nneedful to consult them. Mr. Everett was made Sec- \nretary of this Committee, and the next year was made \nSecretary of the Corporation, and Mr. Dexter was \nput in his place as Director. \n\nThe Committee called a meeting of the Directors \non September 3, at which it was voted that the Com- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 55 \n\nmittee should be authorized to increase the number \nof the associates in such manner and to such extent \nas might seem to them best adajDted to promote the \nends of the Association. They were advised to give \npublic notice that all persons who should subscribe \nfive dollars should become members of the Asso- \nciation. At this meeting it was deemed best to \nsecure to the Association the full benefit of clergy, \nas it was voted .that all the clergymen of New \nEngland should be made honorary members. This \nvote, however, was never carried out, and none of the \nclergy were ever made honorary members under it. \n\nThe first money which the Treasurer received, \nother than the initiation fees of the original members, \nwas acknowledged in the following official note to \nthe Secretary: — \n\nBoston, Nov. 5, 1821. \n\nDear Sir, — The lion. John Wells, as Treasurer of the \nWashington Benevolent Society, has transferred to the \nBunker Hill Monument Association a certificate for nineteen \nhundred dollars, of the seven per cent stock of the United \nStates, and has given to me an order for the banners or flags \nof that Society, which I believe are deposited in the upper \nstory of Faneuil Hall. \n\nI remain, respectfully, your obedient servant, \n\nNathaniel P. Russell, \n\nTreasurer Bunker 11 III Monument Association. \nProf. Edward Everett, Secretary Bunker Hill Monument Association. \n\nThis Society, established in honor of Washington, \nhaving found it inexpedient to keep up its oi'gani- \nzation, determined that the best disposition it could \n\n\n56 HISTORY OF THE \n\nmake of its funds and other property would be to \nappropriate it towards the erection of a National \nMonument in commemoration of the American Revo- \nlution, the happy issue of which was due, under Divine \nProvidence, to his matchless leadership. The only \ncondition attached to the donation was that the Asso- \nciation should pay annually, for five years, thirty dol- \nlars to the Washington Artillery, for firing a salute \non the 22d of February, Washington's birthday, — \nwhich was done. \n\nThe following letter of Dr. Warren indicates the \nfamiliar and social manner in which they would occa- \nsionally meet to discuss the important questions brought \nup before them : — \n\nBosTOJ^, Jan. 5, 1825. \n\nDear Sir, — It would have gratified me to meet the Com- \nmittee on the Monument, according to Gen. Dearborn's wish, \nin the morning; but you are aware that I am, at this season, \ncalled on to consume nearly three hours of that part of the \nday in lectures, &c., every day ; which, with the ordinary \ncalls of my profession, is more business than I can meet. In \nfact, the whole of my time by day is occupied at this season. \nI will not ask an evening meeting, but will agree to give an \nafternoon next week to the business ; or, considering Gen. \nD.'s residence in the country, with other things, I propose \nthat the committee should have a dinner together, at the \nMarlboro' Hotel, at 2 or half-past 2, some day next week \nexcept Tuesday ; and that this be at the expense of the cor- \nporation, unless gentlemen prefer paying. \n\nThis is my project, and, if it meets favor, I propose to you \nto issue notices therefor ; and, on hearing from you to this \neffect, I will order a comfortable dinner, together with a \nsmall quantity of the best wine that can be procured, in \norder to assist our reflections on the Monument. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 57 \n\nIt is quite necessary, if we mean to do any business, to get \nthe treasurer's reports before meeting. \n\nI had a conference with his Excellency, who has a hand- \nsome notice of our plans in his speech. \n\nVery faithfully yours, \n\nJohn C. Warren. \n\nE. Everett, Esq. \n\nIf the time proposed is not sufficiently early, please to order \na meeting whenever it suits Gen. D., and without reference \nto me. \n\nAs a matter of fact, however, the gentlemen pre- \nferred to dine at their own expense. There are sev- \neral notes and memoranda referring to other dinners \nat meetings of the Committee with some of the Di- \nrectors, at the Exchange, the Subscription House, and \nthe Park House, but in all cases at their own ex- \npense. The highest price one paid was $1.84. Happy \ndays those of the olden time! Occasionally they were \nentertained by some member of the Committee. Par- \nticular mention is made of an agreeable dinner at Mr. \nRussell's the Treasurer, and one at Mr. Webster's, in \nSummer Street. \n\nThe \" handsome notice,\" referred to by Dr. \"Warren \nas forthcoming from Governor Eustis, was a part of \nhis address to the Legislature, January 24, 1825. \nThe Governor said: — \n\n\" The erection of a Monument on Bunker's Hill is \nanother work of a public nature, in which our fellow- \ncitizens have taken a great interest. For this purpose \nan Act of Incorporation was granted, and it is believed \nthat adequate funds will be raised by voluntary sub- \nscription. I recommend a revision of the Act, that \n\n8 \n\n\n58 HISTORY OF THE \n\ntwo conditions may be added: first, that a plan or \nmodel be submitted to the Legislature for their appro- \nbation previous to the construction of the Monument; \nand, secondly, that, when it is completed, it shall \nrevert to the Commonwealth. Should the funds \nprove insuflScient for the completion of such a work \nas is worthy of the occasion and becoming the char- \nacter of the State, I do not permit myself to doubt \nthat aid will be afforded by an enlightened Legis- \nlature. \n\n\" To commemorate one of the principal events of \nthe Revolution ; to consecrate the field in Massachu- \nsetts, on which, in the first stages of the war, our \nheroes and statesmen sealed with their blood the \nprinciples they had sworn to maintain ; where a dis- \nciplined enemy received from a hardy, untutored \nyeomanry a lesson which produced the most bene- \nficial consequences through the whole of the Revo- \nlutionary War, — is worthy the care of the patriot \nand statesman. The splendid column on Bunker \nHill will imite principles with history, patriotism with \nglory. It will be read by all ; its moral will strike \ndeep in the heart, and leave an indelible impression \non the mind. The trust is too sacred, the work too \nimportant, to rest exclusively in the charge of indi- \nviduals; it should be a common property, in which \nevery citizen should have a right; as it will be the \npride, it should also be the property, of the Common- \nwealth.\" \n\nGovernor Eustis, however, did not live to see his \nrecommendations acted upon. He died a few days \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 59 \n\nafter the delivery of his address, February 6, 1825. \nHe was succeeded by the Lieutenant-Governor, Mar- \ncus Morton, who occupied the Chair of State until \nJune 8, when Levi Lincoln was first inaugurated as \nGovernor. Governor Eustis served as surgeon in \nthe Battle of Bunker Hill, and he was made an hon- \norary member of the Association. He felt strongly \nthe importance of designing a Monument which \nshould be worthy of the approval and the adoption \nof the State, even looking at the probable contin- \ngency of the State's being called upon to finish it. \nHe expressed in a letter his determination to subscribe \nto the object after the session of the Legislature; but \nhis benevolent purpose was left unfulfilled, as is too \noften the case with many who postpone too late the \nexecution of their good intentions. \n\nThe Committee employed much time in selecting \nthe leading men of the State and of the country for \nactive or honorary membership, and Mr. Everett, in \nhis careful and elegant manner, forwarded the notices, \naccompanied generally with a note of explanation. \nDr. \"William E. Channing gave in his reply a good \nreason for declining: — \n\nDear Sir, — I have such a consciousness that I should be \nan inefficient member of the Bunker Hill Monument Associa- \ntion, that I feel as if I should do wisely to decline the election \nwith which I have been honored. I accepted a similar ap- \npointment for the Washington Monument, and, am sorry to \nsay, did nothing. \n\nVery truly your friend and servant, \n\nW. E. Channing. \n\nBoston, Sept. 14, 1824. \n\n\n60 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe responses which came back varied from the \nhighest tone of encouragement to the frank expression \nof great doubt as to the success of the effort, and \neven to a sturdy and bold disapproval of the measure. \nNothing could better illustrate the different shades \nof feeling of the time, and the courage, resolute and \npersistent, of the promoters of the great patriotic \nobject, than a selection from these responses. \n\nProfessor Silliman, of Yale College, writing from \nHartford, expressed his views of the way to collect \nmoney for the object in Connecticut: — \n\nHartford, Jan. 20, 1825. \n\nDear Sir, — After receiving your letter of November 10, \nI convei'sed with some of our principal gentlemen respecting \nthe practicability of executing the views of your committee. \nIt was their opinion that, although something might be done \nwith individuals, it would be difficult to get up any general \nexcitement on the subject; and I could not find a person \nwilling to undertake the management of the affair. I am \nsorry to say this, as perhaps it does not redound much to our \nhonour. Still, I am of opinion, with the gentlemen whom I \nconsulted, that, if an agent is going around to call on indi- \nviduals, that there are many scattered through our towns \nwho would give their five dollars and their ten dollars, and \nsome more ; but I believe it would be requisite to send some \none to call on them at their houses. \n\nI remain, dear sir, very truly and respectfully yours, \n\nB. Silliman. \n\nRey. Prof. Everett. \n\nJudge \"White, of Salem, thought that the scheme, \nthough highly laudable, was far beyond any hope of \nits being accomplished by individual effort: — \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 61 \n\nSalem, Sept. 24, 1824. \n\nDear Sir, — I have to acknowledge the receipt of your \nfavor, informing me that I have been elected a member of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association. This is an honor of \nwhich I am duly sensible, and which I should feel no dispo- \nsition to decline, if my acceptance of it be not considered as \na pledge of active and efficient exertions in promoting the \nhighly laudable object of the Association ; for such a pledge, \nI fear, it would not be in my power to redeem. I should \ndelight to see this object accomplished by the aid of the gov- \nernment, or the spontaneous contributions of opulent indi- \nviduals ; but I could not feel the same freedom in soliciting \npecuniary aid for it as for some other less splendid, but more \nimmediately useful and necessary, public objects. \n\nWith great respect and regard, I have the honor to be your \nobedient servant, \n\nD. A. White. \n\nRev. Edward Everett, Sec. of Board Directors, \n\nOn the contrary, Mr. Knapp, a popular v^riter and \nlecturer, was enthusiastic in his faith that it would \nsucceed : — \n\nDgar Sir, — I have received the notice of my being elected \na member of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, and \nalso your polite note of the 8th instant. The object of the \nAssociation is near ray heart ; and I am happy to see men of \ntalents, enterprise, and perseverance, and these men exten- \nsively known, engaged in the cause. There cannot be the \nleast doubt of complete success. The fulness of time has \ncome for the event; but no efforts of mine, however humble, \nshall be wanting to impress upon the minds of my friends the \nutility and glory of the undertaking. I hope there will be \nno reason for delaying the commencement of the work be- \nyond the time contemplated, as the heroes of '75 are falling \nlike the leaves of the season around us, and all of them will \nsoon be gone. \n\n\n62 HISTORY OF THE \n\nWith high consideration and respect, I am your obedient \nand humble servant, \n\nSaml. L. Knapp. \n\nE. Everett, Esq. \nOct. 12, 1824. \n\nMr. Peck believed in the scheme as tending to \npurify politics: — \n\nSalem, Sept. 20, 1824. \n\nSir, — I received your favor of the 8th inst, informing me \nof my being elected a member of the Bunker Hill Monument \nAssociation. There are few pursuits in which I should en- \ngage with more pleasure than in the furtherance of the \nobjects of this Association. The corruption of partisan \nleaders renders it peculiarly important, at this moment, that \nas frequent recurrence as possible, direct and indirect, should \nbe had to the feelings and principles of the American Revolu- \ntion. The Association shall have all the little aid and influ- \nence in my power in carrying into effect the designs of the \nincorporation. \n\nI am, with great respect, your obedient servant, \n\nWiLLARD Peck. \n\nProfessor Everett, Secretary, &c. \n\nWas there ever a time in the history of our country \nwhen somebody did not raise the cry of '' Corruption \" \namong our r.ulers? This is doubtless the eternal \nvigilance by which our liberties are sustained. \n\nA citizen of South Carolina, and a graduate of \nHarvard College, promised his co-operation: — \n\nCiiARLKSTON, Feb. 7, 1825. \n\nMy dear Sir, — It afforded me sincere pleasure to be fa- \nvored with your communications relating to the Bunker Hill \nMonument, which I lost no time in making known to the \ngentlemen of New England resident here, as well as to all \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 63 \n\nothers friendly to the honorable undertaking. We are col- \nlecting subscriptions, in pursuance of the proceedings at a \npublic meeting, which you have probably seen in the news- \npapers ; and calculate, with great confidence, to get one hun- \ndred subscribers at five dollars each. I am, therefore, desired \nto request you to transmit to me one hundred certificates ; if \nany of which shall remain unused, such shall be returned to \nyou. But of this latter contingency I feel no fear. \n\nI pray you to return my most sincere thanks to the Direc- \ntors of the Association for their complimentary selection of \nme as their organ on this interesting occasion, and to assure \nthem of my cordial co-operation in their praiseworthy views. \nWe are in hopes of sending on to you, at the anniversary, \none of our respectable citizens, who had the good fortune to \nbe present, in command of a field-piece, on the day of the \nbattle. \n\nWith my best wishes for all that concerns you, I remain, \ndear sir, your obliged friend and servant, \n\nWilliam Crafts. \n\nProfessor Evekett. \n\nAnother citizen of that State expressed his ap- \nproval:— \n\nS. C, Golden Grove P.O., June 2, 1825. \n\nSir, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of \nyours of the 12th of April last (which only came to hand a \nfew days since). I should not do justice to my own feelings \nwere I not to acknowledge the honor conferred in being \nelected a member of the Bunker Hill Monument Association. \nIt has, and I trust will always, afford me great pleasure to be \nassociated with my fellow-citizens in perpetuating events as \nhighly interesting to American freedom as the memorable \nbattle at Bunker's Hill. \n\nRespectfully, your obedient servant, \n\nJohn Wilson. \n\n\n64 HISTORY OF THE \n\nA Biographer in New Hampshire thought the pro- \nposed Monument unnecessary, inasmuch as the lives \nof distinguished men could be written, which would \nmake, in his view, better monuments: — \n\nEpping, N.H., April 5, 1825. \n\nSir, — By the mail of yesterday I received your letter of \nthe 22d ultimo, informing me that I was elected an honorary \nmember of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, and re- \nquesting my answer whether I would accept the appoint- \nment. \n\nA considerable portion of my life has been, and still is, \ndevoted to raising a monument to the memory of those who \ncontributed their aid in effecting our deliverance from foreign \ndomination, and laying a foundation for the freest and best \ngovernment that exists. The monument the Association \npropose to build will be expensive and splendid, and of the \nhardest and most durable granite ; but mine will be the work \nof an unassuming biographer, and, instead of imperishable \nstone, will consist of fragile paper, bearing the impression of \ntypes. I mention these facts to show that I am friendly to \nerecting what I consider the most useful monuments to the \nmemory of departed worth, and to incite men of other times \nto serve their country. \n\nWithout deciding the question, whether the time and \nmoney, that must necessarily be expended in raising the \nmonument the Association propose, could be more UBpfuUy \nappropriated in improving the state and condition of our \ncountry, and in ameliorating the wants and sufferings of \nhumanity, I must decline the honor of being considered a \nmember of the Bunker Hill Monument Association. \n\nI am respectfully, sir, your obedient, \n\nWU.LIAM Plumer. \n\nEdward Everett, Esq., Secretary of the Standing Committee of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, Boston, Mass. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 65 \n\nIt remained for Caleb Stark to denounce the pro- \nposed Monument, because Congress had not dealt \njustly with the Revolutionary soldiers, — of which \nnumber he was one: — \n\nPembroke, April 10, 1825. \n\nSir, — Your circular of 22d ult, on the subject of the \nBunker Hill Monument, arrived at maturity, but found me \nextremely debilitated by a severe fever, or you would have \nhad a prompt answer ; and, although extremely emaciated, I \nseize upon the earliest moment of ability to give you my \ndetermination. \n\nIn the first instance, I never was very partial to societies, \nnever having been a member of but two in my life, — one of \nthem of a transient character, which has long since passed \noff; the other of a permanent character, where I still remain. \nBut, whatever mj' inclination would have led'me to in other \ncases, I have powerful national objections to the adoption of \nthis project, for the following reasons : First, those who made \nthis notable stand on this sanguinary hill have almost all \npassed to those shades where military honors are not more \nhighly appreciated than they have been in the United States ; \nsecondly, the actors in this bloody scene (the Revolutionary \nWar), after having performed their part in a manner perhaps \nunparalleled in ancient or modern history, were refused by \nthe government the rewards that were so solemnly promised \nin the hour of the most critical danger : and, while the gov- \nernment has found ways and means to satisfy all other legal \nand many illegal demands, they still continue a deaf ear to \nthe crying demands for justice claimed by the disbanded \nofficer and soldier. And now, sir, in room of giving them \nthe bread that was solemnly promised, the debt is to be paid \nby a stone ! I It is not to be denied, that, after a lapse of \nforty years, fourteen thousand of the soldiers who were State \npaupers have been transferred to the United States ; but the \nutmost care has been taken to preclude all others from the \njust claims due by the high national compact on the one side, \n\n9 \n\n\n66 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand the discharged soldier on the other. These considera- \ntions have induced me to think that it would redound more \nto the honor of this rising, powerful nation to obliterate every \nvestige of the Revolution rather than have such a foul stain \nof ingratitude and injustice coupled with the heroic deeds, \nprivations, and sufferings of the authors of the Revolution. \n\nI pray you to tender my most grateful thanks to the com- \nmittee for the honor of their election, and regret that the \ncircumstances will not allow me to join the Association. \n\nWith considerations of the highest respect and personal \nesteem, I have the honor to be your obedient servant, \n\nCaleb Stark. \n\nEdward Everett, Esq. \n\nBut the Governor of 'New Hampshire took a differ- \nent view of the matter, as his letter testifies: — \n\nGoFFSTOWN, N. H., May 23, 1825. \nHon. Edward Everett. \n\nSir, — I take this opportunity to acknowledge the receipt \nof two letters from you, by which I am informed that I have \nbeen elected an honorary member of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, and also one of the Board of Directors, for \nwhich you will present my thanks to that body. It would \nbe peculiarly gratifying to me to attend the Anniversary of \nthe Seventeenth of June ; but the sitting of our legislature \nat that time will preclude the possibility of my enjoying the \noccasion. I enclose a small sum, $20.00, for the benefit of \nthe object ; and it would have been pleasant to have mani- \nfested more liberality, had my present circumstances rendered \nit convenient. \n\nI am with great respect your most obedient and very \nhumble servant, \n\nDavid Lawrence Morril. \n\nNehemiah Hubbard, of Middletown, Connecticut, \nconscientiously declined the appointment of honorary \nmember in the following language: \"Being now in \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 67 \n\nthe seventy-fourth year of ray age, I feel it a duty \nI cannot dispense with, to use my influence and pecu- \nniary means to objects, in my opinion, more useful to \nmankind/' \n\nGovernor Wolcott, of Connecticut, was, however, \ndesirous that his State should contribute to it: — \n\nHartforD) June 2, 1825. \n\nSib, — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of \nyour letter of the 10th of April, 1825, with information that \nI have been elected a member of the Board of Directors of \nthe Bunker Hill Monument Association. In accepting the \nhonorable trust which has thus been conferred on me, I \nregret that it is not in my power to render more efficient aid \nto the patriotic Association of which the Board have consti- \ntuted me a member. \n\nAfter a consultation in this place, agreeably to the promise \nmade in ray letter of March 26, I was advised to leave the \ncontributions from this State to the voluntary aids of indi- \nviduals, without any public solicitation on my part. I have \nsince seen Mr. Hale ; and I trust that he will succeed in ob- \ntaining a sum which, though inferior to what is desirable, \nmay yet be worthy of your acceptance. \n\nI have the honor to be, respectfully, sir, your obedient \n\nservant, \n\nOliver Wolcott. \n\nHon. Edward Everett, Esq., Cambridge, Mass. \n\nA Bostonian in Paris expressed his desire to pro- \nmote the object: — \n\nParis, 26 November, 1825. \nEdward Everett, Esq., Boston. \n\nDear Sir, — A press of business has prevented me sooner \nacknowledging the receipt of your letter, by which you an- \nnounce to me my election as a member of the Bunker Hill \nAssociation. \n\n\n68 HISTORY OF THE \n\nI beg to assure you, sir, that I accept this appointment \nwith sentiments of great respect; and I feel much gratifica- \ntion at knowing that my name is associated with those who \nare taking means to perpetuate the remembrance of an event \nwhich marked the destinies of the nation. \n\nI shall use my endeavora to increase the number of sub- \nscribers by applying to the Americans who may be in Paris. \nAt present, I am requested by Mr. Ebenezer May to cause \nhis name to be added ; and you will receive from my friend, \nMr. J. C. Brown, the amount of his subscription. \n\nI am, dear sir, with great respect, your obedient, humble \nservant, \n\nTho. W. Storrow. \n\nMr. Somcrville, a prominent citizen of Maryland, \nwho was about to represent the country as Charge \nd'Affaires at tbe Swedish Court, sent his acceptance \nand good wishes : — \n\nBaltimore, Aug. 23, 1825. \n\nSir, — I regret that your letter of the 29th of March has \nonly just been received. It reached my residence in Virginia \nwhilst I was in Philadelphia, and l)y accident was not for- \nwarded to me during my illness at Bedford. \n\nI beg you to express my thanks to the Standing Committee \nof the Bunker Hill Monument Association for the honor they \ndid me in electing me an honorary member of that institu- \ntion. I am apprehensive, however, that my acceptance of \nthe compliment is too late, as the celebration of your jubilee \nis passed. If not, I shall be gratified to learn whether the \narticles of your Association impose any particular duties on \nits honorary members. I am on the eve of embarking from \nNew York for Europe ; and, after my departure, any com- \nmunication under cover to the Secretary of State will prob- \nably reach me, either before or after my arrival at Stockholm. \n\nWith the highest respect, sir, I have the honor to be your \n\nobedient servant, \n\nWm. C. Somerville. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 69 \n\nGovernor James Pleasants, of Virginia, accepted \nhonorary membership, with appropriate words of en- \ncouragement: — \n\nRICHMOND) 13th June, 1825. \n\nSir, — Your letter, dated as long ago as the 12th April, \nreached this place in due course of mail. I was on a visit to \nthe country at tlie time ; and it by accident got out of place, \nand escaped my observation till a day or two past. I accept, \nsir, with great pleasure, the honor of membership conferred \non me by the Standing Committee of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, and hope to live long enough to be able to \nvisit the spot on which it will be erected, — a spot which \nwould call up in my mind an association of ideas of a charac- \nter the most highly gratifying and cheering. Be pleased, sir, \nto present me most respectfully to the worthy members of \nthe Standing Committee, and believe me to be, most truly, \n\nyour obedient servant, \n\nJames Pleasants. \n\nE. Everett. \n\nA citizen of Baltimore, of New England origin, \ndisclosed the lukewarm state of feeling there, even \namong his brother Kew Englanders: — \n\nBALTIMORE) April 25, 1825. \nEdward Everett, Esq. \n\nDear Sir, — Your favor of the 26th December came to \nhand. I feel flattered at the enclosed certificate of member- \nship to the Bunker Hill Monument Association. Although I \nhave not before replied to your letter, you must not attribute \nit to any indifference on my part to the object of the Asso- \nciation, or a want of personal regard to yourself, either of \nwhich would be unjust, and a subject of the greatest regret \nto me. The true reason is, that, on submitting the letter and \ndocuments to most of the New England residents here, it was \nreceived in so cold a manner that I hardly knew in what way \nto answer it. This unwillingness to subscribe arises princi- \n\n\n70 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\npally from the peculiar situation in which they are placed ; \nhaving, as you well know, constantly to contribute largely \n(for their means) to keep that splendid edifice from falling \nto the ground in which Mr. Sparks formerly officiated. How \nmuch longer, even with their almost unprecedented liberal- \nity, they will be able to keep it up, is quite uncertain. \nHowever, there are some who are anxious to become mem- \nbers ; and, if you will forward me twenty or thirty blank \ncertificates, I will fill them up, and send you a list of the \nnames, with a remittance for the amount subscribed. Should \nI then want more, I will send for them. \n\nWith great respect, your obedient servant and friend, \n\nR. H. Osgood. \n\nFortunately, a native of Baltimore, engaged in a \nlike undertaking, felt a special interest in this: — \n\nBaltimork, 10th April, 1825. \n\nSir, — I feel extremely flattered by the honor conferred \non me by the Standing Committee of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association in electing me an honorary member of that \nrespectable and praiseworthy institution, and accept the dis- \ntinction with much pleasure. \n\nBeing myself deeply interested in a similar object here, as \nPresident of the Washington Monument Association, I can- \nnot but desire that every success should attend the execution \nof your plans, towards which I shall have much gratification \nin contributing in any manner which may lie in my power. \n\nAccept, sir, my best wishes for your health and happiness, \nand believe me to be very truly yours, \n\nRobert Gilmer. \n\nEdward Everett, Esq., Sec. of S. C. B. H. Association. \n\nOften the same slow mail brought both discourage- \nment and good cheer. What more approving than \nthose precious leHQVi^^ facsimile copies of which are \nplaced in this volume ! \n\n\nP ^ 4 ■ \n\n\nC^tp^c^ .1,^ .^ l^^'^ \n\n\nvho, on that eventful day, unsheathed their swords in \ndefence of the rights of man, and whose battle-cry was, \n*' Liberty or Death.\" \n\nBy order' of the Standing Committee of the Directors of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association. \n\nH. A. S. Dearborn, Chairman. \n\n\n118 HISTORY OF THE \n\nA general public meeting was held at the Marlbor- \nough Hotel, on the 13th of October, at which it was \nfinally, on motion of General Sullivan, amended on \nthe proposal of II. II. Fuller, Esq., voted to choose \na committee of thirteen to appoint and organize the \nWard Committees, in such manner as should seem \nmost expedient. The following gentlemen were ac- \ncoi'dingly appointed a committee of thirteen, being one \nfrom each Ward, and one from South Boston : Henry \nJ. Oliver, Gcdney King, Benjamin Smith, II. II. Fuller, \nG. W. Otis, Nathan Applcton, Abbott Lawrence, \nJoseph P. Bradlee, Josiah Bradlee, Amos Lawrence, \nGerry Fairbanks, John D. Williams, and Cyrus Alger. \n\nThis meeting was attended by Dr. Wan-en, and Mr. \nEverett, who was pressed into the service as Secretary. \n\nMr. Oliver afterwards made report to Franklin Dex- \nter, Secretary, of which the following is an extract: — \n\nLynn Street, Nov. 27, 1824. \n\nSir, — On the 15th ultimo, I received a letter from Edward \nEverett, Esq., secretary of a \" meeting of gentlemen friendly \nto the erection of a Monument on Bunker Hill,\" commu- \nnicating to me an appointment on a committee for the purpose \nof selecting and organizing Ward Committees, to solicit sub- \nscriptions for said object ; and requesting my attendance at \nthe Marlboro' Hotel, to proceed to the necessary duties, &c. : \nat which place the gentlemen of said committee attended, \nand proceeded to business ; the Board being organized by \nthe appointment of Nathan Appleton, Esq., as chairman, and \nthe subscriber as secretary. After a discussion of the subject \nupon which they were convened, the Board proceeded to the \nnomination of six persons in each ward, and three for South \nBoston, to solicit subscriptions. . . . \n\nHenry J. Oliver, \n\nSecretary to the Board of Nominating Committee. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 119 \n\nAt the close of nine months' deliberation and inces- \nsant labor on the part of the Standing Committee, \nMr. Everett drew up the following summary of their \ndoings, which was presented as their report to the \nwhole Board of Directors: — \n\nReport of the Standing Committee to the Directors, March 1, 1825. \n\nIn consequence of the inconvenience experienced by the \nwhole body of Directors in attending meetings as frequently \nas the affairs of the Association appeared to require, it was \ndetermined, at a meeting of the Directors held at the Boston \nExchange CoflFee House July 27, 1824, that a Standing Com- \nmittee should be appointed, which was done by the following \nvotes ; viz. : — \n\n\"That a Standing Committee of the Directors, to the \nnumber of five, be appointed to exercise the powers of the \nDirectors in managing the affairs of the Association, and that \nthis committee be authorized to call a meeting of the Direc- \ntora whenever it may be needful to consult them. \n\n\" That this committee consist of Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, \nDr. Warren, E. Everett, Geo. Blake, Esq., and S. D. Harris.\" \n\nThe committee raised by this vote immediately entered \nupon the discharge of their duty. \n\nThe first object that engaged their attention was the pro- \ncuring the transfer to the Association of the funds of the \nWashington Benevolent Society, whicli w-as shortly accom- \nplished through the exertions of the friends of the Associa- \ntion, and the liberality of the ofiicera and members of the \nWashington Benevolent Society. The very haiulsome sum \nof near $2,000, with the banners of the Washington Benevo- \nlent Society, and other interesting articles, were thus procured \nto the Association. \n\nThe acquisition of the land required for the objects of the \nAssociation, on the hill where the battle was fought, next \nengaged the attention of the Standing Committee, as an \nobject of primary interest. In the prosecution of this object, \n\n\n120 HISTORY OF THE \n\nconsiderable delay and some difficulties were encountered. A \nportion of the land was procured on fair terms ; for another \nportion, it became necessary to pay an exorbitant price ; \nwhile, for a small quantity, it was requisite to receive legisla- \ntive aid, which was afforded by the act lately passed. In \npursuing the measures for procuring the land, the Standing \nCommittee were desirous of availing themselves of the coun- \nsel of the whole body of Directors. The Board was accord- \ningly convened Sept. 13, 1825, and sanctioned the acts of the \nStanding Committee in reference to this, one of the most \nimportant parts of their duty. The Standing Committee are \nunder particular obligations to several gentlemen, through \nwhose services and good offices tliey were enabled to effect \nthe acquisition of the land, particularly to the Hon. Seth \nKnowles. \n\nNo steps had hitherto been taken toward engaging the \ninterest of the community in general in the objects of the \nAssociation, with a view to raising the funds necessary to \neffecting those objects. Besides an appeal to the public in \nthe form of an Address, it was thouglit expedient very con- \nsiderably to enlarge the numbers of the Association by elect- \ning additional members, and also to entitle every one to the \nprivilege of membership who should subscribe to the fund of \nthe Institution five dollars and upwards. In furtherance of \nthis part of the plan, an engraved certificate of membership \nwas prepared. \n\nIn this stage of the proceedings, the arrival of General \nLafayette seemed to offer a favorable opportunity of drawing \nthe public attention to the monument, in connection with \nthis illustrious stranger. The shortness of the notice not \nadmitting very adequate preparation for this purpose, it was \nonly in the power of the committee to procure a partial meet- \ning of the Directors on the top of Bunker Hill, where the \nobjects of the Association were explained to the General ; \nand he promised to attend the celebration of the 17th of next \nJune. \n\nIn proceeding upon the very important business of procur- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 121 \n\ning subscriptions to the funds, the committee thought it their \nduty to act with the prudence and consideration required by \nthe delicacy and magnitude of that part of their trust. Let- \nters were addressed to gentlemen conspicuous for their wealth \nand liberality, and with very gratifying results. Esteeming \nit, then, desirable to give a powerful movement to the Insti- \ntution, a meeting of active, liberal, and public-spirited gen- \ntlemen, including the Board of Directors, was called, at \nwhich a Central Committee was appointed, and authorized to \norganize Ward Committees throughout the city. These \nmeasures were carried into effect with regularity, prompt- \nness, and decision. The gentlemen of the Central and Ward \nCommittees bestowed much time, and conferred very signal \nbenefits, on the Association ; and an estimated sum of \n$25,000 has been raised in the city. \n\nThe collecting of subscriptions in other parts of the Com- \nmonwealth next engaged the attention of the Standing \nCommittee. Particular application was made to the town \nof Charlestown, as more nearly interested in the success of \nthe undertaking ; and a very liberal spirit has been disclosed \non the part of its citizens. To every town in the Common- \nwealth was sent a subscription-book, addressed to the select- \nmen, containing a statement of the principles, views, and \nobjects of the Association, drawn up, at the request of the \ncommittee, by General Sullivan, to whose services in prepar- \ning and circulating this Address with the subscription-books, \nas well as in procuring the land and organizing the Ward \nCommittees, the Association is under great obligations. A \ncopy of the same Address was also forwarded to the clergy- \nmen of the Commonwealth, for the puipose of being read on \nthe day of the general thanksgiving. In furtherance of this \npart of the operations, the members of the Council, Senate, \nand House of Representatives were elected members of the \nAssociation. Partial returns only have been received from \ntowns in the State. The estimated amount of subscrip- \ntions, in the towns heard from, is about $20,000. \n\nThe committee next directed their attention to the other \n\n16 \n\n\n122 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nStates, in and out of New England. They have opened » \ncorrespondence with citizens of Maine, New Hampshire, Con- \nnecticut, New York, Philadelphia, Bfiltimore, Charleston, and \nwith American citizens in Europe. They have still this part \nof their duty in train, and are as yet unable to ascertain with \nwhat probable result. \n\nOn the meeting of the General Court of the Common- \nwealth, a petition was presented by the committee, request- \ning legislative aid in procuring a portion of the land needed, \n\n— a donation of Hancock and Adams, the brass field-pieces, \n\n— and an amount of labor in hammering stone at the State's \nPrison. These objects were all obtained, the latter to the \namount of #10,000. \n\nIn reference to the erection of a monument, two or three \nplans have been offered to the committee, particularly an \nelaborate one bv Mr. Solomon Willard. The committee have \ndeemed it expedient to offer a reward of $100 for the best \nplan that shall be presented. \n\nThe foregoing is not submitted to the Directoi-s as a com- \nplete history of the doings of the committee : a great many \ndetails, attended with care and labor at the time, but not of \nconsequence to be mentioned now, are omitted. The com- \nmittee have only endeavored to present the leading features \nof their course in discharging the duty intrusted to them \nthus far ; and shall be happy if the Directors think that \nhitherto the objects for which the committee was raised have \nbeen, in any due degree, attained. They hope to be able to \npresent hereafter a favorable account of the final result of \nthe subscription in this Commonwealth and in other places, \nboth in and out of New England. \n\nEdward Everett, Secretary. \n\n\nvv/// \n\n\n/( j^UT/f- \n\n\nCHAPTER VIL \n\nLet it rise till it meet the sun in his coming ; let the earliest light of \nthe moroing gild it, and parting day linger and play on ita aummit. \n\nDANIEL \"WEBSTER was appointed at the first \nannual meeting of the Association, after its \norganization, held in 1824, to deliver the annual ad- \ndress on the 17th June, 1825, without reference to \nthe laying of the comer-stone of the monument, or \nto the day being the half-centnry anniversary of the \nbattle. It was simply in pursuance of the following \nvote passed at the same meeting, — \" That there shall \nhe an address annually delivered before the Associa- \ntion on the seventeenth day of June, to commemorate \nthe Battle of Bunker Hill, and that a citizen shall be \nchosen at each annual meeting to make such ad- \ndress at the next annual meeting, and that the Direc- \ntors be authorized to supply the vacancy, if any should \noccur.\" \n\nAt the meeting of Directors held on the 13th of \nJuly following, tlie Secretary was insti'ucted to com- \nmunicate the above vote to Mr. Webster; and, at a \nmeeting held on the 27th of the same month, the Sec- \nretary, Edward Everett, reported that he had done so. \nAt the meeting on the 13th July, a Committee of \nArrangements for the celebration of June 17th, 1825, \n\n\n124 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwas chosen, consisting of the following gentlemen \n(twelve in number) : George Blake, William Sulli- \nvan, S. D. Harris, Theodore Lyman, Jr., Samuel \nSwett, H. A. S. Dearborn, Seth Knowles, T. Harris, \nJ. T. Austin, H. Orne, I. P. Boyd, and Benjamin \nRussell. Mr. Austin having declined, F. J. Oliver \nwas afterwards chosen in his place. \n\nThe first acknowledgment made by Mr. Webster \nof this invitation appears indirectly in the following \nletter written by Mr. Ticknor while at Washington, \nwJio, being a Director, and also a particular friend of \nLafayette, took special interest in the occasion he \nanticipated: — \n\nWashington, Jan. 13, 1825. \n\nMy dear Sir, — I have conversed, at different times lately, \na good deal with Mr. Webster, about the oration for the sev- \nenteenth of June. He has been undecided, until within a \nfew days ; but last evening he told me he was determined to \ndo it, and desired me to let some of the Trustees know his \nresolution. No one is more interested than yourself, and \ntherefore I place the information at your disposition. You \nmay consider it decided, for he does. \n\nGeneral Lafayette will be with you also. At least, in all \nhis arrangements for the West, he makes it a sine qua non \nthat he shall be delivered in Boston on the 15th of June. I \nknow not, therefore, why we should fail to have one of the \nmost solemn ceremonies that has happened since Pericles \nmade his funeral oration in the Ceramicus. \n\nYours very faithfully, \n\nGeo. Ticknor. \n\nThe following from Mr. Webster was probably \nwritten in reply to certain suggestions that Dr. War- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 125 \n\nren had made to him after the receipt of Mr. Ticknor's \nletter: — \n\nWashington, Jan. 26, 1825. \n\nMy dear Sir, — I have received yours of the 19th. I do \nnot see (if you do not) any objection to let things rest as they \nare till I come home. I shall be home, doubtless, three months \nbefore the 17th June, which will be in season for any arrange- \nment. You seem to be going on finely; though I doubt \nwhether the State will do much. I think the subscriptions \nlook well. \n\nIf it occurs to you as being proper that I should say or do \nany thing before I come home, please let me know ; otherwise, \nlet all things remain as they are. \n\nYours always truly, \n\np. Webster. \n\nIt should be here stated that Mr. Everett was at \nthis time the representative elect to the Nineteenth \nCongress, which was to be convened on the first \nMonday of December, 1825, during the first year of \nthe administration of John Quincy Adams. He was \nnominated at a convention of citizens, held, without \ndistinction of party, in October, 1824, in Lexington. \nHis active efforts in behalf of the Monument Associa- \ntion had brought him in contact with the leading men \nof the Middlesex District, such as Mr. Knowles of \nCharlestown, and other members of the Legislature, \nto whom he had applied to favor the Association's \nPetition. In the Address sent out to the selectmen of \nthe several towns, a promise was made that the Asso- \nciation would conti'ibute of its funds to the erection \nof a monument in Concord, and her inhabitants sub- \nscribed about four hundred dollars, as they claimed, \n\n\n126 HISTORY OF THE \n\nin view of that offer. Mr. Everett was urgently in- \nvited by them to deliver an oration at Concord on the \napproaching 19th of April, when the corner-stone of \nthe proposed monument should be laid. It appears \nby the following letter to Doctor Warren that the \nmatter was not fully decided until a very short time \nbefore that anniversary : — \n\nCambridge, March 2, 1825. \n\nDear Doctor, — As Governor Brooks is to be buried to- \nmorrow, and it is proper I should attend the funeral, I would \npropose to defer our meeting till Saturday. \n\nI found more diflBculty at Concord than I expected ; nor \nis the thing yet settled. I wish you would come to the meet- \ning on Saturday, prepared to speak decisively as to making a \ngrant of #500 for a monument there. Not a word was said \non the subject by or to me. They told me, if I would not \ncome, there would be no celebration. \n\nYours ever sincerely, \n\nE. Everett. \n\nMr. Webster seems to have been not a little dis- \nturbed by the proposed celebration in advance of the \nBunker llill occasion, and also by the statement gen- \nei'ally made in the newspapers, that General Lafayette \nwas to lay the corner-stone of the monument. \n\nMarch 6. \n\nDear Sir, — I have received your two letters, and am \nobliged to you for your kindness. The papers state, I perceive, \nthat Mr. Everett makes an address at Concord, although I un- \nderstood your letter differently. Doubtless you are right, and \nthe editors all wrong. For my part, I do not see the propri- \nety of a series of skirmishes on the occasion : that would be \nfighting our battles over again, somewhat too literally. If \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 127 \n\nMr. E. be in truth to make a speech at Concord, let him say \nall that the whole subject requires, and we will lay our cor- \nner-stone without the pomp of words. But I suppose you \nare better informed in this matter; but your letter, being \npartly covered in the material words b}' the wax, leaves me \na little in doubt whether I understand you. To-morrow I \nshall know. \n\nAs to General Lafayette, my opinion is that we ought to \ntreat with all the frankness in the world one of the frankest \nmen in the world. I should say, therefore, that a letter \nought at once to be written to him, confidentially, stating \nthe present posture of the business. His sense of propriety, \nquick beyond that of most others, would see this affair in- \nstantly in its right light. Mr. Ticknor can write him such a \nletter. It would meet him at N. Orleans, if written soon. \nFor my own part, my opinion as to the course proper to be \npursued is pretty strong. It may perhaps oblige me, in \nsome possible events, to decline any part in this ceremony, in \norder to avoid unworthy suspicions of personal motives ; but \nit is not likely to be given up. I will communicate farther \non my arrival ; and would not now have said any thing, but \nfrom the belief that it might be necessary to write to the \ngood General soon. \n\nYours always, \n\nD. Webster. \n\nI have no objections to your showing this to Mr. Ticknor ; \nsed ne plus ultra. \n\nIt is not surprising that Mr. Webster should, at the \nfirst thought, shrink from following Mr. Everett on \nthe 17th of June, 1825, upon almost the same ground, \nif he should pronounce a commemorative discourse \non the 19th April preceding. The oration which Mr. \nEverett had delivered in 1824, before the Phi Beta \nKappa Society in Cambridge, in the presence of \n\n\n128 HISTORY OF THE \n\nLafayette, and in which he extended to him a glowing \nwelcome, so thrilled and carried away the audience \nthat its praise was in every one's mouth, and the pop- \nular judgment was that it was the grandest display of \neloquence that had been witnessed in this country. \nThe only popular or commemorative address which \nMr. Webster had before given was delivered in Ply- \nmouth, on the Bicentennial Anniversary of the landing \nof the Pilgrims, in December, 1820, in the former \nmeeting-house of the First Church; and it is stated \nthat the day before he was much depressed through \nfear of not meeting the public expectation. \n\nMr. Webster was somehow reassured, and in the \nresult the public had the benefit of an oration from \neach of these great orators, — one at Concord, and \nthe other at Bunker Hill. Whatever friendly rivalry \nthere might have been seemed only to stimulate each \nto exert his utmost ability, and to render the celebra- \ntions of the two semi-centennial anniversaries marked \npi'ccedents for future observances. \n\nThe death of Ex-Governor Brooks, which occurred \nMarch 1, caused a vacancy in the office of President \nof the Association. The Directors assigned April 12 \nfor the choice of a successor. When Mr. Webster \nwas elected, Mr. Everett, Secretaiy of the Standing \nCommittee, having charge of the correspondence, \nwas requested by Mr. Dexter to act for him as Secre- \ntary of the Corporation, and a vote of the Directors \nwas passed to that effect. William Prescott, Gov- \nernor Wolcott of Connecticut, Governor Morrill of \nNew Hampshire, Peter C. Brooks, David Sears, \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 129 \n\nNathaniel Silsbee, Loammi Baldwin, and John \nWelles were added to the list of Directors. Mr. \nBrooks having declined, Colonel Daniel Putnam, of \nBrooklyn, Connecticut, was elected in his place, \nwho, on being notified, returned the following \nreply : — \n\nBrooklyn, 16 May, 1825. \nHon. Mr. Everett. \n\nSir, — Your letter of the 13th ultimo was just a month \ntravelling from Cambridge to Brooklyn. I mention this cir- \ncumstance to account for the delay of making my acknowl- \nedgment for such an unexpected honor as has been conferred \non me by the Bunker Hill Monument Association. \n\nWhile tracing this measure to my descent, and reflecting \non the unanimity with which you are pleased to say I was \nelected a member of the Board of Directors, I feel a confi- \ndence in the disposition of the Association to do justice to the \nmemory of my father, which puts my mind quite at ease on \nthat subject. Circumstances of an unpleasant nature have \nmade thu the paramount object of my solicitude ; and if I am \npermitted the happiness of a meeting on an anniversary \nglorious to our country, and honorable to the brave who \ndefended it on the heights of Charlestown, I hope neither \njealousy nor envy will mar the good feelings which ought to \npredominate on the occasion. \n\nI have the honor to be, most respectfully. \n\nYour obedient and obliged servant, \n\nDaniel Putnam. \n\nAt a meeting of the Directors, held March 1, it \nwas — \n\nVoted^ That, whereas an impression prevails that General \n\nLafayette has been requested to lay the corner-stone of the \n\nmonument, which impression is unfounded, the Standing \n\nCommittee be requested to communicate with the General \n\non the subject, in such a way as they shall judge expedient. \n\n17 \n\n\n130 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe delicate task of preparing this letter was of \ncourse put upon Mr. Everett, who had also to satisfy \nthe demand of Concord for her share of the sub- \ncription money which was improvidently promised m \nGeneral Sullivan's circular to the Selectmen of the \ntowns. Mr. Everett reported to Doctor Warren on \nboth subjects in the following letter, in which there \nis also a suggestion with regard to the celebration of \nBunker Hill: — \n\nDear Doctor, — I enclose you the Lafayette letter as I \nhave finally drafted it. My mind misgives me about sending \nit, but my scruples ought not to weigh. It is my opinion \nthat, if we mean to save the General's feelings, he must help \nlay it ; and, if so, no letter need be sent. Nevertheless, if \nyou say the word, two copies are signed, sealed, and ready \nto go off by to-morrow's mail. I concluded not to send the \ncertificate, as it would get crushed. \n\nI enclose a letter from Concord. I propose to write to \nthem: 1. That the Association stand ready at any time to \npay $500 ; 2. That they recommend it to the Selectmen (if \nthey deem it expedient) to raise an additional subscription ; \n3. That the Association will furnish a plan as soon as practi- \ncable ; 4. As the plan will undoubtedly be of a column or \nobelisk of — say eight feet square at the base, there will be \nno objection to preparing the ground to lay a corner-stone, at \nlegist pro formd^ on the 19th of April; 5. That the Associa- \ntion request the Selectmen of C. to superintend the work. \n\nSomething precise of this kind they will expect by way of \nanswer. The next thing is to get a plan. Will it do in the \nstate of Willard's feelings to go to him, and ask him to make \none ? if not, would you apply to Baldwin ? I think an obelisk \nof a solid shaft, say 18 feet on a base of 5 or 6, all of granite, \ncould be had for the money, and would be the safest thing to \nventure on. Shall I hear from you by the afternoon's stage ? \nYours ever very truly, Edward Everett. \n\nCambridge, Friday, March 25, 1825. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 131 \n\nP. S. A thought has struck me lately. You will excuse \nme, if it is wholly improper. Would it not be in itself highly \nsuitable, and add extremely to the interest of the 17th of \nJune, if the remains of your uncle, as far as they can be \nidentified, should be collected in a funeral urn, borne in the \nprocession, and deposited under the monument ? \n\nOn March 22, General Sullivan wrote : \" A meet- \ning is to be held at General Lyman's this evening to \narrange for the 17th June. The principal subject of \ndiscussion will be the practicability of representing \nthe battle ; and, 2d, if practicable, the utility and ex- \npediency of doing it. Certainly these are debatable \npoints.\" It was not uncommon at that time, at the \nfall musters of the militia, to have what were called \nsham fights, or representations of a battle by the \ntroops. And on the 19th of October, the anniversary \nof Yorktown, and of the close of the Revolutionary \nWar, the event was frequently celebrated by the \ngetting up of a \" Cornwallis,\" or the representation \nof the surrender of his army to Washington, at \nwhich these characters would be personated. \n\nThe Committee of twelve made the followinof re- \nport, which was accepted : — \n\nThe Committee for that purpose beg leave to report the \nfollowing arrangements for the Celebration of the 50th Anni- \nversary of the Seventeenth of June, 1775 : — \n\n1. The officers and members of the Bunker Hill Monument \nAssociation to assemble at the New Court House at nine \no'clock, A.M., and make the organization for the ensuing \nyear ; after which the officers will proceed to their room in \nthe Subscription House. \n\n2. A committee of five to be chosen to wait on General \nLafayette on his arrival in this city ; inform him of the ar- \n\n\n132 HISTORY OF THE \n\nrangements ; and on the morning of the 17th of June \nconduct him to the room of the Association, immediately \nafter the officers shall have there assembled. \n\n3. The oflBcers of the Association to proceed to the State \nHouse at ten o'clock. \n\n4. The members of the Association, officers and soldiers \nwho were in the battle of Bunker Hill, and of the Revolution, \nthe Freemasons, the subscribers to the dinner, and invited \nguests, to assemble at the State House at ten o'clock. \n\n5. The escort to be formed and move from the State House \nat half past ten, proceeding through Park, Common, Market, \nUnion, and Hanover Streets to Charlestown, and through \nMaine, Salem, and High Streets to the battle ground. \n\n6. The Commander of the escort to fix lines and place \na guard round the site of the monument, within which the \nofficers and membera of the Association and all invited guests \nwill be admitted. \n\n7. The corner-stone to be laid under the direction of the \nCommittee, which has been charged with that duty, and which \nwill make all the arrangements therefor, including those with \nthe Freemasons. When the stone has been laid, the Com- \nmander of the escort will cause a salute of twenty-four guns \nto be fired. \n\n8. The procession to be reformed, and proceed through \n\nStreets to Doctor Morse's meeting-house, where the \n\nCommittee for that purpose will make all the necessary \narrangements for the performances. \n\n9. The procession to reform and proceed through \n\nStreets to the tent where the dinner shall have been provided. \n\n10. The arrangements of the dinner to be under the direc- \ntion of the Committee appointed for that purpose, which is \nauthorized to increase its numbers to such an extent as may \nbe deemed necessary. \n\nThe following are the regulations for carrying the above \narrangements into effect : — \n\n1. The Committee for the escort will invite such officers \nand independent companies as may be necessary for that \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 133 \n\npurpose; procure the powder for the salutes; appoint the \nmarshals, and obtain civil oflBcers for preserving order at the \nState House, during all the movements of the procession, and \non the battle ground, and to aid such as the Meeting-House \nCommittee shall provide ; and, if necessary, to be placed \nunder the direction of the Dinner Committee, to assist those \nwhich may have been selected for the police of the tent. \n\n2. The Meeting-House Committee will request some persons \nto write odes or hymns, procure music, chaplains, and do all \nthat may be necessaiy for the performance of the ceremonies \nat the meeting-house. \n\n8. The Dinner Committee to provide a tent and dinner for \nsuch number of persons as shall be found expedient, at some \nplace near Breed's Hill; request some of our most distin- \nguished poets to write odes and songs, and engage gentlemen \nto sing them; prepare toasts; procure music; furnish tick- \nets ; appoint marshals and assistants ; and do whatever may be \nrequisite for rendering the entertainment such as the occa- \nsion requires. A tent guard to be furnished by the Comman- \nder of the escort, and placed under the Chairman of the \nCommittee. \n\n4. An Executive Committee of three to be chosen to act \nfor the whole Committee of Arrangements hereafter, which \nshall publish the order of arrangements for the day ; give, \nunder the directions of the Directors, such invitations as may \nbe extended to Revolutionary oflScers and soldiers, and gentle- \nmen of distinction, who may either be present or it shall be \nproper to notice, living in or out of the State ; receive re- \nports from the sub-committees, and, when necessary, report \nto the Directors ; receive all bills, and, after passing the same, \ntransmit them to the Treasurer for payment ; and have a \ngeneral superintendence of the ceremonies of the day. \n\n6. It is recommended that the following gentlemen be \ninvited by the Executive Committee : — \n\nLafayette. Governor. \n\nGovernors of the five other Lieutenant Governor. \n\nNew England States. Executive Council. \n\n\n134 HISTORY OF THE \n\nPresident of Senate. Judges of Supreme Court. \n\nSpeaker of House. Judges of United States \n\nNavy Commandment. Court. \n\nSenators of United States. President of College. \nRepresentatives of Congress Army Commandment. \n\nof United States. Grand Master Mason. \n\nSurvivors of Battle, without distinction as to ability to buy \n\ntickets. « \n\n6. The Chairman of the Escort, Meeting-IIouse, Corner- \nstone, and Executive Committees to be furnished with a \ncopy of these regulations. \n\nGeo. Blake, \n\nChairman of the Committee of Arrangements far the Xlth June, \n\nThis report was modified afterwards, in some re- \nspects. The annual meeting for organization was \ncalled at six o'clock on the morning of the 17th, at \nwhich Mr. Everett was unanimously elected secretary; \nand then the meeting was adjourned to the 24th. \nThe officers and members of the Association, and in- \nvited guests, assembled at the State House. The \nMeeting-House Committee, which consisted of Mr. \nKnowles, Mr. Lawrence, and Colonel Swett, were \ninstructed to consider the expediency of providing \nseats on the hill for the exercises, as it was evident \nfrom the general interest felt that this would be the \nonly place for the vast assembly. \n\nThe Standing Committee were instructed to pro- \ncure a suitable conier-stone for the ceremony; but \nthe subject of measures proper to be taken at the \nlaying of the corner-stone was referred to a com- \nmittee consisting of General Sullivan, General Ly- \nman, and Dr. Warren. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 135 \n\nThat Committee reported on May 10th as fol- \nlows : — \n\nThe Committee appointed to make arrangements for laying \nthe corner-stone of the monument on the 17 June beg leave \nto report in part : — \n\nThat, if the plan of a monument be definitely settled in \ntime, the north-east angle of the foundation be prepared, and \nraised as high as the surface of the earth ; and that, if it be \nnot settled, then an angle of the foundation shall be prepared \nas near the expected situation as possible, and raised sufiS- \nciently to receive the stone, which shall form the south-east \nangle above the surface of the earth. \n\nThat a stone of proper magnitude be procured for this pur- \npose, and an excavation made therein to contain the following \narticles, and such others as it may be thought best to deposit \ntherein; viz., a silver plate containing the name or names of \nthe person or persons who may perform the ceremony of lay- \ning the corner-stone ; the names of the officers of the Bunker \nHill Monument Association ; of the Standing Committee ; of \nthe Directors ; of the Committee of Artists ; of the President \nof the United States and Governor of the Commonwealth ; \nof the principal architect of the monument ; and of such \nothers as may be added by the Directors. Also, that the printed \nbook of subscribers to the monument be deposited therein ; a \nhistory of its origin and foundation ; a certificate of mem- \nbers ; the various addresses made to the public ; histories of \nthe battles of Bunker Hill and of Lexington ; and such other \npapers as may be judged proper. \n\nAll these articles, being placed in a box, shall be deposited \nin the excavation prepared for the purpose ; and another por- \ntion of the corner-stone shall be placed on the inferior portion \nby the person or persons who shall perform the ceremony of \nlaying the corner-stone ; and immediately the two portions of \nstone shall be secured to each other by such means as shall \nprevent any change in the relative position of the two pieces, \nuntil the monument shall be destroyed. \n\n\n136 HISTORY OF THE \n\nFurther, your Committee beg leave to report that, as the \nBunker Hill Monument is to be erected at the expense and \nby the labors of this Association, it is becoming that the \ncorner-stone should be laid by this Association, through the \nmedium of their first ofiicer, the President of this Association ; \nand as the distinguished friend of this country. General La- \nfayette, is expected to honor this anniversary celebration by \nhis attendance, that he be invited to accompany the Presi- \ndent of this Association, and to assist in the ceremony of lay- \ning the corner-stone of the monument ; and, moreover, as the \nFreemasons of King Solomon's Lodge [of this State] have, at \ntheir expense, erected the monument now standing on Bunker \nHill, which is to be removed, that, as a mark of respect to \nthis fraternity for their patriotism and liberality, the principal \nGrand Master be invited to assist the President of this Asso- \nciation in laying the corner-stone, and seeing that it be placed \nin a workmanlike manner ; and that the Freemasons of this \nand other States be invited to attend, with their insignia, &c. \n\nIf these propositions should be adopted, the Committee will \nproceed in arranging the details, and make further report. \n\nAll which is submitted by the Committee. \n\nWm. Sullivan, Chairman. \n\nOn considering this report, it was voted that a \ncommittee of two be raised to wait upon the Hon. \nMr. Webster, President of the Association, and con- \nfer with him on the subject of laying the corner- \nstone in Masonic order. Messrs. Oliver and Prescott \nwere appointed of this committee ; and, having re- \ntired to confer with the President, so the record states, \nmade report that the President approves of having \nthe corner-stone laid by the Grand Lodge of Masons; \nand thereupon the report of the committee for lay- \ning the corner-stone was amended, so that the last \nparagi'aph shall read as follows: \"The Committee \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 137 \n\nbeg leave further to report, as the distinguished guest \nof our country, General Lafayette, is expected to \nhonor the celebration with his presence, that he be \ninvited to accompany the President and assist in \nthe ceremony; and, as the fraternity of Masons of \nKing Solomon's Lodge have erected the monument \nnow standing on the hill, as a mark of respect for \ntheir liberality and patriotism, the Most Worshipful \nGrand Master of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts \nbe invited to lay the corner-stone, and see that it \nbe placed in a workmanlike manner, and to request \nthe. Freemasons of this and of other States to attend, \nwith their insignia and badges.\" \n\nThe original Committee of twelve being discharged, \nthe Executive Committee for the celebration was \nmade to consist of General Sullivan, General Lyman, \nColonel Harris, and Mr. Knowles. It was ordered, \nJune 8, that General Lyman have the exclusive con- \ntrol of the procession on the 17th June, and that \nthe Executive Committee be directed to aid him in \nsuch manner as he may desire, and that the said \nCommittee have full power to aflfbrd such aid in what- \never relates to the anniversary celebration. \n\nThe Standing Committee were obliged to procure \na corner-stone for the occasion before the form and \nsize of the structure could be determined upon. In \nthe uncertainty whether the stone itself would form \na permanent part of the monument, they intended \nto be sure that the box containing the articles de- \nposited should be incorporated with it. Captain \nAlexander Paris, an architect of high reputation, who \n\n18 \n\n\n138 HISTORY OF THE \n\nhad furnished complete designs for the monument, \nwas employed to prepare the stone, the box, and \nthe plate of inscription. He also acted as the \nofficial architect (none other having been then ap- \npointed) to receive the working tools from the Grand \nMaster at the Masonic ceremony, with the injunc- \ntion to see that the structure was laid in a true \nand workmanlike manner, and to make the customary \nreply. This he did acceptably in Masonic style. \n\nDr. Warren suggested the following inscription for \nthe plate: — \n\nErected by the present generation to testify their venera- \ntion, commemorate the noble spirit which animated their \nfathers to shed their blood on this sacred soil, and thus to \nafford an example for the imitation of their own countrymen, \nand for the defenders of freedom in all countries and all \nages. \n\nThis structure was begun on the 17th June, 1825, in pres- \nence of the oflBcers of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, \nby the Grand Master of Freemasons, and the friend of the \nUnited States, General Lafayette (with the list of officers, &c.). \n\nOn consideration, it was determined to adopt the \nfollowing \n\nINSCRIPTION. \n\nOn the XVII day of June, MDCCCXXV, at the request \nof the Bunker Hill Monument Association, the Most Wor- \nshipful John Abbott, Grand Master of Masons in Massachu- \nsetts, did, in the presence of General Lafayette, lay this \ncorner-stone of a Monument to testify the gratitude of the \npresent generation to their fathers, who, on the 17th of June, \n1775, here fought, in the cause of their country and of free \ninstitutions, the memorable Battle of Bunker Hill, and \nwith their blood vindicated for their posterity the privileges \nand happiness this land has since enjoyed. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 139 \n\nOfficers of the Bunker Sill Monument Association, — Presi- \ndent, Daniel Webster ; Vice-Presidents, Thomas H. Per- \nkins, Joseph Story ; Secretary, Edward Everett ; Treasurer, \nNathaniel P. Russell ; Directors, Win. Prescott, Dan. Put- \nnam, Wm. Sullivan, John C. Warren, Geo. Blake, John \nWelles, Benj. Gorhara, Thos. Harris, H. A. S. Dearborn, Seth \nKnowles, Loammi Baldwin, George Ticknor, Saml. Swett, \nDavid Seal's, Theod. Lyman, Jr., Amos Lawrence, Sam. D. \nHarris, Oliver Wolcott, D. L. Morrill, Jesse Putnam, Isaac \nP. Davis, Franklin Dexter, Nath. Silsbee, F. J. Oliver, Nathan \nAppleton ; Standing Committee on collecting Subscriptions, \nH. A. S. Dearborn, John C. Warren, Edward Everett, George \nBlake, Samuel D. Harris ; Committee on the form of the \nMonument, Daniel Webster, L. Baldwin, G. Stuart, Washing- \nton Allston, G. Ticknor ; Architect, Alexander Paris. Presi- \ndent of the United States, John Quincy Adams; Governor of \nMassachusetts, Levi Lincoln ; Governor of Connecticut, Oli- \nver Wolcott ; Governor of New Hampshire, Danl. L. Morrill ; \nGovernor of Rhode Island, James Fenner ; Governor of Ver- \nmont, C. P. Van Ness ; Governor of Maine, Albion K. Parris. \n\nList of A rticles deposited, \n\nOflBcial Account of the Battle of Bunker Hill by the Pro- \nvincial Congress ; Official Account by General Gage ; both \nwritten on parchment, and presented by John F. Eliot. \n\nAccount of the Battle of Bunker Hill by Samuel Swett. \n\nAccount of the Battle of Bunker Hill by H, Dearborn, \nMajor-General U. S. A. \n\nAccount of the Battle of Bunker Hill by a Bostonian (Al- \nden Bradford, Esq.). \n\nAddress of Bunker Hill Monument Association, by Wil- \nliam Sullivan. \n\nCircular Letter of Bunker Hill Monument Association, by \nEdward Everett. \n\nAccount of the Battle of Lexington in an Oration delivered \nat Concord by Edward Everett. \n\nLife of Josiah Quincy, containing letters and a foe-simile of \nthe writing of General Warren. \n\n\n140 HISTORY OF THE \n\nCoins of the United States. \n\nMedals presented by Hon. T. L. Winthrop. \n\nA fragment of Plymouth rock, presented by the Pilgrim \nSociety. \n\nPlan of the Battle of Bunker Hill and plan of Charlestown. \n\nSpecimens of old Continental currency, presented by Ebe- \nnezer Clough, Lemuel Blake, and Major George Bass. \n\nSilver plate, inscribed as above. \n\nA copy of each of the newspapers of the city, printed this \nweek. \n\nMr. Everett, having received the honorary appoint- \nment on the Annual Examining Committee of the \nUnited States Military Academy at West Point, \nwrote Dr. Warren the following before going : — \n\nBoston, May 25, 1825. \n\nDear Doctor, — I am going to New York to-morrow with \nmy brother A. H. E., and from thence proceed to West Point. \nI have taken measures to have the meeting on the firet Tues- \nday in June, duly warned ; and, as I shall not be present, I \nventure to trouble you with the books of the Association, \nwhich I beg you to be so good as to cause to be at the \nmeeting. \n\nOur strangely chosen committee will probably report a \nplan of a column, which is a copy of Trajan's, divested of its \nornaments. I do not think any thing else %afe, I have acci- \ndentally conversed with Dr. Bigelow (who has made a study \nof these things), and who prefers a column decidedly on that \nground. \n\nI shall strain every nerve to be here by June 17th ; but, \nby what I understand of the duration of the examination, that \nwill not be possible. I suppose that there will be room \nenough for one to be absent. \n\nYours ever very truly, E. Everett. \n\nMr. Everett had preserved a copy of his letter to \nGeneral Lafayette, which is as follows : — \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 141 \n\nCambridge, 29 March, 1825. \n\nDeab General, — It gives me great pleasure to have it in \nmy power, by order of the Committee of the Directors of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, to inform you that the \nundertaking in which we have engaged has prospered beyond \nour expectations. When we enjoyed the happiness of your \nvisit last autumn, it was proposed only to commence the erec- \ntion of the monument this spring. The Directors had in- \ndeed determined, at all events, to celebrate the ever memorable \n17th of June in the most honorable manner, and felt them- \nselves more than fortunate in receiving your kind promise to \nbe present at this great commemoration. But whether we \nshould have it in our power, the next June, to make the be- \nginning of the great monumental work which we design to \nconstruct, was at that time doubtful. You will sympathize, \nI am sure, in the pleasure we feel at finding such ample means \nalready at the disposal of the Board of Directors, that they \nwill be enabled, without fail, to lay the corner-stone of the \nmonument on the 17th of June next. \n\nI am instructed by the Committee, in this formal and \nofficial way, to repeat their invitation to you to be present on \nthe interesting occasion, and to assure you that nothing con- \ntributes more to the interest with which we look forward to \nthis great national ceremony than the circumstance that the \n\" Nation's Guest \" has kindly promised to witness it. \n\nIn behalf of the Committee of the Directors, I have the \nhonor to be, dear General, your most faithful, humble ser- \nvant, E. Everett. \n\nThe faC'Simile of the holographic reply faces this \nchapter. There was much groundless fear as to the \ndanger of w^ounding the good General's feelings on \nthis matter. Lafayette was a good and true Free- \nmason, and not only would have conceded the pro- \npriety of the corner-stone being laid in Masonic form, \nbut of its being done by the Grand Master. He \n\n\n142 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwould have, with equal frankness, assented to its being \ndone by Mr. Webster, who evidently thought it be- \nlonged to himself, as President, to perform the august \nceremony, and who probably had designed to make \nit a prominent feature of the celebration, in his own \nimposing manner. \n\nOn Lafayette's return to Boston for the great occa- \nsion, he said, \" In all my travels through the country, \nI have made Bunker Hill my polar star.\" How true \nto his adopted country did his noble heart beatl \n\nAll the Light Infantry companies of Boston, \nCharlestown, and the neighboring towns, were invited \nto perform escort duty, in the following form, to \nwhich some of the responses are appended : — \n\nBoston, June 9, 1825. \nTo \n\nSir, — In the name and behalf of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, you are hereby requested to invite the \nofficers and men under your command to appear with you in \nuniform (with your own rations, because on this occasion it \nis absolutely impossible for the Association to provide them, \nas they gladly would do, if possible), for the purpose of \nperforming escort and guard duty (or either, as may be \nnecessary) at the celebration on the 17th June, 1825. You \nare respectfully requested to ascertain and report to the un- \ndersigned Committee on or before 12 o'clock at noon, on \nMonday the 14th instant, whether this request can be com- \nplied with. The companies and the whole procession will be \nunder the command of Brigadier-General Lyman. \n\nI have the honor to be, most respectfully, for the Execu- \ntive Committee of the B. II. M. A., \n\nYour obedient servant, \n\nWm. Sullivan. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 143 \n\nSalem, 11th June, 1825. \nHon. Wm. Sullivan. \n\nSir, — I have the honor to inform you that the Cadets \nunder my command do most cheerfully accept the invitation \nto perform escort and guard duty (or either, as may be nec- \nessary) on the 17th instant. With much respect, I am \n\nYour obedient servant, \n\nBenjamin S. Browne, \n\nCapL S. I, Cadets, \n\n\nCharlestown, June 11th, 1825. \n\nSir, — Having received your invitation, in behalf of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, to attend the celebration \non the 17th instant, I have laid the same before the company \nunder my command, which they have accepted. I shall \ntherefore expect to receive instructions from General Lyman \nas to time and place, and shall endeavor to pay that attention \nthe nature of the occasion requires. \n\nRespectfully yours, \n\nShadrach Varney, \n\nCapU of Charlestown Light Infantry. \nTo Wm. Sullivan, Esq. \n\n\nCaptain Jenkins, of the Columbian Guards (Light In- \nfantry Company of Charlestown), acknowledges the receipt \nof General Sullivan's very polite invitation to his company \nto parade on 17 June, and informs General Sullivan that he \nwith his company will comply with the request, and will \nvery cheerfully place themselves under the command of \nGeneral Lyman, and perform any duty he may assign to \nthem. \n\nBoston, June 13th, 1825. \n\nHon. William Sullivan, Chairman of the Executice Committee of the \nB, H, M. A, \n\n\n144 HISTORY OF THE \n\nConcord, June 15. \n\nSir, — I received your invitation yesterday morn, and \nwith pleasure accept, for myself, officers, and soldiers under \nmy command. \n\nI have the honor to be \n\nYour most obedient servant, \n\nFrancis Jarvis, Jr. \n\n\nDorchester, June 16, 1825. \n\nSir, — The invitation of the Executive Committee of the \nB. II. M. Association to perform field duty on the occasion \nof the anniversary of the 17th instant is accepted, and I shall \nreport for orders on the Common to-morrow morning. \n\nRespectfully, \n\nWalter Baker. \n\n\nSalem, June 11, 1825. \nTo THE Hon. Wm. Sullivan. \n\nSir, — The Salem Mechanic Light Infantry, under my \ncommand, have been honored with an invitation from the \nExecutive Committee of the Bunker Hill Monument Associa- \ntion to participate in the celebration on the 17th June, 1825. \nAgreeable to request, I have made it known to my company ; \nand with pleasure I inform you that we respectfully accept \nyour highly favored invitation. \n\nI have the honor to be, most respectfully. \n\nYour obedient servant, \n\nDavid Pulsifer, Jr. \n\nGeneral Lyman, being then a Representative, \nreported the following resolutions: — \n\nHouse of Representatives, June 11, 1825. \n\nThe Select Committee, to whom was referred the communi- \ncation of the Executive Committee of the Bunker Hill Monu- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 145 \n\nment Association, have considered the matter committed to \nthem, and now report the following resolutions. \n\nFor the Committee. \n\nTheodore Lyman, Jb. \n\nResolved^ That this House do accept the invitation of the \nDirectors of the B. H. M. Association to be present at the \nlaying of the corner-stone to the monument, on the 17th day \nof this month. \n\nResolved^ That the members of this House will walk in the \nprocession that is to be formed on the 17th instant, in the \norder of their seniority. \n\nResolved^ That the Committee that has reported these \nresolutions be directed to communicate these resolutions to \nthe Directors of the B. H. M. Association. \n\nRead and agreed to. \n\nPelham W. Warren, Clerk. \n\nHouse of Representatives, June 13, 1825. \n\nEvery possible effort was made to procure the \nattendance of the Revolutionary soldiers ; and one \nhundred and ninety were gathered together, of whom \nforty were in the battle of Bunker Hill. The Legisla- \nture defrayed their expenses of coming. Most of \nthem were able to walk in the procession. The fol- \nlowing letter to General Sullivan showed how scru- \npulous they were in those days as to place : — \n\n• \n\nJosiah Bowers, of Lancaster, was a soldier in the Revolu- \ntionary war, and was on Bunker Hill on the 17th of June, \n1775. He did not get quite into the battle, but got within a \nfew rods of the battle. When they retreated, he was sent in \nthe recruit, and he remained in the army through the war. \nCan he be permitted in the procession, as other Revolutionary \nsoldiers? Jonathan Prescott. \n\n19 \n\n\n146 HISTORY OF THE \n\nRev. Joseph Thaxter, of Edgartown, who was chap- \nlain of Colonel Preseott's regiment, was present, and \nwas the chaplain of the day. The regimental drum- \nmer was also there; and, in marching up Bunker Hill, \nhe beat the drum to the tune of \" Yankee Doodle,\" \nexciting the cheers of the vast concourse of people. \n\nAlthough the means of conveyance by land in \nthose days were limited to the stage-coach and to \nprivate vehicles of all sorts, there was no lack of the \nattendance of the people. Every thing seemed to be \nput in requisition to bring them here, and to accom- \nmodate them and their horses during their stay. \nThey flocked here from every part of the State. \nOther States sent large delegations, and notably New \nYork, South Carolina, and all New England. To \nthe South Carolina delegation a cordial greeting was \nspecially given by the Directors. \n\nThe only avenue to Charlestown was Charles River \nbridge, which was a toll bridge. By vote of its \ndirectors, it was declared free for that day ; and \nMayor Quincy gave orders that the police should \nprotect it as far as the jurisdiction of the city went, \nwhich was to the draw. \n\nThe procession was admitted to be the finest pageant \nthat had ever been seen in this country. The day \nwas a perfect June day. Not a cloud was visible ; \nand the showers of the preceding day gave a fresh- \nness to the green sward of the many vacant fields ; \nand, in the pure atmosphere and clear sky, the bright \nuniforms of the soldiery and the rich Masonic regalia \nand banners shone with a peculiar lustre. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 147 \n\nAs the head of the column reached Charlestown \nSquare, the rear on Boston Common had not com- \nmenced to move. The route was as indicated in Com- \nmittee's report. All the church-bells in Boston and \nCharlestown were ringing while the procession was \nin motion; and they strikingly suggested to the mul- \ntitude the wonderful contrast between that joyous \nspectacle and the stormy scenes of the 17th June, \n1775, when their fathers gazed in dread suspense \nupon the great opening contest in which the new \nrepublic was baptized in the flames of burning Charles- \ntown. \n\nColonel Samuel Jaques was the chief marshal upon \nthe grounds; and, with a large corps of assistants, \nbacked by detachments of the military, was barely \nable to keep the reserved space clear until the pro- \ncession arrived. He was a gentleman of the old \nschool, tall, erect, and portly, in size and bearing not \nunlike Mr. AVebster. He wore a blue dress coat \nand buflf vest, — a style in which Mr. Webster fre- \nquently appeared. The two were great friends. \n\nAs the body of the civic procession came upon the \ngrounds, a hollow square was formed, enclosing the \nsite of the proposed monument, and the Masonic ser- \nvices began. The corner-stone was laid by the Most \nWorshipful Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of \nMassachusetts, John Abbot. Lafayette stood by, \nand received from him the trowel, and spread the \ncement over the stone. He wore the Masonic apron \nduring this ceremony and the other exercises on the \nhill; and, when he laid it aside, Mr. Francis C. Whis- \n\n\n148 HISTORY OF TIIE \n\nton, one of the marshals, and the toast-master at the \ndinner, took it at once into his possession, and care- \nfully preserved it. \n\nThe Masonic services over, the large assembly re- \npaired to the northern declivity of the hill, where an \namphitheatre was arranged with seats. At the lower \npart was the stage, with a canopy, elegantly adorned, \nsurmounted by a gilded eagle. Upon this stage \nthe orator, the chief guests, and the Revolutionary \nsoldiers were placed. On either side was a plat- \nform covered with an awning, and each was filled \nwith ladies, who were patiently waiting for the \ncommencement of the exercises. When Rev. Mr. \nThaxter stepped forward to offer prayer, the whole \nair was hushed to a profound stillness, and there was \na sea of uncovered heads before him. Half a century \nbefore, he stood on that hill, and prayed for Colonel \nPrescott and his men, and for a blessing on the Ameri- \ncan cause. During the battle, he was urging the men \nto their duty, and paid the last offices to some of \nthose who there consummated their service to country \nwith their life oftering. He was then in the spring \nof life; and now, in the frost of age, as with a clear \nbut faltering voice and evident emotion he uttered \nhis prayer of thankfulness and praise, his attenuated \nform appeared like that of a mortal then about to put \non immortality. \n\nAn ode by Rev. John Pierpont was next sung. \nThen followed the oration. It was calculated that the \narrangement of the awning would screen the orator \nfrom the sun's rays during its delivery ; but the un- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASS0CLA.TION. 149 \n\n• \n\nexpected delay of nearly three hours brought the sun \nlower down, so as to shine upon the front of the \nstage. As Mr. Webster stepped forward, Lafayette \nbeckoned to him to stand back in a place which was \nshaded ; but he gracefully declined, and he faced \nthe sun with his eagle eye, advancing even as near \nas he could to the uncounted multitude before him. \nThis act was greeted with profound applause. \n\nMany still live who heard that master-piece of genu- \nine eloquence, and to them it is a proud remembrance. \nThe exordium alludes to the time and place of meet- \ning of the great assembly, the half-century anniver- \nsary of the first great battle of the American Revolu- \ntion, and this the very spot among the \" sepulchres \nof our fathers.'' He compares that event with the \ndiscovery of America by Columbus, of which he gives \na graphic picture, and to the landing of the fathers at \nPlymouth ; but the American Revolution he declares \nto be the great prodigy of events, and the wonder and \nblessing of the world. lie announces then the object \nof the Association, in erecting a national monument to \nthe memory of the early friends of American inde- \npendence on that memorable spot, to be preferred to all \nothers, — not, indeed, to perpetuate national hostility \nnor to cherish a purely military spirit, but to promote \npeace and progress, a love of country, and a pure \npatriotism, both in the time of prosperity and dis- \naster ; and, under the blessing of God, he bids the \nmonument \" to rise till it meet the sun in his coming.\" \nHe addresses the survivors of that battle then before \nhim, with a touching apostrophe to the memory of the \nfirst great Martyr ; then he addresses the other sur- \n\n\n150 HISTORY OF THE \n\nviving soldiers, the veterans of half a century ; and, \nafter a brief description of the battle, he addresses \nLafayette, whom the sensation which its intelligence \ncreated in Europe prompted to come over to help us, \nwith his life and fortune. The great changes which \nthe half century had produced in the direction of \nhuman progress and improvement then became his \ntheme. Jn his fine peroration, he exhorts his country- \nmen to preserve and improve upon what their fathers \nachieved; and, by a perfect parody, he announces \nthe duty of an American citizen to his country to be \nfull as obligatory as that of a witness under oath to \nthe cause of truth and justice, so that the country \nitself should become a monument, great, powerful, \nand permanent, of which the structure about to \nbe erected should be an everlasting type. The con- \nception of the whole discourse was magnificent; and, \nbeing grandly sustained in all its parts, its effect upon \nthe immense auditory, carried away by his lofty senti- \nments, mingled into one mass, and wrought up as \none man to the highest pitch of enthusiasm, was \nreally sublime. \n\nMr. Buckingham, afterwards President of the \nAssociation, in his contemporaneous account, finding \nhimself powerless to do adequate justice, applied to \nMr. \"Webster the following couplet : — \n\n\" To those who know thee not no words can paint ; \nAnd those who know thee know all words are faint.\" \n\nThe singing of a hymn composed by Rev. James \nFlint of Salem, concluding prayer by Rev. James \n\"Walker of Charlestown, the singing of an ode, and \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 151 \n\nthe benediction by the venerable chaplain, concluded \nthese memorable exercises, which were conducted in \nthe presence and hearing of over twenty thousand \npeople. \n\nA dinner followed. The Association, their chief \nguests, and a considerable portion of the Masonic \nFraternity then repaired to the elder Bunker Hill, \nwhere they sat down to the tables in a large tent, \nto the number of about four thousand. The public \ndinner in those days was more orderly, and more \nsocial and enjoyable, than that of the present time. \nFor the intellectual entertainment, there would be a \nseries of regular toasts, — generally thirteen, to cor- \nrespond with the original number of the States. These \nwere announced by the toast-master in order, and \nfollowed by appropriate music, the tunes being all \npreviously arranged. Volunteer toasts and songs \nwould be interspersed ; but long speeches were \nignored. The subjects of the regular toasts at this \ndinner were: 1. The 17th June, 1775 ; 2. The Mili- \ntia ; 3. The Committee of Safety ; 4. The Martyrs of \nBunker Hill Battle ; 5. Bunker Hill Monument ; \n6. Survivors of Bunker Hill Battle ; 7. Lexington \nand Concord; 8. The President of the United States;. \n9. The Governor of the Commonwealth ; 10. The \nContinental Army ; 11. The Memory of AVashing- \nton ; 12. The Continental Congress ; 13. The Mem- \nory of Warren. \n\nAfter these were all drank, the President, Mr. \nWebster, arose, and with a few introductory words \nproposed : — \n\n\n152 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\n\" Health and a long life to General Lafayette.\" \n\nThe General, with a preface equally brief, gave the \nfollowing sentiment : — \n\n\" Bunker Hill, and the holy resistance to oppres- \nsion which has already enfranchised the American \nhemisphere. The next half century's jubilee toast \nshall be. To enfranchised Europe.\" \n\nAVhat profound faith the gallant General had in \nthe cause to which he gave his lifel Although the \nprophecy has not been exactly fulfilled in the sense \nin which he intended, still, in looking back over the \nprogress of the last half century, we may say that \nthe leaven of American institutions has somewhat \nleavened the whole European lump. \n\nIn the evening, there were two grand receptions : \none given by Colonel Jaques, the chief marshal, at \nhis residence in Washington Street, Charlestown ; \nand the other by Mr. Webster, at his elegant house, \nnow demolished, in Summer Street, Boston, — both \nof which were attended by Lafayette and other dis- \ntinguished personages. \n\nMr. Webster, with his characteristic generosity, \npresented his Address to the Association, the copy- \nright of which was readily sold for six hundred dol- \nlars,— a large sum in those days, — whereby he \nbecame at that time, after AVilliam Phillips, the \nlargest contributor to the monument. \n\n\n^^. ^ \n\n\ntill Uht .lim l'^-^ 'tMtm \n\n\n4trlT*l iicl lb' \n\n\n11^ ^ilhLb«•Mll•l Rl^* \n\nTOU!^ UOLLINS WAltHB^ -..- tou^d up wt>^ \n•^ hie asBoriatcfc m? it liinitinjc •!\"•»•' ™ »Im Jr ^^ivilt iili- \n.dLTlaldng. Hv took the rlna tsl<-|. ti« Vtwruig » lar^o \n[nrtion ol* Lhu bHtUi-gruund hd^ntv tSt- ' •irjitiiiilioii \nwua i'urauid; and as Tudur vra* «uou AJturMuj-il* caUliI \naway to South Amtrit-'a, nnd Wi.'lislor iiml Cv.-rctt \nWire cngftgfd for D^«Hnl pi^riion of iht' year m 'Anar \n\n\n! r^i \n\n\nS wlKritlH'v'r.'a ; \n■iit-?i niiifli 111 ■ \n\n\nCHAPTEE VIII. \n\nYet ne'er the less \nTower thou in majesty, nor fainter stamp \nThj outline on the clouds. \n\nBrief man may pass \nOn with his generations to the tomb; \nBut wMt thou till the dim decay of time, — \nYea, stand and gaze on Nature's dying throes, \nSee the skies ahriTel and the faiut stars fall. \nAnd the pale sun, like wounded CiEsar, fold \nHis mantle darkly round him, — hear the shriek \nOf old Creation, when dissolving fires \nEnvelop her, — and bo decline at last, \nBut with the solid globe. \n\nJOHN COLLIN'S \"WARREN was looked up to by \nhis associates as a leading spirit in their great un- \ndertaking. He took the first step bj securing a large \nportion of the battle-ground before the corporation \nwas formed; and as Tudor was soon afterwards called \naway to South Amei-ica, and \"Webster and Everett \nwere engaged for a good portion of the year in their \ncongressional duties at Washington, he was frequently \naddi'essed by the several Directors, when they had any \nparticular suggestions to make. Though at this time \nhigh In the rank of the medical profession, both as a \nsurgeon and general practitioner, and performing all \nthe while many other public duties which devolved \nupon him, he attempted to do every thing which was \nrequired of him in this regard with astonishing prompt- \n\n\n154 HISTORY OF THE \n\nness. Mr. Everett wrote to him on one occasion of a \nspecial service he had rendered: ^^I once thought I \nwas active, but your industry and zeal have put me \nto shame.\" Nor was he in any way solicitous that \nexclusive or even special honor should be paid to the \nmemory of his imcle, the glorious martyr, in the plan \nof the Monument. On the contrary, he took the lead \nin obtaining the advice and co-operation of the friends \nand kindred of all the heroes of the Battle of Bunker \nHill; and when General Dearborn, imbibing the un- \naccountable prejudices of his father in relation to the \nmerits and claims of Putnam, strenuously objected to \nany of his family being elected. Dr. Warren was mainly \ninstrumental in silencing his opposition, and procuring \nthe election of Colonel Daniel Putnam, the son of the \nbrave General, as Director. Upon his motion, also, \nthe following Resolutions wntten by him were adopted \nby the Directors at a meeting held April 5, 1825: — \n\nResolved^ 1. That a final decision in regard to the kind of \nMonument to be erected shall be made only at a meeting of \nDirectors warned by special notice to each individual, and \nalso by advertisement in two newspapers in Boston, twenty \ndays before the time of such meeting. \n\n2. That every decision relative to the land owned by the \nB. H. M. Association in Charlestown, so far as regards laying \nout roads or paths, elevating or depressing, selling, or in any \nother way disposing of said land or any part of it, or erecting \nbuildings thereon, be made at a meeting of the Directors held \nin the manner pointed out in the preceding Resolution ; and \nat no other meeting of any description. \n\n3. That whenever the Directors shall judge expedient to \ntake measures to come to a decision in regard to the kind of \nMonument to be erected, they shall elect a Board to whom \nshall be submitted all j^lans and designs which may be pre- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 155 \n\nsented, in order that this Board may give an opinion as to \nthe superiority of any plan or design thus presented ; and, \nfarther, that the said Boaed of Aetists be requested to \ngive their opinion in regard to any other plan which may \noccur to them, beside those which may have been laid before \nthem by the Directors. \n\nAt this same meeting, the Directors proceeded to \nelect the Board of Artists created by the last Resolu- \ntion, and the Standing Committee were requested to \nretire and nominate seven gentlemen to serve thereon. \nThe Standing Committee withdrew, and after consul- \ntation brought in the names of only five: Daniel \nWebster, Gilbert Stuart, AVashington All- \nSTON, LoAMMi Baldwin, and George Tioknor. \n\nThe Directors accepted the nomination ^^ both as to \nthe persons named and the number of them;\" and \nthese distinguished gentlemen, all men of national \nrenown, were constituted the Board of Artists. Al- \nthough the magical number of seven was first deter- \nmined upon, the Standing Committee undoubtedly \nfound it impossible to select the two others, whose \nservices could readily be obtained, and who would \nhave added matenally to the weight of authority of \nthese five in matters of art; and the Directors also \nwere satisfied both with the number and the selection. \n\nThe Standing Committee in January, 1825, had \ncaused to be inserted in the leading newspapers of \nBoston, and of other cities of the country, their in- \nvitation to artists to furnish plans of whatever char- \nacter or design, for the proposed Monument. In the \ninvitation, the Committee stated, ^^ although there are \nsome obvious recommendations of a column as the \n\n\n156 HISTORY OF THE \n\nbest form for a monumental Btrueture on the spot in \nquestion, yet the Committee are determined to pro- \npose no plan whatever to the Association till they \nhave had the means of comparing all the suggestions \n■which may be offered by the architectural skill and \ngenius of the country. . . . But as a column is recom- \nmended by various local circumstances, and appears \nto enjoy a general preference, the Committee are par- \nticularly desirous to receive plans of a monumental \ncolumn of about 220 feet in height, to be built of \nhewn granite.\" \n\nA premium was offered in the following terms: \"It \nis wished that proposals should contain two plans: \none, the architectural plan and elevation of the work, \nwith a suitable scale; vertical and horizontal sections \nof the interior; particular statements of the propoi\"- \ntions and magnitudes of the members; and, if a column, \ndrawings of the ornamental portions of the pedestal: \nand the other, a handsomely finished perspective view \nof the work. For the plan of this description which \nshall appear to meiit the preference, the Committee \noffer a reward of one hundred dollars.\" \n\nThe Standing Committee, it will be seen from their \nadvertisement, were decidedly in favor of adopting \nthe column, and Dr. Warren was the only one of the \nCommittee who, in the final vote after the long discus- \nsion, turned against its adoption. On November 4, \n1824, the Stimding Committee voted that Mr. Willard \nbe authorized to draw a plan of a monument projected \non a large scale, to be painted for the purposes of ex- \nhibition to the Legislature, and the citizens of Boston \nand the vicinity. Mr. Willard complied with this \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 157 \n\nrequest, and presented a plan which was highly \nsatisfactory to the Committee, who explained to him, \nthrough Mr. Everett, the reason for their oflfering a \npublic reward for the best plan to be submitted, — that \nthey felt it their duty in discharge of a public trust to \nmake a general advertisement to the artists of the \ncountry, — and solicited his permission to keep his \nl)lan and to compensate him therefor. \n\nIn a letter to Dr. Warren, written in February, \n1825, before the appointment of the Board of Artists, \nMr. Willard withdrew ^^ from the contest about the \ndesigns,\" and wished a ^^ God-speed \" to the Associa- \ntion. He also wrote the following letter to Dr. \nWarren : — \n\nDear Sir, — I believe that there has been some mistake \nin stating that the column which has been estimated for would \nbe the highest in the world. I have lately seen in a periodical \nwork a description of one erected after the Battle of Auster- \nlitz, which is 246 feet high, including the statue. The statue \nis 11 feet high. The height of the one estimated for is 210 \nfeet. The mistake originated, I believe, with General Dear- \nborn, but I do not know whether it is of much importance. \nIt will not be in my power to furnish the drawings mentioned \nso soon as they are wanted, and as I understand that the \nCommittee expect them from another quarter, I suppose it \nwill be no disappointment. \n\n. I shall consider myself honored in aiding the cause as far \nas my influence extends, and also in subscribing my mite to \ndefray the expense of the undertaking ; but I have no wish to \nenter into any contest about the designs. \n\nYours, &c., Solomon WiLiLArd. \n\nOn April 12, when Mr. AVebster was elected \nPresident of the Association by the Directors, he \n\n\n158 HISTORY OF THE \n\nmade a \"Report in part of the doings of the Board of \nArtists, of which he was chairman. The further \nconsideration of this Report was postponed to the next \nmeeting, and the Board was requested to report at \nthat time ^^ which of the plans submitted be entitled to \nthe premium of one hundred dollars as the best sub- \nmitted plan.\" It seems that a large number of plans \nwere submitted, about fifty, as nearly as can now be \nascertained, some of which were sent at a considerable \nexpense from a great distance, as that of Mr. Robert \nMills from Columbia, South Carolina, which was in \nthe form of an obelisk. \n\nOn April 26, the Board made the following Re- \nport : — \n\nThe Committee to whom were referred the plans and \ndesigns, &c., of different artists for a Monument on Bunker \nHill, beg leave further to report, — \n\nThat the number of designs, plans, and models is very con- \nsiderable, and that several of them show much talent and \ngreat architectural skill. The Committee, however, feeling \nmore and more persuaded that a column is not properly a \nmonumental structure such as the purposes of the Bunker \nHill Association require, have been obliged, from this consid- \neration, to reject a large proportion of the plans and designs \nsubmitted to them. Setting these aside, therefore, they rec- \nommend that the premium of one hundred dollars be awarded \nto Mr. Horatio Greenough for the model and section of an \nobelisk; and this model and all the remaining plans and \ndesigns are herewith presented to the Directors for their fur- \nther consideration. \n\nThe Committee, however, do not wish to be understood as \nadvising that the Monument on Bunker Hill be erected pre- \ncisely according to the model and plan of Mr. Greenough. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 159 \n\nOn the contrary, they feel unable at present to give any \n\nopinion other than the opinion contained in their last Eeport, \n\nand are intimately persuaded that they have not yet sufficient \n\ngrounds and materials to form one that would satisfy either \n\nthe Directors or themselves. \n\nDan'l Webster. \n\nGeo. Ticknor. \n\nW. Allston. \n\nG. Stuart. \n\nApril 25, 1825. \n\nThe following communication from Mr. Greenough \naccompanied the model presented by him, and, it is \npresumed, was presented with the Report together \nwith his model : — \n\nTo the Committee of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, \n\nGentlemen, — Having designed an ohelisk instead of a \ncolumn, and presented a model rather than a perspective \ndrawing for the purpose of illustration, it has seemed to me \nproper to explain what might be interpreted a wilful or neg- \nligent disregard to the published proposals of your com- \nmittee. \n\nI have given you my design in a model, because, as it may \nbe examined from every quarter, it may be said to contain \nin itself a perspective of the object, as seen from every point \ninstead of one only^ and is on that account more easily and \nperfectly understood. \n\nI have made choice of the obelisk as the most purely mon- \numental form of structure. The column, grand and beauti- \nful as it is in its place (where it stands beneath the weight of \na pediment, and supports a long line of heavy entablature), \nconsidered as a monument, seems liable to unanswerable ob- \njections. It steps forth from that body^ of which it has been \nmade a harmonious part^ to tiake a situation which, of all \nothers, requires unity of form : hence the more completely it \nhas heen fitted to a situation so different, the greater must be \n\n\n160 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe number of iiseless appendages and unmeaning parts when \nit assumes its new place and office ; in fact, that increase in \nthe upper part of the shaft of the column, in each of the \nGreek orders, as plainly implies a weight above^ to be sup- \nported, as the base implies a ground on which to Btand. \n\nThe proportions of this obelisk are taken from one at \nancient Thebes. The height from the ground to the top of \nthe plinth is twenty feet ; from the plinth to the apex of the \nshaft, one hundred feet. \n\nA circular stair-case, lighted by narrow windows or glazed \nloop-holes, — which could not be seen at a short distance, — \nmight be carried as high as the base of the pyramid in which \nthe structure terminates. This stair-case might be entered \nat one of the sides of the plinth by a door, of the same color \nas the rest of the building, and made without any projecting \nparts about it, so that the lines would not be cut up, or the \nmasses of light and shadow broken. \n\nThe entrance would be reached by ascending a flight of \ntwenty steps, which are to be seen on each side of the lower \nbase in the model. The four blocks at the angles are de- \nsigned to receive four groups of monumental or allegorical \nsculpture. These are indicated by the pieces of clay seen on \nthose parts of the model. But, should any circumstance pre- \nvent or delay the erection of these, four large field-pieces \nwould form noble and appropriate ornaments, and would \ncontrast pleasingly with the general form of the other parts \nof the structure. \n\nThe scale in the drawing of the section is reduced to one- \nhalf that of the model. — No. 12. \n\nThe record states with regard to this Report, \"On \nmotion, and after discussion of the principles of the \nKeport, it was voted to lay this Report on the table.\" \nIt was understood that Colonel Baldwin concurred with \nhis associates on the Board of Artists, though his \nsignature was not appended to the Report, as he was \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 161 \n\nabsent when it was written. Mr. Tieknor was the only \nmember of the Board present at this meeting of the \nDirectors, Mr. Stuart and Mr. Allston not being \nDirectors. As the feeling of the Board was then \npretty general in favor of the adoption of the column, \nit is not very surprising that this course was taken. \nOther pressing matters awaited the attention of the \nDirectors in view of the arrangements for the coming \n17th June, and the Report was not again called up, \nnor was the promised reward ever bestowed. \n\nMr. Greenough was a native of Boston, and was \nthen about to graduate from Harvard College in the \nclass of 1825, and to devote his life to ail, in which he \nafterwards achieved the highest distinction, reflecting \nhonor upon his Alma Mater and his country. His \nfine model of the obelisk form of the monument, and \nhis brief cogent statement of its superior merits to the \ncolumn, did much to change the general opinion in its \nfavor. Although he did not receive the one hundred \ndollars offered, — which the Association could ill \nafford to pay, — the unanimous award of the Board \nof Artists, as impartial as it was distinguished, to \nwhom the selection of the best design of all those sub- \nmitted was intrusted, was the highest testimonial that \ncould be given him. It was greatly valued by him, \nand, since his decease, has been proudly cherished by \nhis family, as the auspicious first fruit of his profes- \nsional success. \n\nThe model offered by Horatio Greenough is dis- \ntinctly remembered by many. It was of wood, painted \nof the color of granite. It had a flight of steps to \n\n21 \n\n\n162 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe base, with blocks at the coraers for the reception \nof suitable objects as ornaments, and a broad platform \ndesigned for statues, to be provided at a future period. \nWhen returned to Mr. Greenough, it had the word \n\" Adopted \" written upon it in a slanting direction by \nGilbert Stuart. After the decision of the Board, he \nsaid to Warren Dutton, Esq., \" An artist never has a \npencil in his pocket: lend me yours.\" Mr. Dutton \ngave him one, and saw him write the word. \n\nThe model was two feet high. It was an exquisite \nthing, and spoke its own praise to the general eye. \nThe wish has been expressed that whoever of the \nfamily relatives of the great sculptor may now have \nit will consent to place it in the possession of the \nAssociation. Colonel S wett, one of the committee last \nappointed to report the plan of a monument in the \nobelisk form, gave the authorship of the present plan \nof the Monument to Greenough. Amos Lawrence, \nalso, in a letter to Professor Packard, of Bowdoin \nCollege, dated \" December 30, 1852, evening,\" the day \nbefore he died, — and said to be the last letter he \nwrote, — stated that Greenough's plan \" was substan- \ntially adopted, although the column was amended by \nthe talents, taste, and influence of Loammi Baldwin, \none of our Directors.\" \n\nOn May 19, 1825, the special notice of twenty days \nrequired by the Resolution ofiered by Dr. Warren \nhaving been previously given, a meeting was held to \nact upon the plan of the Monument. Dr. Wan'en \nreceived on the same day the following letter from a \nBoston architect: — \n\n\nMODEL BY HORATIO CREENOUGH \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 163 \n\nBoston, 19th May, 1825. \nDr. J. C. Warren. \n\nSir, — I send you a model of a monument, to be offered to \nthe Committee of Bunker Hill Association, which meets to- \nday to decide on a plan ; and I regret that want of time has \nprevented a more finished design. -An attempt is made in \nthis model to combine the associations connected with the \nimportant event it is intended to commemorate, with conven- \nience and the public subscriptions. \n\n1. The obelisk may be of any height, and the base of any \nextent, adapted to the funds of the Society. Should an \nascent to the top of the obelisk be required, it is proposed to \naffix the stairs to its sides, as spiral stairs fatigue the passen- \nger by compelling a constant change of step adapted to stairs \nconstantly diminishing as they ascend. This is felt by all \nwho ascend the Washington Monument in Baltimore. To \nobviate the objection to windows in the sides of the obelisk, \nit is proposed to admit light from the top. \n\n2. As stairs on the outside of a fort militate with all the \nuses of fortification, while they diminish the grandeur of \nevery large design, the entrance is by a main gate in the \nbase, and the ascent by steps in the base of the obelisk. \n\n3. It is proposed that the platform be sufficiently extensive \nfor a promenade, and for groups of statuary, which the future \nresources, invention, and gratitude of posterity may supply. \n\n4. Cannon are placed on the four bastions, to be used at \nevery anniversary, and for other celebrations connected with \nAmerican independence. \n\nAll which are submitted, with respect, by your humble \n\nservant, \n\nG. W. Brimmer. \n\nAt this meeting, Mi\\ \"Webster, the President, both \nthe Vice-Presidents, Colonel Perkins and Judge \nStory, and nearly all the Directors, were present. \nThere was a long and animated debate. The result \nwas the passage of the following votes : — \n\n\n164 HISTORY OF THE \n\nVotedy That a Committee of five be appointed to report \nthe plan of an obelisk, and also of a column, with estimates \nof the expense of each. \n\nThat this Committee consist of the following gentlemen : \nGeneral Dearborn, E. Everett, Mr. Knowles, Colonel Harris, \nColonel Perkins. \n\nThe meeting adjourned to June 7, only ten days \nbefore the time for the great celebration, to hear the \nReport. At this adjourned meeting the following \nReport was presented: — \n\nReport of the Committee on Plans of an Obelisk and a Column, \n\nThe Committee which was directed to report plans of an \nobelisk and a column, with estimates of the cost of each, con- \nsidered it unsafe to trust to the genius and taste of modern \ntimes in the selection of designs of monuments which were \nancient in origin and execution. \n\nThe obelisk having been first and almost exclusively \nerected in Egypt, engravings of the most celebrated now \nstanding were examined ; but, being placed on a simple tab- \nlet of stone, their appearance in an isolated position, detached \nfrom the approaches of the splendid temples whose extended \navenues or spacious areas they once embellished, is desolate, \nnaked, and rude ; and they only become interesting and im- \nposing from an association of their great antiquity, and the \nitnagined legends of their unintelligible hieroglyphics, with \nthe fact that such lofty and ponderous masses of stone were \nwrought from a single block of Thebaic granite. They were \ntherefore rejected as models. Those which had been trans- \nported to Rome and Constantinople, and placed on appropri- \nate pedestals by distinguished artists, next claimed attention ; \nand drawings on an extended scale were made of the two \nwhich Augustus and Constantius brought from IleliopoHs \nand Alexandria, and placed in the Great Circus ; and ulti- \nmately that which stands in the Square of St. Giovanni was \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 165 \n\nselected, being, with its pedestal, considered the most sym- \nmetrical and magnificent. \n\nThis was the largest obelisk brought to Kome, the length \nof the shaft being one hundred and fifteen feet. The Em- \nperor Constantine intended to have placed it in one of the \npublic squares in Constantinople, and had it brought down \nthe Nile from Thebes to Alexandria, to be from thence trans- \nported to his new city ; but, after his death, his son Constan- \ntius made a visit to Rome, in the year 357, and, as a proof of \nhis regard for the ancient city of the empire, he had this \ntrophy brought from Egypt, and placed upon the Spina of \nthe Circus Maximus, ninety feet distant from that of Au- \ngustus. \n\nTowards the close of the sixteenth centuiy, it was found \nburied in the ruins of that magnificent circus, and placed in \nthe Square of St. Giovanni, by order of Pope Sixtus V., \nunder the direction of that celebrated architect and engineer, \nDominico Fontana. The lower end having been shattered \nby its fall, it became necessary to cut off seven feet to obtain \na plane and solid base, so that it is now only one hundred \nand eight feet high. The breadth at the bottom is nine feet \nsix inches, and eight feet thick. \n\nThe Committee present an elevation of this obelisk, and \nanalytical plans of the proposed construction. \n\nMr. Willard, the architect who made the drawings, states \nthat he was assisted by Mr. G. Bryant, an experienced \nmason, in estimating the cost of erecting such an obelisk of \nblocks of granite, and that it will amount to $60,000. \n\nIn selecting a plan for a column, the members of the Com- \nmittee were guided by the same principles which induced \nthem to decide on the form of an obelisk ; and, of the six \ncolossal columns now standing, Trajan's in Rome is the most \nancient, — except, perhaps, that called Pompey's, near Alex- \nandria,— and has been ever considered the most perfect in \nform and magnificent in execution. \n\nOf all the stupendous buildings which were in the Trajan \nForum, nothing remains but this column. It was designed \n\n\n166 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand executed by Apollodorus, the most celebrated architect \nof Rome. \n\nThe whole height of the column is 147 feet, according to \nsome writers, and others make it 141 ; the shaft, 108 ; the \npedestal, 19 ; and the crowning, about 14 feet. The diame- \nter of the shaft is represented to be from 12^^^ to 13 feet. It \nis composed of 33 tamboons, or blocks, of white marble ; the \npedestal being of 8, the base 1, the shaft 23, and the capital \nof 1. \n\nThe bas-reliefs of the pedestal represent trophies and bar- \nbarian arms. The shaft is adorned with bas-reliefs, mounting \nspirally from the bottom to the top, representing the victories \nof Trajan over the Dacae, which begin from the passage of \nthe Danube. This band of bas-reliefs passes twenty-three \ntimes round the shaft. On the top was a gilt-bronze statue \nof Trajan. \n\nTrajan had ordered this column to be erected ; but as he \ndied at Selinus, on his return from his Eastern conquests in \n117, it was completed by the senate and people of Rome, and \ndedicated to him ; and his ashes were put in a globe, which \nhis statue held in its left hand. \n\nSixtus V. finding the pedestal of the column buried by \nthe accumulation of the ruins of numerous edifices and of \nearth, he caused an excavation to be made around it quite to \nthe bottom, and placed the statue of St. Peter upon the top. \n\nThis grand structure was monumental, honorary, historical, \nand triumphal. It has been the model of that erected to \nMarcus A urelius, commonly called the Antonine column; of \nthe Theodosian in Constantinople ; and of the one erected \nby the Emperor Napoleon in the Place Vendome. Distin- \nguished artists have considered it the paragon of columns, \nwhile the scientific and accomplished Freart pronounced it \nthe queen of architecture. Learned travellers, of every age \nand country, have been lavish in its praise ; and for nearly \nseventeen centuries it has braved the ravages of time, the \nruinous incursions of barbarians, the devastations of wars, \nand still proudly stands, the admiration of the world. \n\n\nBUNKER niLL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 167 \n\nFrom these facts and considerations, and unwilling to run \nthe risk of compromitting the character of the Association, \nthe State, or country, by rendering either obnoxious to cen- \nsure from a solecism in architectural taste, the Committee did \nnot hesitate to recommend a like structure, extended to two \nhundred and twenty feet in height, with a proportional \ndiameter, but excluding the bas-reliefs on the pedestal, and \nthose which ascend spirally round the shaft, leaving it chas- \ntened to its graceful flutings. A castellated stereobata was \nadded, to embrace the steps : and on the bastioned angles it \nis proposed to place, mounted on iron or bronze carriages, the \ncannon presented by the Legislature ; thus exhibiting the \nkind of fortress and arms which were in use at the period \nthe battle was fought, as a substitute for the pile of barbarian \ntrophies and military weapons on which the column of Trajan \nappeal's to be reared. \n\nMr. Paris, the architect who furnished the elevations, \nestimates the cost at f 74,000 ; and, the plan having been \n, submitted to Mr. Willard, he calculates the expense of \nthe structure at $75,000: but, if of large blocks of from \nthree to twelve tons, and three-feet courses, it will amount \nto $85,000. Both of these artists were aided in their esti- \nmates by some of our most experienced mechanics, and \ntherefore great reliance is to be reposed on their results. \n\nH. A. S. Dearbokn, \n\nJune 2, 1825. Chairman of the Committee on Plans, \n\nThis Report was discussed at great length, and the \nquestion was finally taken by yeas and nays, and each \nDirector, being called in turn, answered as follows : — \n\n\nDaniel Webster, President, \n\nNo. \n\nAmos Lawrence . , \n\n. No. \n\nJoseph Story, Vice „ \n\nNo. \n\nJesse Putnam . . . \n\n. Yes. \n\nNathan Appleton . . . \n\nNo. \n\nSeth Knowles . . \n\n. . Yes. \n\nTx)animi Baldwin . . . \n\nNo. \n\nSamuel Swett . . , \n\n. . No. \n\nHenry A. S. Dearborn . \n\nYes. \n\nWilliam Sullivan . \n\n. . No. \n\nGeorge Blake .... \n\nYes. \n\nDavid Sears . . . \n\n. . No. \n\nIsaac P. Davis .... \n\nNo. \n\nGeorge Ticknor • , \n\n. . No. \n\nSamuel D. Harris . . . \n\nYes. \n\nJohn C. Warren . . \n\n. . No. \n\n168 HISTORY OF THE \n\nSo the Report was rejected by the vote of five in \nthe affirmative to eleven in the negative, and the \ncolumn fell to the ground. \n\nIt was then \n\nVoted, That the form of an obelisk shall be adopted for the \nproposed Monument, or in other words a pyramidal structure \nsuch as may be hereafter agreed on. \n\nThe following Committee was then chosen by ballot \nto report a design of an obelisk, or pyramidal structure, \nand to consider and report on the subject generally: \nLoammi Baldwin, George Ticknor, Jacob Bigelow, \nSamuel Swett, Washington Allston. \n\nThus was definitely settled the form of the Bunker \nHill Monument, and the prevailing opinion which was \noriginally entertained in favor of the column yielded \nto the confirmed judgment of the Board of Artists, \nwhich was probably reached by them after long delib- \neration, assisted in some measure at least by the argu- \nments of Mr. Greenough and other architects. \n\nMr. Everett, as soon as informed of the result, \ngracefully yielded in the following patriotic letter: — \n\nWest Point, June 14, 1825. \n\nMy dear Sir, — I received your favor of the 9th this \nmorning, and am much obliged to you for the precise and \ncandid account you give me of the decision. I had, I confess, \npretty much made up my mind, as you are aware, on the \nother side ; and not having the advantage of hearing the \ndebate, which preceded the decision, have had no reason to \ndepart from my first conclusion ; except the natural distrust \nI must, of course, feel in any judgment so powerfully opposed. \nAs it is, I acquiesce, with greatest cheerfulness, in the will of \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 169 \n\nthe majority. I should be unwilling, on every account, to be \nmade unhappy at not being able to carry a point relative to \nthe monument, — when I remember that Prescott lost the \nbattle and Warren his life, on the spot where the monument \nis to stand. \n\nBeing much occupied with the examination here (which is \nnot expected to close till the 26th), I have only time to \nrequest you, if the dinner should be prolonged till volunteer \ntoasts are in order, and if it be perfectly convenient to you, \nto do me the favor to propose the following for me : — \n\n\" The Heights of Charlestown, — consecrated by the blood \nof our fathers, adorned by the gratitude of their children. \nMay the Monument stand the comparison which after time \nwill make between Our spirit in commemorating and Theirs \nin achieving.\" \n\nI am much obliged to you for missing me. I believe, how- \never, there will be no lack of company. Mr. Webster writes \nme that all goes on well. \n\nIn haste, very faithfully yours, \n\nE. Everett. \n\nGeneral Dearborn, however, was not so ready to give \nup his strong convictions, but wrote to Colonel Perkins \nthe following letter, to be read to the Directors: — \n\nBoston, July 5, 1825. \n\nDear Sir, — In consequence of sickness in my family, it \nwill not be in my power to attend the Directors' meeting this \nevening ; but, as the obelisk reported will cost $100,000, and \nas many gentlemen prefer a still larger one, permit me to \nurge the propriety of adopting the column of Trajan, which \nwas exhibited some weeks since, and is now in our room. \n\nIt is certain we cannot finish the obelisk ; and, if begun \nand raised fifty or one hundred feet, the reason that is urged \nin favor of that form of monument — viz., that it will look \nwell if built only half or two-thirds of its height — will prevent \nan effort on the part of the public to finish it. \n\n22 \n\n\n170 HISTORY OF THE \n\nNow, the column has been estimated to cost but $75,000 \nby two of our most distinguished architects, who are also \npractical men, and constantly are, and have long been, super- \nintending the erection of stone edifices. I therefore do con- \nfide in their estimates. \n\nWe can leave out the crowning, the eagles at the comers \nof the pedestal, and the castellated base. Tliis would lessen \nthe cost of the column as follows : — \n\nCrowning $4,500 \n\nBronze eagles 6,000 \n\nCastellated base 6,000 \n\n$16,600 \n\nCost of column as per estimate $75,000 \n\nDeducting the above 16,500 \n\nCost of the column $58,500 \n\nSubscriptions can be more successfully extended for a col- \numn ; and I am confident that, by the contributions of the \npublic and the patronage of the State, funds can be obtained \nto finish the column in three years^ in conformity to the al- \ntered plan. \n\nIt will look better without the crowning, if a statue does \nnot surmount it; and it is perfect as an architectural struct- \nure without the eagles or castellated base. The two former \nmay at any future period be added : in the mean time, it will \nbe a magnificent structure. \n\nI am quite sure a column will give more satisfaction to the \npublic, and it is within our power to erect it ; but I cannot \nindulge a hope of seeing an obelisk, of thirty or forty feet \nbase, ever completed. \n\nIt is from a deep conviction that our surest and best course \nis to adopt the column, that I press this subject ; and^ as it is \nthe only remaining chance for stating these facts^ I beg you to \nmake such use of them as you may think proper. My only \nobject is to successfully accomplish what we have undertaken, \nand not leave it for posterity. We are the posterity of the \ntimes and deeds we wish to commemorate ; and let us, there- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 171 \n\nfore, not begin a structure which will for a century be a \nruin. \n\nVery respectfully, your most obedient servant, \n\nH. A. S. Dearborn. \n\nCol. Th. H. Perkins. \n\nThe following estimate of Mr. Willard was probably \nfurnished to General Dearborn at about the same \ntime : — \n\nDear Sir, — I have made a rough sketch and estimate for \ntwo columns, which have nearly the proportions of the Trajan \nand Antonine columns at Rome ; excepting that the pedes- \ntals are a little higher than the pedestal of the Trajan col- \numn, and not so high as that of the Antonine. A column \n220 feet high and 20 feet in diameter, having the figure of \nthe sketch, will cost about $37,000, if the construction be \nlike the one in Baltimore, or like our common stone build- \nings, as represented on the plan marked A. If constructed \nof large blocks, as represented at C on the same plan, it will \nnot cost much less than $50,000 under the best management. \n\nThe small column, 120 feet high and 11.6 in diameter, will \ncost, if constructed of large blocks according to the sketch, \nabout $15,000. If the expense of any intermediate size \nshould be required, its comparative cost will be nearly as the \nsquare of its diameter to the square of the diameter of the \nlarge column, supposing no error in the estimate. \n\nN.B. — The estimates are made for granite equal to the \nbase of the new United States Bank, State Street. \n\nYours, &c., \n\nSolomon Willard. \n\nMonday, July. \n\nGeneral Deai'born desired to see the Monument \ncompleted in his time, and for the reason of economy \npreferred a plain column divested of ornaments, as \nbeing within the means of the Association. And yet \n\n\n172 HISTORY OF THE \n\nhe was aware that at some ftitiire time there would be \na demand for a statue to surmount it. On the con- \ntrary, General Sullivan was satisfied to see only the \ncommencement of a grand work. He wrote Dr. War- \nren in relation to the obelisk: ^*I understand that the \nCommittee will report thirty feet base. I shall vote \nagainst it. I am for forty, if it goes up but fifty feet \nin my day, and would prefer fifty feet base.\" \n\nIt will be observed that not only Mr. Everett, but \nColonel Perkins, who was of the Committee in favor \nof the column, was absent at the time of the decision. \nHad Dr. Warren adhered to them, and had the three \nbeen present to re-enforce General Dearborn in his \nardent support of the column, their combined influence \nmight have enabled him to carry his point. This fact \nshould be remembered in commendation of Dr. Warren, \nthat, considering if the column had been adopted and \nerected, there was a general desire that it should some \ntime be surmounted by a statue of his martyr uncle, \nhis declaring for the obelisk, and probably turning the \nscale in favor of its adoption, was a noble relinquish- \nment on his part of the opportunity of family honor to \nthe unselfish desire to erect a monument that should \nbe purely national. \n\nThe Directors were not without advice from other \nintelligent quarters. William Austin, an eminent \ncounsellor of Charlestown, — a graduate of Harvard \nCollege of the class of 1798, — an author also of great \nmerit, and one of the grantors of the land of the \nAssociation, sent a communication recommending the \n\n\nBUNKER niLL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 173 \n\nerection of an elegant, permanent building, containing \na hall for lectures, an Athenaeum, and a gallery of \nfine arts, — thus uniting the useful and ornamental \nwith the commemorative. There is now no trace of \nthe plan he proposed in existence, nor is it known \nhow far he had furnished the details. It would appear, \nhowever, that he withdrew his objections to the Monu- \nment as he afterwards was elected on the Board of \nDirectors. \n\nIt remained for \"William Ladd, — a graduate of \nHarvard College of the class of 1797, — known as \nthe Apostle of Peace, and President of the American \nPeace Society, to present his objections to the obelisk \nin this carefully prepared letter to his old classmate, \nwhich received the respectful consideration of the \nDirectors, but, however, did not alter their views or \npurposes : — \n\nMiNOT, County of Cumberland, State of Maine, \n\nJan. 3, 1826. \nDoctor John C. Warren. \n\nDeab Sir, — In looking over the \" plans of the Church of \nBatalha/' which you will receive with this, I find that I have \nassociated in my mind the Mausoleum of King Emanuel, \nwhich is octagonal, with that of King John, which is square \nfor the first story, and afterward an octagon. If you look \nat the \"general plan\" of the church (plate No. 1), you will \nfind the ground plan of the mausoleum of Emanuel marked \nR, and the view and elevation of the same as it was intended \nto be built, in plate No. 14. This is certainly beautiful ; but \nit is better suited to a level than a hill, — is too extensive and \ncostly, and has many other objections, — though it would be \nvery suitable for a national mausoleum at Washington. \n\nThe mausoleum of King John (the ground plan) j'ou will \n\n\n174 HISTORY OF THE \n\nfind on the general plan marked C, — the west elevation in \nplate No. 7, — the south elevation in plate No. 10, and a view \nof the interior in plate No. 11. I should propose the adop- \ntion of this plan with one alteration, viz., an octagonal base \ninstead of a square one, — which I suppose was adopted in \nthis case, on account of its being joined to the church, which \nwould not have been done well in an octagonal form in the \nplace in which it was situated. \n\nI should prefer the octagonal base : 1st, because it is more \nin symmetry with the superetructure ; 2d, because it encloses \na greater space than the square, in proportion to the external \nsurface ; 3d, because it gives a greater height in proportion \nto the base in realitijy and still greater in appearance^ and \nlastly because I should not like a servile imitation of any \nmodel, however good. I should prefer to have the 7nain part \nof the building of granite, the ornamental^ both within and \nwithout, of the dark-colored freestone from Connecticut, or \nmarble. You will please to observe that, by adopting the \noctagon for the base, the clumps of spires at each corner \nwould be avoided, and the whole much simplified. It would \nalso perhaps be well to omit some other parts of the orna- \nmental work. I would have the windows of stained glass, \nand if practicable with appropriate devices. In the centre I \nwould place a sarcophagus enclosing the remains of General \nWarren, and perhaps other sarcophagi under the adjoining \nalcoves, and tablets to the memory of other oificers who \nfought on that day, whether slain or not, on the pillars ; and \nappropriate places would be found for inscriptions describing \nthe battle, — an account of the erection of the monument, — \nthe names of the committee, donors, — laying of the corner- \nstone, &c. It is unnecessary to go further into detail, as the \njudgment of the Committee would, undoubtedly, suggest im- \nprovements. In the list of subscribers to this book, I find the \nname of Charles Bulfinch, Esq., of Boston. As he is a cele- \nbrated architect, if any such plan should be adopted, it would \nbe well to consult him. \n\nI pass now to considerations of a general nature, and will \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 175 \n\noffer some reasons why a mausoleum, something like what I \nhave alluded to, would be preferable to a pillar or an obelisk. \n\nThe great objection to the pillar and obelisk is that they \nare trophies ojf victory. The obelisk is less objectionable than \nthe pillar ; but, whatever may be the intentions of the Com- \nmittee, the obelisk is, and ever will be, considered as a trophy \nof victory, — a monument erected to national glory, — an \nobject which will be the first to strike the eye of an English- \nman, as he approaches our shores, in the same manner as the \ncaptured American standards in St. Paul's strike an Ameri- \ncan,— exciting feelings of mortified pride, hatred, and re- \nvenge. Now a monument which is unequivocally sepulchral \nwill have no such effect. \n\nBy adopting the plan of a monument purely sepulchral, \nthere would be a great accession to the funds of the Associa- \ntion. Many who now object to the obelisk, on account of its \nbeing considered by them as a trophy of victory, would very \nwillingly come forward to aid in honoring the dead, provided \nthey could do it without, as they think, endangering the \npeace of the living. Those, on the contrary, who have al- \nready subscribed can have no reasonable objections to the \nproposed plan, or, if they have, will be unwilling to avow \nthem. \n\nThe proposed mausoleum would probably be more durable \nthan the obelisk, — not from natural but from moral causes. \nShould war, foreign or civil, again ravage our country, the \nobelisk would furnish a quarry, from which the defenders of \nthe city — in imitation of the conduct of the Athenians, who \ndemolished their monuments to rebuild their walls — would \ndraw materials for the fortification of Charlestown Neck, or \nthe construction of a fort on the spot. This no one could \nobject to, as necessity has no law. But the assailants might \nalso use the materials, which a single barrel of gunpowder \nwould prostrate on the ground, for similar purposes. This \nwould not be the case with the mausoleum, the materials of \nwhich would be few in comparison with the other, and unfit \nfor fortifications ; and the beauty and sanctity of the struct- \nure would preserve it like the Lantern of Diogenes and the \nAcropolis, through ages of barbarism. \n\n\n176 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe obelisk furnishes no shelter for sarcophagi inscriptions, \ntablets, or sculpture of any kind, and should a statue be \nerected on Bunker Hill, even of colossal size, it would be \nlost in contiguity with the gigantic obelisk. The mausoleum \nfurnishes a remedy for all this, and an area on which may be \nerected the statues of the heroes who fell in the conflict, — \nwhich may be carved by some future Phidias or Praxiteles, — \nwhich would be thus protected from the weather, and this \nbuilding may in time be to Boston what Westminster Abbey \nis to London. \n\nForeigners have always reproached us for our want of taste, \nespecially in Gothic models, and the \" Yankee Gothic \" has \nbeen the by-word of Europeans. The fact is, we are obliged \nto make our taste give way to our convenience. The con- \ngregation that builds a church must be comfortably accommo- \ndated with seats, let what will become of architecture. Here \nthere are no such objections, and the mausoleum may exhibit a \nmodel of architecture, which for symmetry, beauty, durability, \nsituation, and tlie most sacred moral associations, is not \nequalled in the world. \n\nThe obelisk must be vast and stupendous, or it is nothing. \nIt can surprise only by its magnitude. It has no other at- \ntractive feature. Even then, if nearly viewed, it loses its \neffect, because the eye cannot take in the whole altitude. \nIf viewed from a distance, even 220 feet of altitude would \nappear diminutive, because there is nothing to compare it \nwith but the hill itself, in comparison with which it would \nonly appear like a flagstaff. It must, therefore, be vast — \nimmense. But, to be vast, it must also be very expensive. \nIt is not easy to calculate the cost of raising large stones to \nthe height of 220 feet. The expense of the bare staging \nwould build a respectable mausoleum. Should the funds fail, \n— should dissensions arise, — should the obelisk remain un- \nfinished, what a conspicuous and durable object of sarcasm \nand ridicule would it furnish its opponents at home and \nabroad I \n\nThe only use of the monument is to mark a place which, \nwithout it, would never be forgotten. As a token of a na- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 177 \n\ntion's gratitude and honor to the mighty dead, it can never \nequal the mausoleum. As a monument of national glory, it \nis worse than nugatory. A nation may honor itself by grati- \ntude to its benefactors, but a nation cannot honor itself by \nerecting trophies to its glory, any more than an individual \ncan honor himself by erecting his own statue. \n\nFinally the mausoleum would be useful, not only in every \nthing in which it comes in competition with the obelisk in \npreserving the inscriptions, sculpture, and archives, but in \naffording a place of meditation and retirement, where an \nAmerican might meet with an Englishman as a reconciled \nbrother, who might join him in admiration of English princi- \nples carried to perfection by descendants of Englishmen ; and \na place for future celebrations, where a small assembly might \nbe addressed from a pulpit within, and a vast concourse from \nthe balustrade without. \n\nMore might be said, but it is unnecessary. An objection \narises, — that the form of the obelisk has been already de- \ntermined on. This determination, however, as I understand, \nwas only to give the obelisk the preference to the column. \nBut, if it were otherwise, it must be remembered that second \nthoughts are often best. Many gentlemen of respectability \nagree with me on this subject. I have mentioned the plan to \nno one who has not immediately fallen in with it, and I think \nno one can have any objection. Any alteration then, if there \nbe one, must be considered as a change of, and dictated by, \npublic opinion. \n\nI feel as though I ought to make some apolog}'^ for having \n80 far intruded on a subject in which I am only interested as \na private individual ; but I also feel as though I had already \ntoo far trespassed on your patience. \n\nPlease to do me the favor to show this letter and the plans \n\naccompanying it to General Sullivan, with whom I have had \n\nsome conversation on the subject ; and to the Committee. \n\nAnd I would thank you to acknowledge the receipt of it that \n\nI may know whether you have received the book. \n\nWith respect, your obedient servant, \n\nWm. Ladd. \n\n23 \n\n\n178 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nAt this distance of time, it may fairly be claimed \nthat those fearful apprehensions in this regard were \nwholly groundless. There is no danger whatever that \nthe obelisk now erected on Bunker Ilill will ever be \nbattered down by a hostile power, or that its massive \nmaterial will be disjointed and used for works of mili- \ntary defence, as suggested by Mr. Ladd's letter. It \nw411 always be its own great defender. Much less \nreason there is to fear that, like the Napoleon Column \nin Place Vendome, it will ever be thrown down in the \nrage of some civil commotion. It will stand ever, \nfast-rogted in our Earth, impregnable, alike in its \nmatchless construction, and in the aflTections of the \npeople whose proud inheritance of glory it com- \nmemorates. Nothing but some dire convulsion of \nnature, under God's overruling providence, can sub- \nvert it. Whenever, by an unalterable international \nlaw, all nations by general consent, following the \nrecent example of Great Britain and the United States \nof America, shall substitute Arbitration for AVar as \ntheir \" ultima ratio,\" it will still be as dearly cherished \nfor its sacred associations with the glorious memories \nof the past, and its incentives to the highest hopes of \nthe future; nor can it ever be deemed oflFensive, or \neven inappropriate in form, as commemorating the \nsuccess of the great Cause itself, for which men gave \ntheir lives, and not simply as expressing the merited \npraise of their heroic death. \n\n\nCHAPTER IX. \nIncipere dimidium est. \n\nLOAMMI BALDWIN was born in 1780, in Wo- \nburn, a townsbip set oif from Charlestown. \nHis father, Loammi Baldwin, was wbat was termed a \n\" st'lf-made man,\" by which is ordinarily meant one who \nhas improved what advantages he had wherever he \ncould find them outside of school or college, and after \neehool-days are over. He was a particiUar friend of \nhis neighbor in early life, Benjamin Thompson, after- \nwards the celebrated Count Rumford. They fre- \nquently walked to Cambj'idge to attend the courses \nof college lectures on Mechanics and Natural Philoso- \npliy. Both came to be distinguished, — Count Kum- \nford on the continent of Europe and ia England; and \nBaldwin at home, and in his native County of Middle- \nsex. The latter i-cfclvcd ;in honorary degree at \nHarvard College, and was Fellow of the American \nAcademy. He was employed, as Director of the \nCorporation, in superintending the .construction of \nthe Middlesex Canal, which connected the waters of \nthe Merrimack and Charles Rivers. He had three \nsons, who became celebrated as civil engineers, and \nhad the charge of many important public works, both \nin the plaiming and execution. \n\n\n180 HISTORY OF THE \n\nLoarami Baldwin, the son, was a graduate of Har- \nvard College, of the famous class of 1800, in which \nwere Washington Allston, the artist, Colonel Samuel \nSwett, the first historian of the Battle of Bunker Hill, \nChief-justice Lemuel Shaw, Judge Samuel Prescott \nPutnam Fay, and Rev. Dr. Charles Lowell. He was \nfond of telling a playful anecdote of his own experi- \nence in the profession of the law, which he first under- \ntook. He had a great many callers at his ofiice, he \nsaid; but they always came to inquire where Fay's \noflSce was, and he would kindly direct them to his \nclassmate in the story above. He soon shut up his \nofiice, and devoted himself to the profession of a civil \nengineer, for which he thoroughly prepared himself. \nFor this purpose he went abroad, and continued his \neducation under the advice and patronage of Count \nKumford, his father's old friend. He was deemed to \nbe the first civil engineer of the United States in his \ntime, and had the charge of the construction of the \ndry docks at the Charlestown and Norfolk Naval \nStations, and of other national works; and he was also \nemployed to make surveys and reconnoissances of \ngreat undertakings proposed by the Commonwealth \nof Massachusetts and the City of Boston, as well as \nby corporations and public bodies out of the State. \nHis great forte was the ability to estimate rightly \nthe strength of materials for different structures, and \nof foundations for arches of bridges, and to draw de- \nsigns combining gracefulness with strength of con- \nstruction. He made himself conversant also with the \nprinciples of architecture, especially as applied to all \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 181 \n\nstructures of this kind. He was the first to recom- \nmend the making of a tunnel through the Hoosac \nMountain, as lying in the way of the best route con- \nnecting Boston with Hudson River; and, had this \nlong-delayed enterprise been carried on in his day \nand under his superintendence, the Commonwealth \nwould have been richer by many millions than she \nnow is. He was also appointed sole commissioner by \nthe City of Boston to examine the different sources of \nwater supply, and to report the best source, and one \nof a sufficient elevation, to furnish the city with pure \nwater by gravitation. His report is a complete and \nexhaustive treatise on the subject of wells, aqueducts, \nand water supply. Boston was not ready to carry \non the work in his lifetime, — his death occurred in \n1838; but it was done under the direction of his \nbrother, James F. Baldwin, and, singularly enough, \nthe Mystic Water Works, a twin source of supply for \nthe newly annexed territory of Charlestown and the \nadjoining municipalities, and now the almost invaluable \npossession of Boston, were constructed under the \nsuperintendence of his younger brother, George R. \nBaldwin. He also furnished, with great pains, the \nDirectors of the Warren Bridge Corporation with an \nelaborate plan of a wide stone bridge, with two cir- \ncular drive-ways over the channel, the adoption of \nwhich would have saved an incalculable sum to the \nunited cities. \n\nIt was fortunate that the Association was able to \nhave, in the beginning, his valuable and gratuitous \nservices as chairman of this important Committee, to \n\n\n182 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwhom was referred the general subject of the plan of \na monument, to be in the form of an obelisk or some \npyramidal structure. In the records he is more com- \nmonly named as Colonel Baldwin, though he was \nnever commissioned with any military title; but from \nhis professional eminence, and his noble personal \nbearing, the title was put upon him by a sort of popu- \nlar authority, and it became a part of his name, — in \nthese days he would have been called a general, by \ncommon consent; or he might have inherited the title \nfrom his father, who really was a colonel in the \nRevolutionary army. \n\nTwo of his associates on this Committee of the \nAssociation were not on the Board of Directors, — his \nclassmate Allston and Dr. Jacob Bigelow, who were \nselected as being connoisseurs in works of this nat- \nure; while his other classmate. Colonel Swett, and also \nProfessor Ticknor, were taken as the fittest represen- \ntatives of the Board in the line of art. \n\nThe whole Committee spent much time in deter- \nmining the proportions of the Monument. Colonel \nBaldwin took them to the Boston and Roxbury Mill- \ndam, whence, across the then vacant space, the surface \nof Bunker Hill could be seen; and he fastened against \nthe railing of the sidewalk, in turn, miniature models \nhe had prepared of different proportions, and then, \ngoing to a sufficient distance in the opposite direction, \nso that the model would appear to the eye to be trans- \nferred to the hill, as if standing thereon in full size, he \nwould study with them its effect as seen at a distance. \nThus, by comparison, they were enabled to decide* \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCLVnON. 183 \n\nupon the proper size of base, and the proper scale of \ndiminish which would seem to be most sti'iking. In \nthis way, they fixed upon the size and proportion \nwhich they reported. They departed from the model \nof Greenough, which showed the form of an obelisk \nupon an extended platform twenty feet high, with a \nshaft one hundred feet high, reached by a flight of steps \non each of the four sides of the base, with buttresses \nat the corners, for the reception of appropriate orna- \nments; perhaps for the reason that his plan would \nbe too expensive, but more probably because a lower \nplatform and a loftier shaft would be more effective. \nThey reported a platform twenty feet wide, and only \ntwo feet high, which yet remains to be constructed. \n\nWhen the whole Committee had agreed upon the out- \nward form, the report as to details and style of the inte- \nrior construction was mainly intrusted to the chairman. \nThe whole report was drawn up by Colonel Baldwin \nin his own neat, uniform, and compact handwriting, \nthe original of which is still preserved. It was first \nread at the meeting of the Board held July 1, 1825, \nby Mr. Ticknor, in the absence of the chairman; and \nat the adjourned meeting, July 5, it was unanimously \nadopted. It is as follows: — \n\nTo the Directors of the Bunker II III Monument Association. \n\nThe Committee appointed at a meeting of the Directors of \nthe Bunker Hill Monument Association, on the seventh day of \nJune, 1825, \" to report a design of an obelisk or pyramidal \nstructure, and to consider and report on the subject gen- \nerally,\" beg leave to report : — \n\n\n184 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThat they have carefully examined and considered the sub- \nject submitted to them by the above vote of the Board, and \nthat they are unanimously of opfnion that the most suitable \nmonument to be erected, pursuant to the design of the As- \nsociation, is an obelisk, or frustum of a quadrangular pyramid, \nthe base of which shall be a square of thirty feet on each side, \nto rise two liundred and twenty feet from tlie platform or \nground on which it is to be erected ; to be surmounted with \nan apex having its upper angle ninety degrees, and to be \nfifteen feet square at the top, agreeably to the plans and \nsection herewith presented. \n\nThat the position of the building shall be such that its \nfour faces shall be respectively opposite the four cardinal \npoints of the compass, and the north and south faces shall \nintersect, at right angles, the plane of the meridian passing \nthrough the axis of the monument. \n\nThat the foundation shall be laid twelve feet deep, or at \nsuch a depth as to give, upon careful examination of the \nground, a stable and certain support to the fabric ; and, upon \nthe supposition that twelve feet is a sufficient depth for this \npurpose, the foundation shall commence on a square of fifty \nfeet upon each side, and rise, by regular offsets or otherwise, to \nthe proper height to receive the base of the obelisk, where it \nshall be at least thirty feet square. The stones composing the \nfoundation to be at least two feet thick, and of the largest \ndimensions consistent with due economy and convenience in \nworks of such magnitude. The stones to be all dressed or \nhammered in their bed and build, and to have no small irreg- \nular stones or rubble-work in the foundation. \n\nThat, in order to obtain a sufficient knowledge of the nat- \nure of the soil on which the foundation is to be placed, it is \nexpedient to sink a well near the proposed site, either on the \nmeridian before named, or on a line at right angles with it, \nopposite the centre of the east or west front. The Board \nwill thus ascertain to what depth, and in what manner, a \nsecure foundation will be attainable, and at the same time \nprocure a convenient supply of water for all purposes re- \nquired in the work. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 185 \n\nThat, previous to excavating for the foundation, the site \nshould be carefully examined, to ascertain at what level, in \nrelation to the surface of the hill about it, the platform shall \nbe fixed ; so that in forming the terre-plein^ or a suitable and \nconvenient area round the monument, an economical disposi- \ntion of the earth shall be obtained, without incurring the \nexpense of costly excavation or filling. Upon this point the \nCommittee consider it very essential to preserve as high a \nlevel for the platform as the nature of the land will admit, \nconsistent with that easy approach to, and promenade round, \na public monument of such grandeur and importance. \n\nThat the obelisk shall be erected of the dimensions and \nproportions and in the manner represented in the plan and \nsection of the drawing herewith presented. That is to say, \nthere shall be formed, in the interior of the building, a hollow \nnewel or drum, six feet in its interior diameter, and rising from \nthe level of the platform to the top, to consist of a circular \nwall one foot and a half in thickness. Round this newel \nshall be constructed a winding staircase of hewn stone, four \nfeet wide at bottom, with steps having rises not exceeding \neight inches, and of such breadth of tread as to make an easy \nand commodious ascent. The interior face of the principal \nwalls shall be circular and concentric with the newel, and the \nstairs shall be firmly imbedded in, and connected with, said \nwalls at one end, and at the other they shall be secured in \nthe circular wall, which forms the inner drum or newel. \nThere shall be formed, at intervals, suitable landings, or \nplaces of repose, in the staircase, with narrow openings \nthrough the said circular wall of the newel, for the introduc- \ntion of air and light. Through the principal walls of the \nobelisk shall be made openings to admit light, to be as high \nupon the outside as the thickness of one of the exterior stone \ncourses, and half an inch or an inch wide. The interior \nof said openings to diverge sufiBciently for the admission of \nlight ; or that said openings on the exterior shall be two or \nthree inches wide, and filled, flush with the face of the build- \ning, with thick blocks of ground-glass, so as to preserve at \n\n24 \n\n\n186 HISTORY OF THE \n\na distance the appearance of uniformity in the color of the \nmonument. \n\nThe principal outward walls of the structure shall consist \nof large, well-hammered stones, with the bed and build ham- \nmered or dressed sufficiently to give solidity to the whole \nmass, and no backing stones to be used which are not also \nwell dressed, and of proper magnitude to suit the size of the \nexterior courses, which shall be from two to three feet in \nheight, so as to present as few joints as possible to the \nweather. \n\nThat, in the execution of the work, it is expedient to make \nsuch contracts for supplying the materials, making the neces- \nsary excavations, dressing and hammering the stones, &c., as \nshall be found economical and expeditious ; but that the \nerection of the obelisk, and all labor of laj^ing the foundation, \nshould be intrusted to the care and superintendence of an \nexperienced stone-mason, of known industry and integritj\", \nand the work to be performed by hired workmen under his \ndirection. \n\nThat some skilful architect should be employed, in whom \nthe public, as well as the Board, may justly have confidence, \nwho shall make and prepare the detailed and working plans ; \nand who shall see that the execution of the monument shall \nbe, throughout, faithfully and substantially performed, agree- \nably to the plans and directions to be adopted and delivered \nby the Board, or a committee by them appointed for that \npurpose. \n\nThat, in order to carry on this most important work in a \nsimple, expeditious, and efficient manner, it is expedient that \na building committee, to consist of three members of the \nBoard, should be appointed, to whom shall be delegated full \nand ample powers to enter into all contracts; employ an \narchitect, superintending stone-mason, and other workmen \nand laborers ; to furnish materials ; and generally to do and \nperform all things in behalf of the Association which shall \nbe necessary for the completion of the monument. \n\nThat, when the obelisk shall have been completed, and not \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 187 \n\nbefore, there shall be formed round it a firm platform of \nbroad, well-hammered stones, resting on foundation walls, \nand extending to the distance of twenty feet from each face \nof the building ; having at the exterior boundary three steps \nof not more than eight inches rise each, running round the \nwliole platform : the steps and platform to rest on firm and \nsubstantial stone walls, to be laid in such manner and to such \ndepths as to resist all action of frost, or other ordinary cause \nof derangement. \n\nThat the construction of said platform, as well as every \ndisposition or appropriation of the land belonging to the As- \nsociation, round or adjoining the site of the monument, should \nbe postponed until the completion of the obelisk, or until \nsome urgent and unexpected exigency shall otherwise require. \n\nThat the estimate of the expense of the monument which \nis hereto annexed, and which the committee request may be \nconsidered part of their report, has been made upon consulta- \ntion with one of the most experienced and skilful stone- \nmasons that your Committee are acquainted with ; and they \npresent it, as nearly conformable to the foregoing description, \nand the most satisfactory as to its result, which can be ex- \npected for a work so entirely new and peculiar as the pro- \nposed monument. \n\nIn presenting this general description of a plan for the \nmonument, together with a sketch of the scheme to be pur- \nsued in its erection, your Committee are aware that many \ndetails and minute descriptions of the work are wanting. \nThey have considered that these might well be omitted in \ntheir report, as they would more properly be considered in \npreparing working plans for the execution of the edifice ; and \nmore especially as many slight deviations and modifications \nwill necessarily be made in the workmanship, which require \nthe attention and care of the architect. But they have \nthought enough has been given to enable the Board to decide \nupon its general merits. Several other propositions have \nbeen examined, which presented dimensions and proportions \nvarying from those of the plan they herein recommend. One \n\n\n188 HISTORY OF THE \n\nscheme was to preserve the relative proportion of base and \ntop, and to make the base a square of forty feet, and the top \ntwenty feet. Another was to enlarge the base to forty or \nfifty feet, and give the top a proportionally smaller area, so \nas to present an outline more distinctly pyramidal. But your \nCommittee having taken into consideration the funds already \nprovided or probably attainable, as well as the practical com- \npliance with the general wishes of the Board and the public, \nhad no hesitation in adopting the plan recommended, as the \none most likely to be finally and satisfactorily accomplished. \n\nAll which is respectfully submitted by \n\nL. Baldwin. \nGeo. Tioknor. \nJacob Bigelow. \nSaml. Swett. \nW. Allston. \nBoston, July 1, 1825. \n\nEstimate of the Expenses of building an Obelisk 220 Feet high^ on a Square \nBase of 30 Feet and 15 Feet, of Quincy Granite, \n\nFoundation. \n\nExcavation for foundation, say 52 feet square and 12^ \n59 V 5*^ V 1*^ \ndeep=: \"^ ,2\\Q ''='^^ squares at $2 per > $300 \n\nsquare J \n\nFoundation of masonry, say 50 feet square at bottom/ \n30 feet square at top, and 12 feet deep = 784 \nperches, which, including stones, hammering, mor- \ntar, laying, &c., at if 10 per perch \n\n\n7,840 \n\n\nS8,140 \n\n\nObelisk. \n\nStones for walls of the obelisk 3,538 perches, of which > a- gns \n\n1,179 or J for outside, at $5 per perch .... | ^ » \n\nand 2,349 or J for interior, at $3 per perch . . 7,047 \n\nHammered face of obelisk 220 feet high, 3 feet base, \n\n30 V 15 \n\nand 15 at top, on each side = — X 220 = 4950 y q^qqq \n\nfeet square on each exterior face, or 4,950 X 4 = ^^^ ^ \n\n19.800 square feet in the whole, at $0.50 . . . -* — |0«J- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\n\n189 \n\n\nAmount brought forward $22,832 \n\nAverage area of masonry 402 feet, 147 courses of 1^ \nfoot each, gives for bed and build in square feet \n402 X 127 X 2 = 118,188 feet. Add i for perpen- \ndicular joints 50,094 \n\n\noutside \n\n\n177,282 ; from this deduct 4 for \n29,547 \n\n\ny 16,250 \n\n\nHammering . =147,735 feet, at $0.06 = $8,864. \nfor outside = 29,547 „ .25= 7,386. \n\n\n>» \n\n\n330 steps y 8 inches rise, average tread 1 foot, hara- > \nmered rise and tread, say 2 feet, and 4 long in the > 1,320 \ndraw = 4 X2 X 330 = 2,640 square feet, at $0.50) \n\nStones for steps, 1.16 X .67 X 6= 4.66 cubic feet in ) \neach, say 5 feet at $0.20= $1 per step . . . $330 [■ 660 \nLaying do. at $1 each 330 ) \n\nLaying 3,538 perches at $5 per perch, including scaf- > -.^ /,qq \nfolds, rigging, &c j\" ^ *>\"*'\" \n\nExtra hammering and laying circular staircase and > ^ ^.^^ \nhollow newel,' say 20,000 feet, at $0.20 . . . . | *'\" \n\nRoman cement^ say 100 casks, at $7 . . . . \nLime and sand, at $0.75 per perch .... \n\nPlatform. \n\n\n$700) oq-O \n\n2,653; ^''^^'^ \n\n\nPlatform^ say 20 feet wide all round, and 3 steps 1 ' \nfoot 2 inches tread each = 5,029 square feet of top \nsurface, llise of steps 8 incites, say 1 foot for \ntop, &c. . . . =1,176 square feet. \n\n5,029 \n\nHammered face =6,205 square feet at $1.25, in- \ncluding stones, hammering, and laying .... \n\nFoundation walls for platform and steps, say equal to ) \ni wall under whole 6 feet deep, 107 X 23.5 X 6 = >■ \n603 perches, at $5 =) \n\nExcavation for platform 24 feet wide all round the > \nobelisk, and 6 feet deep, = 143 squares, at $1 . \\ \n\n\n$7,756 \n\n\n3,015 \n\n\n143 \n\n\nAdd for windows, iron clamps, railing to staircase, ) \nframework for window on top, door, &c. . . . \\ \n\n\n$8,140 \n\n\n$66,115 \n\n\n10,914 \n4,831 \n\n\nAdd also for contingencies, superintendence, &c. \n\nTotal . . \n\n\n$90,000 \n10,000 \n\n$l\"00^000 \n\n\nThe number of the Building Committee was, how- \never, enlarged from three to five ; and General Sullivan \n\n\n190 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwas appointed to draw up the rules for their govern- \nment. \n\nOn July 12, the following gentlemen were chosen \nby ballot to be the Building Committee: L. Bald- \nwin, S. Knowles, J. C. Warren, General Dearborn, \nand Amos Lawrence. \n\nColonel Baldwin was probably called from home at \nthis time on his surveys, as would appear from the \ndate of the following reply: — \n\nBoston, Aug. 8, 1825. \n\nDear Sir, — I had the pleasure of receiving a note from \nyou, informing me that, on the 12th of July last, I had the \nhonor of being elected a member of the Committee for erecting \nthe Bunker Hill Monument ; and to day I was favored with \na copy of the rules and regulations to govern the Building \nCommittee, adopted July 12, 1825, and I feel much obliged \nby your communication of this document. I must, however, \ndecline serving on this Committee ; and I beg you to acquaint \nthe Board of Directors that, while I am duly impressed with \nthe honor conferred by their vole, I can never serve them, or \nany other body of men, under such rules and regulations as \nthey have adopted to govern the proceedings of the Com- \nmittee. My objections are principally founded on the 3d and \n6th articles. I never have been, and I can never consent to \nbe, employed on any service where I am to be personally \nresponsible, in a pecuniary way, for accidents and occurrences \nbeyond my control ; neither can I consent to be placed in a \nsituation which may render others liable by my acts, or where \nI am myself to become liable by the acts of others. If the \nBoard think these restrictions and conditions important, I \npresume they will find other members who are willing to \nserve under them ; and I should hope that a committee of five \nmight be selected from such a Board as that of the Directors \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 191 \n\nof the Bunker Hill Monument Association, without binding \nthem by such severe conditions. \n\nVery respectfully, your obedient servant, \n\nL. Baldwin. \n\nThis letter was at once referred to General Sulli- \nvan with instructions to confer with Colonel Baldwin. \nThe result of the conference was a second letter, in \nwhich Colonel Baldwin, on account of his other en- \ngagements then pressing upon him, felt obliged to \nsend in his absolute resignation: — \n\nWiNCHENDEN, Sept. 27, 1825. \n\nDeab Sir, — Your letter of the 10th inst. was received a \nfew days ago at Athol, while on my return from Connecticut \nRiver to Westminster ; and I owe you an apology for not \nreplying sooner. The fact is, that I have been so constantly \noccupied with the surveys that I have not had time to an- \nswer it. A storm interrupts us to-day, and I avail myself of \nthe first opportunity to acknowledge the receipt of it. \n\nI do not see how the conference you wish, and which I \nshould be happy to have with you, can be obtained. My en- \ngagements are such that I shall not be able to return to \nBoston for several weeks, and perhaps you will not think it \nadvisable to wait so long. \n\nWhen I returned to Boston with the Canal Commissioners, \nI had but two or three days to spare, and was busy in pre- \nparing for the surveys I am now making. I could not of \ncourse see any of the Committee who had been appointed \nwith me, and am therefore ignorant of their opinions or feel- \nings as to the points upon which my objections rest. As to \nany modification of the rules adopted by the Board, I cer- \ntainly do not wish for any. When the rules and regulations \nwere reported to the Board, I believe no objection was made \nexcept by myself, and my objections were principally confined \n\n\n192 HISTORY OF THE \n\nto that article which provides that the Committee should be \npersonally liable for any excess which the contracts or ex- \npenses of the monument should amount to above the money \nin the treasury. I proposed an amendment to the following \n\npurport, viz. : '' Voted that the sum of dollars be \n\nappropriated for the erection of the monument, and that the \nbuilding committee hereafter to be appointed be particularly \nrequested and instructed to regulate their contracts and ex- \npenditures so that the payments shall not exceed that amount, \nunless further appropriations are made, or they are otherwise \ndirected by this Board.\" \n\nThis was the substance of what I proposed in the discus- \nsion, as nearly as I can remember ; and several members \nseemed to be satisfied with this substitute for the one which \nappeared to me, in every point of view, objectionable : and the \nreported rules were handed back to the chairman of the Com- \nmittee, with an understanding, as I thought, that the pro- \nposed modification should be made. I have not smce attended \na meeting of the Board. \n\nOn my return to town, I found a letter from the Secretary, \ninforming me I had been appointed one of the Building Com- \nmittee, and also indorsing a copy of the rules and regulations \nadopted by the Board to govern their proceedings. I was \nnot a little sur[)ri8ed to find the original penal condition was \nretained,, as nearly as I now recollect (for I have not the \npapers with me) ; and that, by other articles, any three of the \nfive Committee might constitute a quorum, and that every \nmember of it was jointly and severally liable for the doings of \nthe whole. This mode of doing business appears to me quite \nnew; and I never heard that a committee, appointed by any \ncorporation or association whatever, was subjected to such \npenal conditions. I know of but one thing more, whicji \nwould have been added ; and that is, to have ordered the \nCommittee to go before a magistrate, and enter into recogni- \nzance, jointly and severally, for their good behavior during \nthe erection of the monument. \n\nIn my acquaintance with business, I have never known an \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 193 \n\ninstance where an association of any kind, either incorporated \nor not, either charitable or otherwise, where a specific object \nwas to be obtained, or where a particular sum was to be ap- \npropriated, that a committee appointed to carry into effect \nthe views of the institution has been subjected to such severe \nterms of service. In labors merely honorary and charitable, \nas I consider that of the Committee and whole Board to be, it \nis rather an anomaly to throw the whole responsibility upon \nfive, or perhaps one, of the Committee, as you would bind \ndown a contractor or his bondsmen for common mechanical \nlabor. \n\nI hope you will not suppose I am wanting in respect for \nthe Board, in making these remarks, and repeating my ob- \njections with my wish to be excused from serving on the \nCommittee. On the contrary, I feel it an honor to be among \nthe members of the Board, and should be proud of an oppor- \ntunity to contribute all in my power to further their design. \nNeither are my objections founded upon any suspicion of the \njudgment or fairness of the other members of the Committee. \nThey are gentlemen with whom I am happy to be acquainted ; \nand with them, under any circumstances, it would give me \ngreat pleasure to be connected, either in amusement or \nbusiness. \n\nUnder all circumstances, I beg to be excused from serving \non the Committee. My occupations are and will be- such for \nseveral months that it would be utterly impossible to render \nany service at present ; though, whether on the Committee or \nnot, I shall cheerfully contribute all the information or assist- \nance which they or the Board may think me capable of \nrendering. I presume the opinions of the Board, after hav- \ning heard my objections to the rules, whicli to me are insur- \nmountable, remain so different from mine that no modification \ncan be made. \n\nVer}' respectfully, your obedient servant, \n\nL. Baldwin. \n\n25 \n\n\n194 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe Board, in accepting his resignation October 4, \n1825, instructed the Secretary *^ to write him a letter \nexpressive of the regret felt by the Directors that \nfor the reasons assigned by him they cannot have the \nbenefit of his services as Chairman of the Building \nCommittee, and tendering him the thanks of the \nDirectors for his offer of such advice and assistance \nas he may be able to afford.\" They then revised the \nregulations to conform to his suggestions, and elected \nDr. Warren chairman, and General Sullivan as the \nfifth member, and also George Blake, in place of Seth \nKnowles, resigned. The Building Committee were \nalso made \" a Standing Committee, with authority to \nexercise all the powers of the Directors in the manage- \nment of the affairs of the Corporation, and to call \nmeetings of the Directors whenever they shall deem \nit expedient.\" \n\nMeanwhile, the Directors did not entirely overlook \nthe other object of their incorporation, — the collecting, \nfor historical purposes, all the incidents, traditions, and \nmemorials of the Battle of Bunker Hill, and of the \nwhole period of the American Revolution. The \narticles of this sort which had been gathered by the \nWashington Benevolent Society were delivered over \nto the Association, which in turn placed them in dif- \nferent depositories, for the want of any permanent \nquarters of its own. Some of these are still in the \npossession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. \nIt having been brought by General Lyman to the \nknowledge of the Directors that the sword which \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 195 \n\nGeneral Warren bore in battle was in the possession \nof a Mr. Dunham of Maine, who procured it in Hali- \nfax, and that it could be well authenticated as such; \nand General Sullivan having carefully examined the \nevidence concerning it, and declared that it was ^^ as \nconclusive as that upon which property, and sometimes \nlife, is disposed of by courts of law,\" — it was pur- \nchased by the Directors, for the sum of twenty-five \ndollars, and was committed to Dr. \"Warren for safe \nkeeping. \n\nWhile the survivors of the Revolution were convened \nin Boston to attend the laying of the corner-stone of \nthe Monument, their several depositions were taken \nof their reminiscences of the Battle. But the accounts \nthey gave were confused and conflicting; so much so \nthat no reliable information could be obtained from \nthem. At a meeting of the Directors, General Sulli- \nvan stated to the Board \" that he had possession of the \npapers containing the accounts given by the survivors \nof the Battle of the 17th June, 1775, and that he pro- \nposed to hold them subject to the inspection of the \nDirectors exclusively.\" His proposal was assented to, \nas the most expedient course to be adopted. Where \nthey are now, nobody knows. \n\nImportant negotiations were carried on with the \nSelectmen and the Town of Charlestown. They were \nasked to sell the Training-field, a tract of about 50,000 \nsquare feet lying near the lands of the Association, \nand to appropriate the proceeds of the sale thereof to \n\n\n196 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe building of the Monument, receiving therefor a \npermanent right to use a square, to be laid out 600 feet \nlong by 400 feet wide, as a common and military parade- \nground. The town Committee, ^^ John Soley, Sam- \nuel Payson, George Bartlett, Nathaniel Austin, Wil- \nliam Austin, John Skinner, and Oliver Holden, \nEsquires,\" to whom the matter was referred, reported \nthat the town had no authority to sell the Training- \nfield, and it intended to appropriate it to public uses \nof its own; but it oflfered to pay the sum of $6,500 for \nthe proposed privilege, — $5,000 by subscription, and \n$1,500 by a town tax. This arrangement was rati- \nfied by both parties, but it was never carried out ; the \ntown never having made the appropriation for the \npayment of the $1,500, and the subscriptions not quite \nreaching the stipulated sum, though amounting to \nnearly $5,000. \n\nHad the agreement been perfected. Monument \nSquare would have been nearly 200 feet longer than \nit now is, and the City of Boston would have suc- \nceeded to a permanent right to its use. Five public \nbuildings were afterwards erected on the Training- \nfield, and remained there till 1847, when, upon the \nrecommendation of G. Washington Warren, Mayor, \nthey were all removed by the City of Charlestown, \nthen established, and the place was neatly fitted up \nand called Winthrop Square. On June 17, 1871, a \nSoldiers' and Sailors' Monument, in \" honor of those \nwho fought for their countrj^,\" was dedicated by the \nCity Council, Hon. Richard Frothingham delivering \nthe address. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 197 \n\nThe town in 1825 desired the Association to cede \nsome of its land for the widening of High and Train- \ningfield (now Winthrop) Streets, which was cheer- \nfully done. It is to be regretted that the town \nauthorities did not further provide for the public \ninterest, by laying out a spacious avenue from the \nsite of the Monument, which was then determined, to \nthe Town's Square, near Charles River Bridge, which \nwould have given»a direct access to the battle-field from \nBoston, and have aflforded an unobstructed view of \nthe Monument, — a duty that yet remains to be done. \n\nThe inevitable controversy about taxes sprung up \nbetween the town and the Association. General \nDearborn, Chairman of the Standing Committee, on \nreceiving a tax-bill for the year 1825, on its land to \nthe amount of $90, remonstrated in his eloquent strain \nwith the assessors. He wrote them : \" It cannot be \npossible that the patriotic citizens of Charlestown will \nimpose a tax on the tomb of the soldiers who expired \non their memorable heights in the bloody contest for \nliberty.'' To this appeal, Josiah Harris, Chairman of \nthe Board, politely replied: \" It is not their intention \nor desire to tax the tomb of the soldiers who expired \non that ever-memorable height; but they cannot think \nthat such of the lands as were contemplated to be \nlaid out into house-lots should be exempted from \ntaxation.\" The tax was paid that year, and the two \nyears succeeding; and aflerwiJrds the Legislature ex- \nempted the property of the Association from taxation, \nits funds having been exhausted. \n\n\n198 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nThe Treasurer promptly entered every subscription \nand duly acknowledged it. Assisted by Mr. Everett, \nhe saw also to the filling out and the delivery of the \ncopper-plate certificates to those who had paid as much \nas five dollars. He received a copy of the following \nvote, handsomely written by an expert calligraphist: — \n\nAt a meeting of the Directors of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, on the 2oth of June, 1825, — \n\nVoted, That the Directors of the Association entertain a \ngrateful sense of the faithful, unwearied, and most important \nservices of Nathaniel P. Russell, during the year past, in the \ncharacter of Treasurer of this Institution. And that it is \ndue to this gentleman to make this acknowledgment public, \nthat all the members of the Association may have the oppor- \ntunity of knowing and of appreciating the highly useful labor \nof this department. \n\nBy order of the Directors, \n\nJohn C. Warben, \n\nSecretary p. t. \n\nOn September 1, 1825, the Treasurer reported that \nthe whole amount of subscriptions actually received \nby him (including $385.56 interest) was $54,433.07. \nThe payments for the land, laying of the corner-stone, \nengraving certificates, and other miscellaneous ex- \npenses, came to $29,416.03. He had placed $25,000 \non interest at the Suffolk Bank, at 5 per cent interest, \nand had $17.04 in his hands. Upon the strength of \nthis, and in the faith that the remainder would be \nseasonably^ supplied, the Directors voted to commence \nthe obelisk, estimated to cost $100,000, and placed \n$25,000 at the disposal of the Building Committee. \n\n\n200 HISTORY OF THE \n\nquiries previously made upon this point, the fol- \nlowing, among other recommendations, had been \nreceived : — \n\nBoston, Oct. 8, 1825. \nDoc. J. C. Warren, \n\nDeau Sir, — I have received your note of yesterday, re- \nquesting me to inform you whether I consider Mr. Solomon \nWillard competent to make the contracts, and superintend \nthe execution of any considerable and important work in stone. \nIn reply, I have to observe that I have known Mr. Willard \nas an architect for some years, and during the last eighteen \nmonths have been intimately acquainted with him. \n\nThe Directors of the Office of Discount and Deposit of the \nBank of the United States, in this city, employed Mr. Wil- \nlard as their architect, for erecting the new banking-house. \nMr. Willard made the original model, drew all the plans of \nthe work, and has daily been consulted as the work pro- \ngressed. \n\nThe Building Committee were instructed to make all the \ncontracts. Mr. Willard was, however, almost always consulted \nbefore any contract was concluded. I found him perfectly \nacquainted with all the technical phrases used by mechanics, \nJind the mode and general custom of measuring stone-work. \nHad the Building Committee not had the advantage of Mr. \nWillard's advice, they would have been liable to great im- \npositions in making their contracts, and carrying them into \neffect. I am not able to say whether Mr. Willard possesses \na sufficient knowledge of book-keeping and accounts to \nqualify him to take the sole superintendence of an important \npublic work ; but I consider him fully competent to make the \ncontracts and superintend the erection. In all my inter- \ncourse with Mr. Willard, I have found him strictly moral and \nsober, and of indefatigable industry. Mr. Willard's extreme \nmodesty and reserve have prevented, in some degree, his real \nmerit being known ; and, justly estimated, he is a man that \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 201 \n\nmust be brought out, — he will not show himself. Should you \nconclude to employ Mr. Willard, I feel confident he will not \ndisappoint your expectations. \n\nWith great respect, I remain truly, \n\nYour obedient servant, \n\nDaniel P. Parker. \n\nColonel Perkins had also been requested to give \nhis opinion, and he wrote to Dr. Warren : ^^ I can say, \nwith great truth and with much pleasure, that the \nBuilding Committee of the bank have had every \nreason to be satisfied with Mr. Willard, the architect, \nboth as an able artist and a most confidential agent; \nand I know of no one who would so well answer your \npurpose as this person. In the course of the execu- \ntion of your duty, you will find it necessary to emi)loy \na person not only to find where the material of which \nyou build can be best had, but also to make contracts \nfor stone, &c. And a man of loose principles may, if \nemployed, impose upon you grossly without your \nknowing it, or having it in your power to detect his \nknavery.\" Mr. Willard was also personally known \nto each member of the Committee, having had fre- \nquent interviews with them in explaining the designs \nand estimates he had previously made at their request; \nand he must have impressed them all with his peculiar \nfitness for his position, not only from his skill and \nprofessional ability, but from his enthusiastic interest \nin this undertaking. \n\nHe was, like the elder Baldwin, a self-educated \nman as to his professional training. He received the \nusual common-school education in his native town, \n\n20 \n\n\n202 HISTORY OF THE \n\nPetersham, in \"Worcester County, Massachusetts; \nwhere he remained with his father — who was a car- \npenter, and taught him in his shop the use of tools — \ntill he was twenty one years of age. While at home \nhe mastered Euclid's geometry, and showed consider- \nable expertness in mechanical inventions. lie then \ncame to Boston to seek, not his fortune (as is the \nobject of so many), but his own intellectual improve- \nment, and the means and opportunity of doing greater \ngood. He had, at the time of this appointment, spent \ntwenty-one other years in Boston, in the school of \nself-culture; cultivating to the greatest extent that \nwide field of literary and scientific advantage which it \nis the great glory of the metropolis of New Eng- \nland to afford to all who come there to search for \nknowledge. \n\nNor was he insensible to the pride of true ancestral \nfame. He w^s the fifth in descent from Major Simon \nWillard, who emigrated to Cambridge, Massachusetts, \nfrom the County of Kent, in England, in 1634, at the \nage of twenty-nine, and, after having won the highest \ndistinction, died in Charlestown in 1671, soon after \ncompleting his seventy-first year. From him a numer- \nous and honored progeny has sprung. Solomon was \nthe fourth in descent from Rev. Samuel Willard, who \nwas Pastor of the Old South Church, and afterwards \nacted as President of Harvard College. Many others \nof his lineage became celebrated in the University, \nand also in civil and military life; among whom was \none who gave his life to his country in the Battle of \nBunker Hill. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 203 \n\nMr. Willard received from Dr. TVarren the notice \nof his appointment with great satisfaction, and he ex- \npressed his willingness to render his services gratni- \ntonsly. The Committee, however, insisted upon his \nreceiving some compensation, — sufficient at least to \npay his expenses. Under this view, it was fixed at \nfive hundred dollars a year; which was more than Mr. \nWillard desired, as his personal expenses would not \nreach that figure. He was never married, and he had \nlearned to practise the greatest economy; not as a \nmiser, but to do good with his savings. He subscribed \nand paid one thousand dollars towards the Monument, \nand induced those w^hom he hired for the Association \nto subscribe what they could. \n\nHis first care Was to select the material. Afler a \nlong search in various quarters, he at last discovered \nthe desired quarry of gray granite in the western \npart of Quincy. He found, upon careful examination, \nthat here was an inexhaustible quantity of the very \nbest material for building purposes that could any- \nwhere be obtained; and his selection led to its general \nintroduction, not only into Boston, but all over the \ncountry. Thus Solomon Willard and Frederic Tudor \nwere mainly instrumental in discovering to Massachu- \nsetts her two chief staples of export, which have \ngiven her a remarkable reputation over the globe, — \ngranite and ice. The privilege of quarrying as much \ngranite as would be required for the Monument was \npurchased of Mr. Gridley Bryant, for $325. Mr. \nWillard demonstrated to the Committee that the As- \nsociation could quarry the stone at its own expense \n\n\n204 HISTORY OF THE \n\nmuch cheaper than it could be furnished by contractors. \nThe result showed that there was a saving in the cost \nof material alone of over $60,000. Thus the recom- \nmendation by Colonel Perkins of Mr. Willard, as being \nthe person most competent to select the material for \nthis new structure, and as one who would scrupulously \nlook out for the interest of the Association rather than \nfor his private emolument, was signally verified at the \nstart. \n\nThe winter of 1825-6 was occupied by Mr. Willard \nin studying the plan adopted, to see wherein it might \nbe improved, and in drawing the working plans and \nmodels, and also in making the necessary calculations. \nHeretofore it had been quite difficult to obtain large \nblocks of stone, and those of extraordinary size were \nprovided at a very high cost. Hence Colonel Bald- \nwin had planned the courses of the Monument eigh- \nteen inches wide. The finding of this quarry, and the \ndetermination to work it on account of the Associa- \ntion, enabled Mr. Willard to enlarge the courses to two \nfeet eight inches; thus calling for more massive blocks, \nwhich would give a gigantic appearance to the struct- \nure. It was also a work of great difficulty to calcu- \nlate the size and weight of the blocks in the diflferent \ncourses, as, owing to the regular diminish from the \nbase to the apex of the Monument, no two courses \nwere alike, and it was necessary to draw a separate \nplan of the blocks in each course. In all other re- \nspects the exterior form, size, and proportion of the \nMonument, as delineated by Colonel Baldwin, were \n\n\nnp^r^wi^in \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 205 \n\npreserved: the same base, and diminish to the top, \nand the same depth and size of foundation; namely, \nfifty feet square and twelve feet deep. But Mr. Wil- \nlard executed a finer dressing of the stones, especially \nof the interior courses, than Colonel Baldwin's plan \ncalled for. \n\nThe following note, without date of day or year, an- \nnounced to Dr. Warren the intention to break ground \non the hill; the excavation made for the formal cere- \nmonial of the half-century anniversary not having been \nsuflficient. The box for the corner-stone was taken \nout as suggested, and properly cared for until it was \nin a workmanlike manner replaced in the massive \nblock which forms the north-east corner of the Monu- \nment, — there to remain while time shall endure. \n\nDear Sir, — I have enclosed the rules for the Building \nCommittee sent me, having made a copy. In the last part \nof the third article there seems to be a want of precision. \nThe digging of the foundation for the obelisk will be com- \nmenced in a few days by a Boston msin (the Charlestown \nprices being too high). It may be requisite to remove the \nrough stones which now overlay the corner; and, should this \nrender the box deposited insecure, it occurred to me that it \nmight be taken out for safe keeping until the work com- \nmences. We should like your directions respecting it when \nconvenient. \n\nYours, i&c., \n\nSolomon Willard. \n\nIn one other particular was the direction in the \nreport of Colonel Baldwin departed from, — in the \n\n\n206 HISTORY OF THE \n\nplaining of the Monument. He deemed it essential \nthat its four sides should be set square to the points \nof the compass, and he specified the way by which \nthis should be done with exactness. lie thought a \npermanent structure of this kind should be a scientific \nas well as an historic landmark. Dr. Warren, how- \never, his associates doubtless concurring, attempted \nto place it in the centre of the redoubt or fort as con- \nstructed by Colonel Prescott, and parallel with the \nsides thereof; and the best means of ascertaining this \nwhich were then accessible were employed. \n\nIn 1847, however, the City of Charlestown, upon \nI'ecommendation of the Mayor, ordered a new survey \nand plan of the city to be made; which was done by \nthe distinguished engineers, Samuel M. Felton and \nGeorge A. Parker, who had been pupils of Colonel \nBaldwin. Their new lithographic plan happened to \nbe made upon the same scale as that of Bernier and \nLieutenant Page, made just after the battle, which is \nsupposed to give the true location of the redoubt. By \na comparison of these two plans, and a new survey made \nby the city engineers of Boston in 1875, under direc- \ntion of his Honor Samuel C. Cobb, the present Mayor, \nthe lines of the redoubt have been located anew, by \nwhich it would appear that the Monument stands on \nthe south-east corner. Much labor has been recently \nemployed in this research by lion. Richard Frothing- \nham, the present President of the Association, under \nwhose supervision stone posts have been set in the \nground, showing the boundaries of the redoubt as \nindicated by the new surveys. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 207 \n\nIn locating the Monument, no vote was ever taken \nby the Directors or the Committee; but in all prob- \nability the subject was fully discussed, and the \nChairman acted in accordance with the conclusion \ninformally arrived at. \n\nMr. \"Willard wrote to Dr. \"Warren, soon after the \npurchase of the Ledge : ^^ Experiments have also been \nmade with a temporary machine at dressing stone, by \nthe inventor, with a success which I think will war- \nrant a trial at our Ledge with a more perfect appara- \ntus.\" By this it is evident that the intention to take \nadvantage of the labor of the State prison was aban- \ndoned as soon as the use of the newly discovered \nquarry was decided upon. The grant of the Legislat- \nure of the sum of $10,000 in labor in hammering stone \nwas made, it may well be supposed, upon the estimate \nof the Association stated in the circular of Mr. Everett, \nsigned by the Directors, which is printed in Chapter \nVI., — for a column to cost $37,000; and, in relation to \nthat amount, it was a liberal grant. But when the form \nof an obelisk was substituted for a column, and Colonel \nBaldwin was charged with the duty of furnishing \nthe design, in carrying out the object stated in Gen- \neral Sullivan's address, to eiect ^Hhe grandest Monu- \nment in the world,\" he drew his plan with no regard \nto so exceedingly low an estimate; and Willard, in \nmaturing and perfecting that plan, had in view a struct- \nure of still greater cost. The idea of what the Monu- \nment ought to be, and should be, expanded in his \nmind without regard to the existing means of the \nAssociation. \n\n\n208 HISTORY OF THE \n\nIn commencing operations at the Ledge, Mr. Wil- \nlarcl made the following proposition, which was ac- \nceded to: — \n\nDear Sir, — I called at your residence last evening. My \nobject was to ascertain whether you would consider it ex- \npedient to erect a small building at Quincy, for the accom- \nmodation of those who are employed at the Bunker Hill \nLedge, as has been suggested some time ago. \n\nI have marked out a plan which I think would answer the \npurpose, and have obtained estimates for the building when \ncompleted. The dimensions on the plan are 32 feet by 25, — \n2 stories in front and one story in the rear, having a cellar, \nkitchen, dining-room, and chambers suificient for 30 boarders. \nThe situation best adapted, I think, would be on a gore of \nland of about half of an acre, cut from Mr. Hall's land by the \nrailway (see sketch), which may be bought for thirty dol- \nlars. The house proposed will cost about J700 — land, $30 \n^$730. If built, it may be finished in about three weeks. \nThe building will rent immediately for 8 per cent on the \nwhole cost. The saving to the Association in having their \nmen accommodated so near the work is estimated at 10 cents \nper day for every day's work done. \n\nThe advantage of having the building located on the piece \nof ground mentioned is, that this gore of land is a central \npoint, sufficiently near to the Bunker Hill Ledge ; and woidd \naccommodate all the other Ledges in the vicinity, should the \nquarrying at that Ledge be discontinued after we have re- \nmoved our stock. It would be well situated to command a \nhigh rent when we have done with it, or to sell for its full \ncost. If you should think it advisable to build, I should like \nthe necessary instructions as soon as is convenient. \n\nYours respectfully, \n\nSolomon Willard. \n\nAccompanying the letter was a sketch showing the \ntopogi'aphy of the place, and the sites for the proposed \nbuilding. It is unnecessary to add that the desired \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCLA.TION. 209 \n\npermission was granted. By having the labor of pre- \nparing and dressing the stone performed at the Ledge, \nMr. Willard was able to get the greatest amount and \nthe best kind of work done at a very low rate. \n\nIt is a matter of history that the undertaking of the \nBunker Hill Monument led to the construction of the \nfirst railroad in the United States. Colonel Perkins, \nGeneral Sullivan, Amos Lawrence, Solomon Willard, \nand Gridley Bryant were the leading petitioners for \na charter incorporating them and their associates with \nauthority to establish a railway from the quarries in \nQuincy to the waters of Massachusetts Bay. The \ncharter was granted March 4, 1826, and the company \nwas organized by the choice of Colonel Perkins as \nPresident. In the spring of 1827, the railway was so \nfar completed by Mr. Bryant, that the company con- \ntracted with the Association to transport, during that \nyear, 3,000 tons of stone to its own wharf, and thence \nby water to Dcvens' wharf in Charlestown. From the \nsouth-easterly corner of the lot on High Street to the \nfoundation of the Monument granite tracks were \nlaid, to facilitate the transportation over the steep \nascent of the hill. \n\nMr. Willard, with a single eye to the interests of the \nAssociation, by way of caution gave this important \nadvice to the Building Committee, upon a proposition \nabout to be made by the new corporation : — \n\nDear Sib, — It has been the wish of some of the members \nof the railway company for some time that we should relin- \nquish the Bunker Hill Quarry, and take the stock at Pine \nHill (a quarry recently purchased by that company). \n\n27 \n\n\n210 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe exchange would undoubtedly be advantageous to that \ncompany, as it would save the expense of some rods of rail- \nway, and would enable them more easily to keep others from \nusing it who now have a right. \n\nSomething of the kind has probably been suggested to you, \nor will be soon ; and I think it will be important to examine \ninto the state of the Bunker Hill affairs, in order to decide \nwhether any proposition which they shall make will be for \nour advantage. \n\nFor my own part, I doubt whether they will make any \noffer which it would be for our interest or credit to accept. \nIf they would agree to pay what has been expended, and to \ndeliver all the stone for the monument on the ground where it \nis to be erected, for the sum of seventeen cents per cubic foot \nmeasured in the work, and within one year, I think there \nwould be no objection as relates to economy. \n\nI will have bills collected this week to show the state of \nthe expenditure, and shall wait for your direction. \n\nYours respectfully, \n\nSolomon Willard. \n\nDr. Warren. \n\nThis advice was heeded. On mutual consultation, \nthe directors of the railway company acceded to the \nrequest of the Committee, and extended their railway \nto what was called the Bunker Hill Ledge, for which \nthey received a complimentary acknowledgment in \nthe report of the Directors made to the Association \nat its annual meeting in 1826. This report, carefully \ndrawn up by Mr. Everett from the written statements \nand suggestions of the members of the Committee, gave \na detailed account of their operations for the first year, \nshowing that much had been done in the way of prepa- \nration, and at the Ledge, and that but about $3,000 had \nbeen expended, the rest remaining upon interest under \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 211 \n\nthe careful charge of the Treasurer. It soon began to \nbe demonstrated that the railway was not so great a \nbenefit as was anticipated. In Mr. Willard's opinion, \nit was not worth the waiting for. Besides the delay \nof over a year, there was all the inconvenience at- \ntending the putting in operation a new method of \ntranspoi'tation, the transhipment to the vessel, and \nthen the reloading at the wharf in Charlestown for the \nteaming to the site, a distance from the Ledge of only \ntwelve miles. Mr. Willard was much annoyed at the \nhindrance, and freely expressed his views to the Com- \nmittee; declaring that he could have better aflPorded to \npay all the diflference in the saving of cost of trans- \nportation rather than suflfer these inconveniences. \nBut the practical difficulties of the inception were \nafterwards overcome, and the railway very soon de- \nmonstrated its great value to the public. \n\nGridley Bryant, the constructor of this the first rail- \nroad in America, deserves special mention in this con- \nnection. He was born in Scituate, Mass., August 26, \n1789. During the war of 1812, he was employed with \nColonel Baldwin, under Governor Strong, upon the \nforts in Boston Harbor. He afterwards built the Mill- \ndam, now the extension of Beacon Street in Boston, \nand also the United States Bank building, under Mr. \nWillard, to which Mr. Parker's letter refers; and had \nbecome the leading and most enterprising mason and \nbuilder in Boston, when he undertook this novel \nenterprise. He not only built the railroad, but he \nhimself made it of practical use by planning the neces- \n\n\n212 HISTORr OF THE \n\nsary machinery and equipments. He invented the \ntuni-table and the eight-wheel car, the same which \nare now in use without any improvement or alteration \nfor the half-century since he originated them. He \nalso invented the raih'oad switch and the portable \nderrick. He might have taken out letters-patent for \nall these inventions, and have gi'own rich. But he \ngave them to the public use; and many years after- \nwards, when a patent right was claimed for the eight- \nwheel car by another, he took the pains to prove, \nwithout any remuneration, that it was his original \ninvention, and had been freely made public. He died \nJune 13, 1867, leaving a name, after a long and use- \nful life, associated with the commencement of the \nBunker Hill Monument and the introduction of the \nnew improved highway into the modern world. \n\nAt the annual meeting in 1827, held on Monday, \nJune 18, Mr. Webster signified his intention to with- \ndraw from the presidency, and Colonel Perkins was \nunanimously elected in his place. In fact, he was by \nsome suggested as the one to succeed Governor \nBrooks in March, 1824, being then First Vice-Presi- \ndent; but, as Mr. Webster was to be the orator and \nthe organ of the Society on the great day of the half- \ncentury, the place was most appropriately conceded to \nhim. On the retirement of Mr. Webster, however, \nthere was but one opinion, that Colonel Perkins should \nbe the President. At the meeting of the Directors on \nthe same day. Dr. Warren resigned the place of Chair- \nman of the Building Committee, and Colonel Perkins \nwas unanimously elected to fill that vacancy also. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 213 \n\nMr. Willard, upon reading the public announcement \nof the election of Colonel Perkins as President of the \nAssociation, naturally concluded that it was because \nhe was president of the railway company, and to mark \nthe disapprobation of his own views so freely ex- \npressed. Nothing was farther from their thought. \nBut he at once sent in his resignation, and declared that \nhe should remove from Qnincy as soon as possible. \nColonel Perkins and the Committee, as soon as they \nunderstood the matter, at once set him right, and in- \nduced him to withdraw his resignation. This he \nwillingly did; making only an alteration in the terms \nof his contract, so that it should distinctly appear that \nonly his bare expenses were to be paid to him, and \nthat he was to give his services. \n\nIn the getting out of the stone at the quarry, he fol- \nlowed what was trne economy in the end, by prepar- \ning and dressing the blocks of diflferent sizes as they \ncame out, if they were suitable for any of the upper \ncourses, according to the plans already made, without \nreference to the continuous work in the erection. But \nthe more the material was made ready for the upper \npart of the Monument, the less were the means at hand \nfor immediate use in laying the courses in order. \nBut this labor told at last. \n\nAt the end of two years, he wrote to Mr. Law- \nrence : — \n\nBoston, Jan. 3, 1828. \nDear Sir, — I was in Quincy yesterday, and directed \nthose employed to hammer by the foot, according to your \nsuggestion, excepting Mr. Badger and one to clear out the \n\n\n214 HISTORY OF THE \n\nshed. The blacksmiths were discharged some weeks ago, as \nyou advised ; but a permanent one will now become neces- \nsary, and I wish for instruction to authorize me to employ one. \n\nThe bills and roll for the last year are ready for delivery, \nand also copies of the vouchers for Holmes's bills. By ex- \namining the items of these bills, and comparing them with \nthe bills of other mechanics in your possession, you will be \nenabled to award to Mr. Holmes whatever credit is his due. \nI wish to be with you and General Dearborn when this takes \nplace : the sooner you can make it convenient the better. \n\nDuring the two years in which I have had the direction of \nthe executive part in building the monument, I have en- \nendeavored to study the interest of the Association as far as \nwas in my power. \n\nI am not aware of having given any reasonable cause of \noffence to any. If any has been taken by a part of the Com- \nmittee, by which another part are placed in an unpleasant \nsituation, it is easily set right ; as I am ready to resign my \npost any moment when the interests of the Association re- \nquire it. But, Jis I have made great sacrifices to get this \nnoble work into execution, and as I am the greatest proprie- \ntor in it, I shall always feel a lively interest in its completion. \n\nYours respectfully, \n\nSolomon Willard. \n\nA. Lawrence, Esq. \n\nBut Mr. Willard's apprehension was groundless. \nEvery one conceded to him his wonderful skill, in- \ngenuity, and fidelity. The only regret was, that the \nmeans could not be furnished to him as fast as were \nrequired. The Directors were desirous that the \nMonument should attain as much altitude as possible, \nso as seasonably to impress the public mind. To that \nend they authorized the Committee to obtain by loan, \non the hypothecation of the land, — reserving a square \nfor the Monument 600 feet long by 400 feet wide, — \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 215 \n\nas much money as they deemed advisable. The Com- \nmittee, upon this security oftered, gave their own per- \nsonal notes to the Suflfolk Bank for diflferent sums, \namounting to over $25,000. With this, and all the \nresources that could be commanded, including the \nproceeds of the State grant for $7,0C0, in commuta- \ntion of the $10,000 in labor, Mr. Willard was only \nable to complete fourteen courses, raising the Monu- \nment but thirty-seven feet four inches, when in Feb- \nruary, 1829, the order was rehictantly given to \nsuspend the work; and the architect, and all whom he \nemployed, were necessarily discharged. lie had ex- \npended $56,525.19, of which about $10,000 were neces- \nsarily spent in the machine for hoisting, in buildings \nat the Ledge, and in other permanent fixtures. A large \npart of this expenditure was in the hidden work of \nthe foundation, containing about 1,500 tons of stone, \nanother was in the stones prepared for the upper \ncourses; so that the work was, in reality, more than \nhalf done, although it made but little comparative \nshow for the money. \n\nDuring the intermission, he was authorized by the \nDirectors to receive from the Treasurer all the sub- \nscription books and accounts, for the purpose of pre- \nparing for the press a list of members, and a statement \nof the estimates of the Monument, of the actual cost \nincurred, and the amount necessary to finish it. This \ncompilation he made gratuitously, and with great \npains, in order to disabuse the public mind of the \nerroneous impressions received. He also made a plan \n\n\n216 HISTORY OF THE \n\nof the land of the Association, and laid it out in streets \nand building-lots, npon and near the reserved square. \n\nIn the appeal made by the Committee to the public \nin 1829, they say in close, as the highest incentive and \nexample they could offer: ^^ Mr. Willard, the architect, \nhas already freely given three years' service and one \nthousand dollars in money to the great work, and is \nwilling to do as much more.\" But his noble gen- \nerosity was put to a still greater test. For nearly \nfifteen years had transpired after the date of that ap- \npeal, before the means were furnished him to com- \nplete the work. During all this time he was frequently \ncalled upon to render statements of what the work had \ncost so far, and estimates of the further cost of com- \npletion, and he gave them with the same care and \nreadiness that one would who was paid a handsome \nsalary. \n\nOn the 17th June, 1834, under the auspices of the \nMassachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, of \nwhich Joseph T. Buckingham was President, under \na Building Committee appointed by him, the work \non the Monument was resumed, and continued until \nNovember, 1835. During this time, eighteen more \ncourses were laid, making the whole height eighty-' \nfive feet. At the final effort, when proposals were \nissued for bids to complete the Monument by contract, \nMr. Willard was urged to put in his estimate. But he \nspurned the idea of engaging in that patriotic under- \ntaking as a job. The contract was made with James \nS. Savage, a stone-mason, who had worked upon the \nMonument under Mr. Willard from the beghming, \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 217 \n\nupon the express condition that it should be per- \nformed under his direction as the architect. \n\nMr. Willard showed remarkable judgment in the \nchoice of his men. He would employ none who were \nwanting in capacity, industry, honesty, or sobriety, \nand those whom he did employ he associated with on \nequal terms, always glad to impart to them instruction, \nor to show them any new invention or improvement. \nMr. Savage is authority for the statement that the \nmen employed to work upon the Monument were all \nwhat are called total-abstinence men, and that not a \ndrop of intoxicating liquors was ever drunk, during \nthe three periods of its construction, by those en- \ngaged therein. \n\nThe Monument contains, by Mr. Willard's estimate, \nabout the same quantity of granite as the Boston \nCustom House, which cost a million of dollars. The \nsquare on which it stands cost the Association nothing, \nas the proceeds of the land which was sold pjxid for \nthe whole purchase. At the valuation of the sur- \nrounding land, the square is now worth more than a \nquarter of a million dollars. So that if the land were \nnow to be purchased, and the Monument to be erected \nat a fair relative proportion of the cost of the site of \nthe Boston Post Office, and of the Post-Office building \nwhen completed, the amount called for would be an \nincredible sum. The actual sum paid in money is no \ncriterion of the real value and whole cost of the Monu- \nment. The saving by the architect, his own services \nvalued as such eminent services are woith, the time \n\n28 \n\n\n218 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand labor employed by the different Committees, rep- \nresent the difference between the mere money paid \nand the sum it would now require to repeat it. If the \nMonument had been built by the National or State \nGovernment, Mr. Willard would have been entitled \nto receive a salary equal to that paid to Colonel Bald- \nwin for superintending the construction of the Dry \nDocks at Charlestown and Norfolk, which would have \namounted to $33,000. This sum, added to the im- \nmense saving in the cost of material, — the diffeix^nce \nbetween the actual cost and the market price de- \nmanded for blocks of inferior magnitude, — would be \nabout equal to its whole actual cost. \n\nMr. Willard survived the completion of the Monu- \nment eighteen years, the same period that he was \noccupied at intervals in its construction. He died \nFebruary 27, 1861, at the age of seventy-seven years \nand eight months, while the black portentous clouds \nwere gathering in the southern sky of his beloved \ncountry, and were threatening its destruction. lie ex- \npressed his profound sorrow at the result he foreboded, \nand well he might; for, if the country were really to \nbe severed into sections, the Monument, the great work \nof his hands, would be an object from which all his \ncountrymen would wish with Webster that their eyes \n\" might be averted from it for ever.\" \n\nAt the annual meeting of the Association in 1861, \non the day of the raising of the National flag from \nthe top of the Monument by Governor Andrew, the \ndeath of Mr. Willard was announced, and a Committee \nwas appointed to prepare a suitable notice of him. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUxMEXT ASSOCIATION. 219 \n\nThe duty was mainly intrusted to the chairman, Wil- \nliam W. Wheildon, Esq. His associates were Amos \nA. Lawrence, Uriel Crocker, Nathaniel Cotton, and \nFrederick H. Stimpson. They communicated to the \nchairman such materials and information as they could \ngather, and all the papers of the Association were \ncommitted to his inspection. From these and from \nhis own most diligent investigation, Mr. Wheildon \nproduced, and the Association published in 1865, the \n^^ Memoir of Solomon Willard,\" which has already be- \ncome a standard book of reference, giving a complete \nview of his life, character, and services, and in connec- \ntion a detailed account of the Monument and its con- \nstruction. That valuable work contains copies of \nmany original documents which would have been in- \nserted entire, or specially referred to in this volume, \nhad not Mr. Wheildon incorporated them in his most \ninteresting Memoir. \n\nIn 1843 Mr. Willard published an elegant quarto \nvolume, entitled ^^ Plans and Sections of the Obelisk \non Bunker's Hill, with the Details of the Experiments \nmade in Quarrying the Granite,'' which he dedicated \n^^ To Architects and Engineers, and to the Working \nAssociates.\" Evidently he did not mean to honor \nthe contractors. This is a very instructive work, \nand an acceptable contribution to the public. Mr. \nWheildon has quoted largely from the text. The \nplates, illustrating the work, give a complete view of \nthe interior and extei'ior of the Monument, of the \ndifferent courses of construction, and of the apparatus \n\n\n220 HISTORY OF THE \n\nemployed for hauling and for hoisting the large blocks \nof stone. The hoisting apparatus, invented by Al- \nmoran Holmes, is particularly described, and a tribute \nis paid to the inventor, who had the personal charge \nof hoisting the stone during the first effort, after \nwhich the inventor died, though his apparatus is still \nin use. ^^This apparatus,'' says Mr. Willard, \"is \nremarkable for its compass, and for the ease and \ngrace with which it performs its work.\" He also \ndemonstrates that the Monument is the cheapest \nstructure ever erected in modern times for the money \npaid out, and that the Washington Monument, in \nBaltimore, and other public sti'uctures, built at the \nmarket prices of the time, cost many times as much \nmore. His book not only vindicates the judgment \nand action of the Directors in the conduct of their \ngreat enterprise, but proves that the introduction of a \nbuilding material not before in use, capable of being \nworked into any moulded or ornamental form required, \nand these experiments in the working of it, have led \nto a great improvement in architectural taste and \nmechanical execution, have created a new demand for \nan excellent building material for the exterior of \nstructures, and have generally promoted the erection \nof buildings, both for public and private use, of a \nsuperior order, in which strength and beauty have \nbeen skilfully combined. \n\nIn contemplating the life of Willard, one might \nselect, as the most impressive passage, his first pres- \nence in the solitary clefts of the rocks, viewing \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 221 \n\nthe quarry he had discovered, — within whose vast \nrecesses lay buried the yet nnwrought walls of ele- \ngant structures soon to become the ornaments of \nnumerous cities, — and studying how best to take \nfresh from Nature's storehouse the massive material \nfor the Monument, in sections of such vast magnitude \nthat, in the opinion of all the contractors and builders \nof the time, their use in the construction would be im- \npracticable. It would be a scene not unworthy to be \ncompared to that of Columbus in mid-ocean sailing \nupon an untried course, away from the known world, \nto find that unknown continent which his scientific \nfaith assured him was gradually though slowly near- \ning before him. Willard's frugality, strength of will, \ninflexible honesty, and above all his self-sacrifice and \nall-controlling desire and motive to do the greatest \nGOOD, present a character to be always the more re- \nvered, because in the experience of ordinary life it is \nrarely approached. \n\nAs the unprejudiced historian in his impartial ac- \ncount of the Battle of Bunker Hill will never award \nto one great name the undivided glory of that memor- \nable contest, but at least three leading characters will \nillustrate his page, — the beloved martyr, the intrepid \ndefender of the redoubt, the gallant general of the field, \n— so whenever it shall be inquired of by the stranger, \nWho designed and planned this unparalleled Memo- \nrial? the answer from the written record and from tra- \ndition will be: The youthful genius of the sculptor \nGreenough, by his ^^ adopted\" model, and masterly \n\n\n222 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\npresentation of its superior claims to the column, \nestablished the form ; the eminent science of Baldwin \ndetermined the precise proportion and the interior \nstructure; the skill of Willard perfected the whole, \nand made it more majestic in its massive composition. \nGreenough and Baldwin gave to it their thought and \ncare but for a single season, and Parris merely offi- \nciated in the grand ceremonial. Willard, the chosen \narchitect and superintendent of the work, gave to it the \nstrength and maturity of his manhood, so that the \nvery soul and fibre of his existence were wrought into \nthe mighty fabric from the foundation-stone to the \nairy apex. In view of such sublime devotion, it may \nbe hoped by us that as the lover of art, when he visits \nRome, and views each time with renewed admiration \nthe dome of St. Peter's, — that greater than the Pan- \ntheon, hung in the air, — recalls at once the exalted \ngenius of Michael Angelo, so, in future ages, will \nthe visitor to Bunker Hill, as he gazes upon the im- \nperishable obelisk which crowns the metropolis, be \nreminded of the consummate skill and the unmatched, \npriceless service of Solomon Willard. \n\n\n/lATHANIEL 'POPE lyJSSELL.ZWjK^^/-. \n\nFRPM /\\^POI\\rR.AIT 8Y STU/RT. \n\n\nCHAPTEK XI. \n\nLike ODP who draws a model of a house \n\nBojond lii.s power to build it; who, half through, \n\nGives o'er, ind leaves hia part-created cost \n\nA naked subject to the weeping clouds. \n\nAnd wiiste (or churlish winter's tyranny. \n\nWILLIAM SULLIVAN, whose name has so \nfrequently appeared in this relation, was the \nson of the distiiijjuished James Sullivan, ivho was \nGovernor of Massachusetts in 1807 and 1808, and \nwho died in office. He was a gi'aduate of Harvard \nCollege of ihe chiss of 1792. Among his classmates \nwere Levi Iledj^c and John Snelling Popkin, who \ncame to be the venei'able professoi-s of the College. \nHis younger bi'ulher, Richard Sullivan, married a \ndaughter of the great merchant, Thomas Russell, \nwhoso father Jiiines Russell owned a part of the \nbattle-field of IJimker Hill. Both the brothers signed \nthe original agrerment of the Association, and Rich- \nard was a meriilier of the Committee of Coitc- \nspondciico. \n\n\"William Sullivan was one of the leading members \nof the Suffolk Bar, a compeer with Wchstei', the elder \nDexter, and Jeremiah Mason. He took an interest in \nmilitary affairs, and became Brigadier-General of the \nState Militia, which gave him a title as part of his \n\n\n224 HISTORY OF THE \n\nname. Harvard College conferred upon him the \ndegree of Doctor of Laws in 1826. He was a grace- \nful orator, and a man of genial wit, and shone alike in \nthe social circle, in the select company at dinner, and \nin the forum. His opinion was authority. He was \nselected to write the first Address of the Association \nto the people of Massachusetts, transacted all its legal \nbusiness, and drew up the votes that were passed of \nimportance, so that the acts of the corporation and of \nthe Directors, or Standing Committee in its behalf, \nshould not be questioned for want of legal accuracy. \nThe following letter to Dr. Warren evinces his care- \nfulness : — \n\nSept. 14, 1824. \n\nDear Sir, — I have considered the important suggestions \nwhich your letter contained. It has raised more thoughts \nthan I can put on paper, — or than you have time to read. \n\nThe intended publication I shall be happy to push forward \nas soon as I have the materials (if the drafting falls on me) ; \nand I include therein your report to the W. B. S., and the \nstatement of the B. H. M. A. which you read, and the re- \ncords, — none of which I have. \n\nI have something to say about subscriptions and public \nmeeting. If the latter is undertaken, I fear it will not be \ndone with the assistance you contemplate, and I think from \nthe labor of acquiring the facts — and preparing comments and \nmotives, which must be encountered by any one who is desir- \nous of having an effective meeting — without avoiding a mis- \ncarriage. \n\nYour mind is so full and vehement on this subject, that \nyou can pour forth at will. I must consider beforehand, \nand I am always compelled to aid myself with the previous \nconviction, as to the things to be spoken of, to whom they \nare to be spoken, and by whom. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 225 \n\nIf the proposed publication should suflSciently ripen the \npublic mind, a meeting might follow. \n\nYours truly, W. S. \n\nOn November 4, 1826, after sending off the sub- \nscription books to the Selectmen of the different \ntowns, he received a vote of thanks of the Standing \nCommittee ^^ on behalf of the Directors for the highly \nimportant services rendered by him in promoting the \nobjects of the institution.\" \n\nHe was particularly set against that style of ex- \naggeration and overdoing, into which the most intelli- \ngent are apt to fall, and which is supposed to be the \npeculiar characteristic of our people. William Tudor, \nafter he went to South America, was elected a Di- \nrector to fill a vacancy, \" in acknowledgment of his \nservices in promoting the objects of the Association; \" \nand he was desirous that Simon Bolivar, President of \nthe Republic of Colombia, then in the zenith of his \nfame, should be elected an Honorary Member, and \nthat a formal letter should be sent to him. The vote \nwas passed, and a letter was prepared in a flattering \nstyle, which was sent to each member of the Standing \nCommittee to examine, and to consent to its being \npublished. This is the criticism of General Sullivan \nthereon : — \n\nSept. 26, 1826. \nDr. Warren. \n\nDear Sir, — I presume you would not have sent the \npapers, which I received last evening, for an opinion, unless \nyou intended that I should give one. \n\n1. As to printinfj^ per «e, it would have a bad effect if \n\nBolivar should happen to read the letter to him in a news- \n\n29 \n\n\n226 HISTORY OF THE \n\npaper, before it reaches him in manuscript: except this I see \nneither good nor evil in printing. \n\n2. As to the proposed letter, throughout, on one subject, \nself-adulation, I see no objection to the declaration, however \nand wherever made, that we are the most virtuous, the \nwisest, the bravest, the greatest, and the most glorious nation \nthat exists, or ever did, or ever will, on which subject I beg \nleave to refer you to Mr. Politica's book. \n\n3. As to the first martyrs^ as soon as Lexington sees this, \nit will call another town meeting, and make a second edition \nof its manifesto. \n\n4. As to saying such sort of truths, at this day, as are ex- \npressed in the first part of the second page, concerning Eng- \nland and Englishmen, I see not that it can be profitable. \nMuch less is read in England of things done in the United \nStates than is commonly supposed to be. In the present and \nprobable relations between the two countries, I cannot per- \nceive the use of making that which is read sure to displease, \n\n5. As to Bolivar, a highly respectable American institu- \ntion is speaking to a distinguished foreigner, as one of its \nadopted members, — a man who holds the most responsible \nrelations to his own, and to other countries, and among them \nto England. Whether he will be obliged or otherwise, by \nexpressions like those used in relation to England and Eng- \nlish arms, in a matter which connects him with tlie institu- \ntion using these expressions, may deserve further considera- \ntion. \n\nLastly, I do not object to the expressions of adulation \nwhich are offered to Bolivar, — if he can swallow them, he \nmust be as vain as he is brave, — nor to the opinions on South \nAmerican independence, and the connection of tJiis one of \nthe '' two Americas \" with that on this subject. I am not \nin the fashion in this matter; and my opinion, consequently, \nis not worth expressing. \n\nYour respectful friend, \n\nW. Sullivan. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 227 \n\nHaving a large professional practice, and many \nduties and cares constantly calling upon his personal \nattention, he was subject to many vexatious impor- \ntunities and complaints which try the spirit. It was \nafter some such scene, in which the good Doctor was \nmade perhaps the unwilling spokesman, that the fol- \nlowing letter was written, announcing a hasty con- \nclusion: — \n\nNov. 4, 1824. \n\nMy dear Sir, — I am extremely sorry for so much of \nour hasty conversation this morning as fell to my share : you \ncame upon me at a moment when my patience and philosophy \nwere exhausted, and I am not accustomed to be interrogated \nas to what I have done or omitted, quite so suddenly. The \nB. H. M. A. will go on very well without me ; and as to the \npublic^ any man is a fool who thinks the public cannot do \nwithout him, and much more of a fool if he spends his life \nin thankless service for the public. I have spent as much of \nmine, in this way, as I mean to. \n\nI should be obliged if one of your Committee could be \ndelegated to audit my liabilities for the Association ; and by \nhaving an order passed that the Treasurer shall pay what may \nbe found to be due. \n\nI shall attend to the distribution of the addresses, and \nthis will close my agency. Mr. Gould is desirous of having \na book prepared for the boys of his school, who intend to be \nmade members. \n\nRespectfully, \n\nWm. Sullivan. \n\nDr. Warren. \n\nMost persons who engage in great undertakings \nfor the public advantage, in which the public senti- \nment goes but half-way with them, or not so ftir, have \nat times similar periods of discouragement, when they \n\n\n228 HISTORY OF THE \n\nare inclined to give up their plans, and to sink to the \nlevel of those who care for nothing which does not \nmaterially concern their own narrow circle. It is to \nthe credit of human nature that \" patience and philos- \nophy '^ will come to the aid of generous and noble \nspirits, and prompt them to persevere in the good \ncause they have espoused. So it was with General \nSullivan, who retracted his sudden purpose, Jind con- \ntinued his labors Avith such energy and will that no \none would suppose he had ever thought of faltering. \nHe favored the adoption of the grandest plan of- the \nMonument that could be suggested, though not ex- \npecting to see it finished. He died September 3, 1839, \nwhen the Monument was only eighty-five feet high. \n\nThe Standing Committee made every eifort to in- \ncrease the subscriptions. They requested the Ward \nCommittees of Boston and the Selectmen of the \ntowns to make a new eifort, and to glean a second \nharvest. But the Ward Committees replied some- \nwhat reproachfully, as if they were thought to have \nbeen unfaithful, that they had been over the ground \nthoroughly, had asked every man who would be likely \nto contribute, and that it would be almost an insult \nto ask again. \n\nAs an illustration of the prompt manner in which \nthe canvassing was done, the letter of Lemuel Shaw, \nafterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial \nCourt, will suffice to show: — \n\nNath. p. Russell, Esq., Treasurer Bunker Hill Monument Association. \n\nDear Sir, — I herewith return you the Subscription Book \nfor Ward No. 11. You will perceive that the whole amount \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 229 \n\nof subscriptions is 8906. A list of luipaid subscriptions, \nwhich at your request I have handed to Mr. Kuhn, is $116. \nThe amount collected and received by the Committee, $790, \nis herewith handed to you, including a small bill of $3, being \nthe expense of printing notices. \n\nI am, sir, very respectfully, in behalf of the Committee for \nWard 11, your obedient servant, Lemuel Shaw. \n\nBoston, March 14, 1825. \n\nThomas Power, who had served on the Ward Com- \nmittee with great alacrity, made this reply in relation \nto a second attempt: — \n\nBoston, Aug. 13, 1825. \n\nSir, — A communication, under your hand, in behalf of the \nDirectors of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, directed \nto Ezra Dyer, Esq., and the subscriber, wiis duly received. \nWhen the Committee of Ward 5 accepted their commission, \nthey divided the Ward into four Districts ; and I can truly say \nthat the District in which I labored was thoroughly searched \nfor subscribers. We then had a Ward List, but it was of \nno use to us. We went to every house ; and I regret to say \nthere were many instances of refusal to subscribe, and, among \nthem, some whose means promised better things. There are \non the Ward List names of persons who have removed years \nsince from the Ward. Because therefore the names on the \nWard List are not found on the subscription book, it does \nnot warrant the inference that they were in the Ward, or, if \nin the Ward, that they were not called upon to subscribe. \n\nI have consulted Mr. Dyer on this subject, and he is of \nopinion with me that it is expedient to decline acting further \nin this business as contemplated by the Directors. \n\nWe feel sensible of the honor intended and the confidence \n\nreposed in us. Could we entertain a belief that we could aid \n\nthe efforts of the Association usefully, we should forthwith \n\nproceed. \n\nWith great respect, your obedient servant, \n\nThomas Power. \n\nEdward Everett. \n\n\n230 HISTORY OF THE \n\nBoston, as she then was, had contributed more than \nhalf of the whole amount : as now enlarged, the \ndonations of her present territory were about three- \nfourths. The response from the towns to a second \ncall — Boston was then the only city in the State — was \nnot more satisfactory. Those who in the first in- \nstance declined to subscribe did not, on a renewed \nappeal, change their opinion. The following letter \nfrom Worcester illustrates the state of feeling that \nexisted in what was then called the heart of the Com- \nmonwealth : — \n\nWorcester, May 23, 1825. \n\nDear Sir, — I transmit by Colonel John W. Lincoln \none hundred and seventy dollars and seventy-five cents, the \namount subscribed in this town, in aid of the Bunker Hill \nMonument Association. It is a source of regret with me \nthat the citizens of this town have not been more liberal and \npatriotic on this occasion. The reason in part is to be attrib- \nuted to the influence of our clergy (with the exception of \nDr. Bancroft), whose opposition was proclaimed from the \nsacred desk ; wliich undoubtedly operated to cool the ardor \nand prejudice the minds of their respective hearers ; and my \nimmediate predecessor, who had the charge of the subscrip- \ntion book, was not sufficiently alive to the subject in season to \naccomplish the object in view. Having previously had a letter \nor circular from Mr. Everett, requesting my aid and influence \nin procuring subscriptions, I volunteered my services to the \nChairman of the Board of Selectmen last autumn, to carry \nround the subscription book to the inhabitants of the centre \ndistrict, as I was then about taking a census of the minors in \nsaid district for school purposes, and could have attended to \nboth objects with but little additional trouble, but my offer \nwas not accepted in season. I have since had to travel the \nground over to collect the money which he had got subscribed, \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 231 \n\nand the subject had become so antiquated when the book \ncame into my hands that 1 had but poor success in obtaining \nnew subscriptions. These circumstances must be my apology \nfor the leanness of the subscription, as well as for not return- \ning the book more seasonably. \n\nI am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, \n\nOtis Corbett. \n\nN. P. Russell, Esq. \n\nIf in Ma}'^, 1825, ^^ the subject had become anti- \nquated,\" the prospect for the Association was not \npromising. But we can scarcely appreciate the situa- \ntion of Massachusetts and New England in the latter \npart of the first half-century of the Independence, and \njust after the close of the second war. Although \nthere was everywhere great contentment, and the \nappearance of thrift, it was owing to the industry and \nextreme frugality of the people. A silver dollar then \nwas more highly valued in the country towns than ten \ndollars in currency are now, and it actually went fur- \nther. A majority of the families raised their own prod- \nuce, spun and wove their own garments, and carpets, if \nthey had any, and realized, from the sale of the sur- \nplus products of the farm or of their labor, only from \nfifty to one or two hundred dollars a year in cash. \nDaughters were as useful then as sons in the house- \nhold economy, and became the better wives from their \nbringing up. The householder would be years in \nbuilding and finishing his house; first putting up the \nframe, when his neighbors would render their gratui- \ntous assistance at ^^ the raising,\" then making a small \nportion habitable to ^^ get in,\" and, year by year, ob- \n\n\n232 HISTORY OF THE \n\ntaining the material, and working at intervals of \nleisure upon the inside and out, until the whole was \ncompleted, and became an ornament to the village. \nThere were but few banks in the country to stimulate \nbusiness. Manufactories were just springing up. Com- \nmerce was the great source of rapid wealth in Boston ; \nand boys in the country, not wanted at home, and not \nfinding situations in the city, would either go to sea, \nor seek their home and fortune in the new States of \nthe West. The average salary of the ministers in the \nState out of Boston would hardly reach four hundred \ndollars, a scanty sum with which to rear a family, and \nyet the parishes thought it was a great deal of money. \nIt is no wonder that there should be some clergymen, \nwho, overlooking the importance of cultivating the \npatriotic sentiment of a love of country, and its liber- \nties as the guaranty of religious freedom and growth, \nbut contemplating only the necessities of Christian\" \nbeneficence with which they had to deal, should \neven preach against giving to the Monument, in \nthe fear that their special objects of charity might \nsuffer. \n\nConsidering this state of things, it is not only \ncreditable to that period, but indeed a marvel, that \nso large a sum as nearly $60,000 — equal to half a \nmillion at least of our money — should be so spon- \ntaneously given. No such sum had ever before been \nraised in New England for any single object of the \nkind, and this was owing to the intense patriotic ex- \ncitement produced by the eloquent and felicitous ap- \npeals of the Association. It was all the money that \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 233 \n\nMr. Everett's circular asked: $37,000 was his esti- \nmate for a column 220 feet high, and all the land was \nactually purchased for a little over $23,000. Besides, \nthe Legislature had granted $10,000 in labor, which \nwas then supposed could be conveniently employed in \nits construction. Therefore it was that Mr. Everett, \nwho had accurately gauged the probable result of \ntheir appeal, apprehending that nothing more would \nbe likely to be very soon afterwards obtained, declared \nthat the only safe thing to do was to erect a column \naccording to his estimate, and to preserve all the land. \nHe actually selected a neat and classical design, which \nhe proposed for their adoption. \n\nIn view of the emergenc}^ from the deliberate change \nof plan, the lottery was resorted to as the only expedient. \nIt had been the custom to grant the right to establish \nlotteries for a specified term in aid of turnpikes, bridges, \nacademies, and other public institutions. Harvard Col- \nlege had, only a few years before, received a grant of \nthat sort for one of its Halls. General Dearborn, as \none of a State Commission, had reported in favor of \ngranting a lottery in aid of internal improvement. \nThe Corporation of the City of Washington petitioned \nthe Legislature, in 1822, for leave to sell in the State \ntickets of lotteries granted by Congress in aid of \ncertain public improvements in the national capital. \nGeorge Blake strongly recommended the course, being \nadvised by Phinehas Blair, and also by J. K. Casey \nof Baltimore, who advertised a scheme in the follow- \n\n\ning fashion: — \n\n\n80 \n\n\n234 HISTORY OF THE \n\nCasey's Self-operating Lottery. \n\nThis lottery is patented by the United States, and has re- \nceived the full and unqualified approbation of the most en- \nlightened philanthropists of the nation, llie great object of it \nis to exclude from all participation in adventure the poorer \nclasses of society, and to put down the inducements to private \ngambling, where the loss of fortune may truly be said to be \nthe least evil incident to this growing vice of our country. \n\nMr. Casey was very desirous of conducting the \nenterprise, the success of which he deemed certain, \nas tickets could readily be sold in the principal cities \nof the United States. A vote of the Directors was \nobtained to petition the Legislature, and the Senators \nand Representatives elect were sounded in advance. \nBut the public sentiment in Massachusetts had been \nstrongly setting against lotteries as a vicious sj'stem \nof raising money. If it was right and expedient to \nprohibit them by law, the State ought not to license \nthem by special enactment for any purpose, however \nlaudable. The Directors became sensible of this feel- \ning in season, and voted to petition for the direct aid \nof the State, instead of a lottery. This petition failed \nto attract any support. \n\nIn February, 1829, another appeal to the people of \nthe State was determined upon. Instead of address- \ning official characters, the Directors themselves desig- \nnated prominent gentlemen in the diiferent towns and \nin the wards of the city, who were requested to cir- \nculate the address prepared by General Dearborn, \nand to solicit subscriptions, — one half to be paid in \nthe following month, and one half in a year. \n\n\nBU>JKER HILL MONUiMENT ASSOCL\\TION'. 235 \n\nThe following is an extract from his address: — \n\nAll civilized nations of ancient and modern times have \nerected statues, mausoleums, or other monuments, to com- \nmemorate the deeds of their illustrious sons, or perpetuate \nthe recollection of memorable national events. This practice \nhas its source not only in proper feelings of gratitude for \npatriotic services, but also in the universal desire of all great \nmen to live after death in the memory of posterity. This \ndesire stimulates them to illustrious actions, that they may \nmerit the renown which has uniformly been decreed as the \nreward of such actions. . . . \n\nIt is not exaggeration to say that the whole character of \nthe subsequent war was changed by the Battle of Bunker \nHill, that that battle gave the character to the war, and that \non that Hill our Revolution was really achieved. How in- \nteresting, then, not only to New England men, but to every \nAmerican, must this spot ever remain ! Our government is \nthe only free government founded on the rights of the people \nand the sovereignty of the law which can be considered as \nfirmly established on earth. If any spot in this country should \nbe consecrated as holy ground, on which to erect the temple \nof liberty, that spot surely is Bunker Hill. \n\nAnimated with these feelings and actuated by these piinci- \nples, the Bunker Hill Monument Association have engaged \nin the work of erecting a monument worthy of the spot, \nworthy of those illustrious sons, and those memorable deeds \nof the Revolution, which it is designed to commemorate, and \nalso worthy of ever standing the memorial of the establish- \nment of those great principles of liberty which resulted from \nthe Revolution. The monument will be the highest of the kind \nin the world, and only below the height of the Egyptian \nPyramids. It will form, when completed, an obelisk thirty \nfeet square at the base, and fifteen at the top. It will con- \nsist of eighty courses of our Quincy granite, each course two \nfeet eight inches in thickness. The whole height, when laid, \nwill be two hundred and twenty feet. No traveller will then \ninquire for the battle-ground. The monument will endure \n\n\n236 HISTORY OF THE \n\nuntil the foundations of the earth itself are shaken. Our \ndescendants in the most remote ages will have this perpetual \nmemorial before them of the virtues and valor of their ances- \ntors, and this ever-enduring memento of the price and the \nvalue of liberty. \n\nThe whole quantity of stone necessary to complete this \nwork is six thousand seven hundred tons Of this quantity \ntwenty-eight hundred tons are already laid in the first four- \nteen courses, and five hundred tons more are already dressed \non the Hill, being the quantity required for five courses, and, \nwith that already laid, making more than half the quantity \nnecessary for the whole structure. Twelve hundred tons are \nalready split out in blocks to dimensions for the various parts \nof the monument at Quincy, and have been placed in situa- \ntions where they can be best hammered. The remainder, \ntwenty-two hundred tons, can be split from the quarry in \nninety days, for three thousand dollars : considerable prog- \nress has been made in preparing the ledge for that purpose. \nThe Committee continued the work as long as they con- \nsidered themselves justified, and only ceased at the Hill on \ntlie first of September, and on the seventeenth of January at \nthe quarry. \n\nTo accomplish this great work, it must be evident, has re- \nquired a sum of money far beyond the subscription, and to \ncomplete it a still larger sum is required. The machinery at \nthe quarry, at the wharf, and on the Hill, has cost ten thou- \nsand dollars, — but half the sum, as the Committee have learnt, \npaid for the staging used in erecting the Washington Monu- \nment at Baltimore. To extinguish all the titles to the battle- \nground has cost twenty -four thousand dollars. In proceeding \nas far as they have done, the Society have expended all their \nfunds, and twenty thousand dollars in addition. Thirty thou- \nsand dollars more are required to complete the work. With \nfifty thousand dollars, the work can be completed within the \nyear, and the whole battle-field reserved. This most inter- \nesthig spot is now wholly in the control of the Society, and \nfrom the Monument the whole field of battle is now open to \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 237 \n\nthe eye ; but, unless fifty thousand dollars can be raised, a \nconsiderable part of it must be sold, and the opportunity lost \nfor ever of reserving it from being covered with buildings \nwhich would disfigure it. Under these circumstances, the \nSociety appeal with confidence to all Americans, and espe- \ncially to every son of New England, to enable them at once \nto finish the great work. \n\n• \n\nJoseph E. Sprague of Salem was Chairman of the \nCommittee, and attended to the printing and dis- \ntributing of the addresses: there was no response. \n\nAt the annual meeting this June, Colonel Perkins \ndeclined re-election as President, afler two years' \narduous service, and Judges Story and Prescott as \nVice-Presidents. Mr. Everett, who found it imprac- \nticable for him any longer to perform the varions \nduties of Secretary, which had occupied so much of his \ntime, was transferred to the easier place of Director. \nLevi Lincoln, who was then Governor of the State, \nwas elected President, Dr. Warren and Amos Law- \nrence Vice-Presidents, and General Dearborn Secre- \ntary. Other changes were made in the Board. It \ndoes not appear by the record that Governor Lincoln \neither accepted or declined the Presidency; but it is \npresumed that he gave his consent to the use of his \nname, with the understanding that he should take no \nactive part. \n\nThe Directors elected on the Building Committee : \nEbenezer Breed and David Devens of Charlestown, \nAmos Lawrence and Charles Wells of Boston, and \nH. A. S. Dearborn of Roxbury. Charlestown and \nRoxbury are now parts of the metropolis of Boston. \n\n\n238 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThis was the year in which the ladies made their \nfirst eflFort A Committee was formed among them, \nwho undertook to raise the desired means by a gen- \neral subscription in small sums by the women of the \nState and the little children. Sums as small as twenty- \nfive cents were solicited. William Appleton encour- \naged the movement by sending them $500 to pay any \nincidental expenses; and Amos Lawrence sent anony- \nmously $100. \n\nThe Directors gratefully acknowledged their co- \noperation, and by vote pledged all the money that \nmight be received from this eflFort to the raising of \nthe Monument, and to no other purpose. The im- \nmediate return in money was small, but an eflFort was \nstarted which in the end led to success. The amount \nof the ladies' donation, $2,225.38, w^as deposited as a \nseparate fund with the Massachusetts Hospital Life \nInsurance Company, an institution under whose pru- \ndent management money accumulates slowly at first, \nbut always surely, and afler a while at a rapid rate. \n\nAt the meeting in 1830, Governor Lincoln declin- \ning. Judge William Prescott was chosen President; \nand his son, Edward G. Prescott, Secretary; and \nGeneral Sullivan second Vice-President, in place of \nAmos Lawrence declined. The Association instructed \nthe Directors to petition the Legislature for a grant \nfrom the funds about to be received under an appro- \npriation made by Congress for the payment of the \nclaim for the services of the State Militia, paid for by \nthe State during the late war; and to take such other \nmeasures as might be deemed most expedient; ^^pro- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 239 \n\nvided, that the land be not sold unless it shall be \nfound absolutely necessary.\" The Directors appointed, \nAugust 4, a strong Committee — Dr. Warren, Mr. \nEverett, General Sullivan, Amos Lawrence, and Col- \nonel Baldwin — to consider and report the measures \nproper to be adopted to carry out their instructions. On \nthe 13th of the same month, they reported a series of \nResolutions and an address, written by Mr. Everett, \nto be sent out to the public. Colonel Baldwin took a \nprominent part at this adjourned meeting. The fol- \nlowing Resolutions were unanimously adopted : — \n\n1. Resolved^ That a respectful address be presented to the \nlegislature of this Commonwealth, at their next session, setting \nforth the expediency of giving the aid of the Government to \na work in which the public is so deeply interested. \n\n2. ReHolved^ That an effort be made to obtain further con- \ntributions from individuals, when it has been ascertained that \nthe Government of this Commonwealth can extend such as- \nsistance to the Association as will encourage the hope of a \nspeedy completion of the work. \n\n3. Resolved^ That, inasmuch as it is certain that a fair \nprice cannot be obtained for the Bunker Hill field, it would \nbe inexpedient to attempt a sale of any part of it at this time. \n\n4. Resolved^ That we consider the field of Bunker Hill us \na sacred legacy of our forefathers, defended by their arms \nand watered by their blood, and that it ought to be kept open \nto the view of remote posterity; and that it would be a per- \nmanent disgrace to the present generation of Americans to \nemploy the same for house-lots or other ordinary uses. \n\n5. Resolved^ That means should be adopted to represent to \nthe Government of this Commonwealth the importance of \nsecuring this land in the hands of the public. \n\n6. Resolved^ That a committee of eight, with power to fill \nvacancies, be chosen to prepare a respectful address to the \nlegislature, for the pui-pose recommended by the Association ; \n\n\n240 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand to support the application made in the address in a \nproper manner. \n\n7. Resolved^ That an address be submitted to the citizens \nof this Commonwealth, on the part of the Directors, explana- \ntory of the views of this Association ; of its operations and \nactual condition ; and that the same be forthwith distrib- \nuted to every town in the Commonwealth : and the Com- \nmittee accordingly beg leave to present herewith the draft of \nsuch an address. \n\nThe draft of Mr. Everett's address was also unani- \nmously adopted, and ordered to be printed and distrib- \nuted. After giving an account of the efforts of the \nAssociation and of the progress of the work, it de- \nmonstrated the great propriety of appropriating a por- \ntion of the ^^Massachusetts claim,\" when received, to \nthis permanent memorial of the Revolutionary strug- \ngle, and then it proceeded as follows to show the \npropriety of the State joining with the public in com- \npleting a work of this extraordinary character, which \nhad been so well begun: — \n\nIn the i^resent condition of the affairs of the Association, \nthe Directors think they may with propriety say that some- \ntliing is imperiously required to be done. Private subscrip- \ntions have been nearly suspended, partly no doubt from the \nlate pressure of the times ; but also from a sentiment of gen- \neral prevalence that the work itself is of a public nature, in \nwhich the Commonwealth and individuals ought to go hand \nin hand. The funds of the Association are exhausted ; and \nthe sale of the land would not, it is believed, more than en- \nable the Directoi*s to pay the debt for which it is pledged. \nMeantime the spot remains the object of universal attraction. \nEvery motive which ever existed for undertaking the work \nstill operates in all its force. Every citizen of the United \nStates, and every stranger from Europe, that visits this \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 241 \n\nneighborhood, repairs to these heights, as the first object of in- \nterest. If the Monument is to remain permanently in its \npresent condition, it will be a source only of discredit. The \nsum necessary to complete it, and render it the loftiest work \nof the kind in the world, and in beauty unsurpassed by any \nother, if assessed as a tax on the good people of the Com- \nmonwealth, would amount to less than nine cents each. The \nDirectors cannot doubt that the people, if called upon, would \ncheerfully tax themselves to this amount for this object. But \nwhen it is considered that no tax will be required, and that \nthe sum needed can be set apart from the ample funds about- \nto flow into the treasury of the State, they are encouraged \nto hope that their petition will meet with general favor. \n\nIn possessing within its limits the heights of Charlestown, \nthe State of Massachusetts may boast of a spot whose inter- \nest is unequalled in the History of Liberty. It is conceded \nthat the American Revolution is the great era in the annals \nof man. It was the revolution of mankind, in which the \nmoral necessity of free institutions for civilized societies of \nmen was vindicated and established. What impartial man can \ndoubt that the fate of this great revolution was decided be- \ntween the 19th day of April and the ITth of June, 1775 ? Who \ncan doubt that if on those days our fathers had quailed \nbefore the hostile armies, and Hancock and Adams had been \nseized and sent to England for trial, and with Warren, Pres- \ncott, and Putnam, and their compatriots, had expiated their \ntreason on Tower Hill, the American Revolution would have \nbeen effectually checked ; and for what period, who can tell ? \n\nIt has seemed proper, therefore, that the field where this \ngreat battle of freedom and independence wtvs fought should \nbe separated from every secular use, — a field of blood, \nsacred and precious, — restored to the condition in which it \nwas trod by our fathers on the morning of the eventful day, \nand adorned by a majestic monumental structure, which shall \nmark it to the end of time. We are told by travellers that, \nin the expanse of the Egyptian desert, a single obelisk, less \nlofty and massive by far than that which is commenced on \n\n31 \n\n\n242 insTORY OF the \n\nBunker Hill, remains to mark the spot of the g^at city of \nthe Sun, the residence of the patriarch Joseph, three thou- \nsand five hundred years ago. In completing the Monument \non the heights at Charlestown, we shall point out to the \ngratitude and admiration of our posterity, after an equal lapse \nof ages, the scene of the first tremendous struggles for Ameri- \ncan Independence. \n\nThe Committee of eight appointed to prepare and \nprosecute the petition to the Legislature were General \nSullivan, John Harris, General Dearborn, Thomas \nJ. Goodwin, Charles Wells, Alexander H. Everett, \nEbenezer Breed, and Oliver Ilolden. The election \nof the Building Committee was, on motion of Colonel \nBaldwin, postponed. \n\nThe Association always prefaced its petitions to the \nLegislature by an eloquent appeal to the public, and \nendeavored to produce in the minds of the people a \nstrong conviction that the aid sought of their Repre- \nsentatives ought to be granted. All along in the his- \ntory of this enterprise the Association sought to reach \nthe popular heart, to rouse the patriotism of the people, \nand thus create a strong and enthusiastic public senti- \nment. \n\nThe annual meeting on Friday, June 17, 1831, was \nattended by a small surprise party, which came near \ntaking possession of the Government of the Asso- \nciation. The President, Vice-Presidents, Secretary, \nTreasurer, and about half a dozen of the old friends \nof the enterprise, were there. The faces of the rest \nwere not familiar. The records and Treasurer's \nrei)ort were read. General Dearborn reported that \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 243 \n\nthe petition for a grant from the State was referred \nto the next Legislature, and that measures were being \npushed by the Committee for raising money by gen- \neral subscription, but their operation had been delayed \nby the sickness of Amos Lawrence, one of their Com- \nmittee. General Sullivan reported that copies of a \npamphlet showing the condition of the Association \nhad been sent to all the State, City, and Town officers, \nand to prominent individuals. On motion of Mr. \nClough, the ballot for officers was taken. New per- \nsons were chosen in place of the President, Vice- \nPresidents, and Secretary, and eleven new Directors \nwere elected, by an average vote of thirty to ten for \nthe old officers displaced. The arduous office of \nTreasurer no one coveted, and Mr. Russell was kept \nin his place as if to mark the continued identity of the \nAssociation. Leverett Saltonstall and Benjamin V. \nFrench were the only Directors re-elected, and there \nwere twelve vacancies. \n\nThe announcement was received with surprise \nmixed with indignation, nor was the feeling abated \nwhen it appeared that the attempted change of the \ngovernment was made in the interest of the new \npolitical party, known as the Anti-Masonic. It would \nnot have met with the least success, if even an half \nhour's notice of the attempt had been given to the \npublic ; but the leaders of the new organization, claim- \ning to be founded upon the sole idea of political \nopposition to secret societies, made this unexpected \ndemonstration by secret combination, and the con- \ncealment of their votes before voting. \n\n\n244 HISTORY OF THE \n\nAt the adjoiiraed meeting on July 25, Dr. Abner \nPhelps, the new President, was in the chair, and Wil- \nliam Marston, the new Secretary, appeared. So many \nof the Association were present that the room could \nnot accommodate them, and another adjournment was \nvoted to the following Monday, August 1, to Faneuil \nHall, if it could be had; and, if not, the Secretary was \ninstructed to obtain the most convenient place possi- \nble, and to give three days' notice thereof in four of \nthe Boston newspapers. Nathaniel P. Russell, the \nTreasurer, Benjamin Russell, and William Sullivan \nwere appointed a Committee to prepare an alphabeti- \ncal list of voters, to appoint a sufficient number to \ncheck the names of those that voted, to ascertain \nif votes by proxy can be legally received, and to \nreport any other arrangements they might think \nproper. \n\nIn the afternoon of August 1, Fanp:uil Hall \nopened its doors to the Bunker Hill Monument As- \nsociation, assembled in large numbers; and there was \nevery appearance of an enthusiastic meeting in favor \nof the former government. The names of those ap- \npointed to check the voting lists were announced, \none for each of the twelve wards of Boston, and one \nfor each of the towns of Charlestown, Cambridge, and \nRoxbury, — these three to act for all other towns. \nThe Committee had consulted with Hon. Charles \nJackson, and they were of the opinion ^Hhat it will \nnot be expedient to receive pi'oxy votes until the As- \nsociation shall authorize the same by a by-law, which \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 245 \n\nthey have authority to pass at any meeting.\" They \nalso reported six new by-laws: — \n\n1. That the officers should be elected at the annual meet- \ning, or at an adjournment. \n\n2. That no person shall vote unless he has contributed five \ndollars to the funds. \n\n3. That the Directors shall consist of thirty persons, of \nwhom those elected at the former meeting shall be a part. \n\n4. That no part of the land belonging to the Association \nshall be sold, nor any stones laid on the Monument, nor any \ncontracts be made for any operation thereon, unless the As- \nsociation be first convened by advertisement, — giving at \nleast twenty days' notice thereof in two or more newspapers \nprinted in Boston, — and a vote be passed authorizing the \nmeasure proposed. \n\n5. That no act of the Directors shall be valid unless a \nmajority of the whole Board concur therein. \n\n6. That all by-laws inconsistent with those above men- \ntioned be, and the same are, hereby annulled. \n\nThese were all adopted unanimously without amend- \nment. A Committee of eight were appointed to re- \nceive, sort, and count the votes for eighteen Directors, \nand it was voted to close the polls at six o'clock. Al- \nthough there was no ticket displayed in opposition to \nthat prepared by the friends of the old government, \nwho were the founders and laborious friends of the \nAssociation, five hundred and eighty-two members re- \nmained to have their names checked on the list, and \nto deposit their ballots. A large number of other \npersons, satisfied there was not the least opposition to \nthe reinstating of the old government in force, with- \ndrew before voting. The very appearance of the \nmeeting shewed beforehand what the result would be. \n\n\n246 HISTORY OF THE \n\nJudge Prescott, Dr. Warren, and General Sullivan, \nthe former President and Vice-Presidents, and fifteen \nothers of the old Board, including Amos Lawrence, \nEdward Everett, and Francis J. Oliver, were unani- \nmously elected. Eight of the old Directors were \nnot chosen, there being no room on the Board for \nany more, without making a greater addition to its \nnumber. \n\nFour attempts were made without success to pro- \ncure a meeting of the Directors, at which business \ncould be transacted under the new by-law. General \nSullivan then prepared a form of notice, which was \nadopted and sent to each Director, stating that his \npresence was particularly requested at the timeliamed \nfor the next meeting. On September 12, under this \nnotice, a legal meeting was obtained, at which a Com- \nmittee was appointed to consider and report what \nshould be done. Two meetings were called to hear \ntheir report, but, for want of a quorum being present, \nthe report was not made. Thus another year passed, \nand nothing was done. \n\nThe next annual meeting was held on Monday, \nJune 18, 1832, in Faneuil Hall. The officers newly \nelected by the Anti-Masonic party had publicly with- \ndrawn their names as candidates for re-election; but, \nnotwithstanding, four hundred and fifty-five members \nappeared to cast their votes. Judge Prescott was re- \nelected President; Dr. Warren and General Sullivan, \nVice-Presidents; and Edward G. Prescott, Secretary. \nA Board of Directors was chosen in harmony with \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONU^IENT ASSOCIATION. 247 \n\nthem, and the restrictive by-laws passed the year \nbefore were rescinded. Thus ended, in complete \ndiscomfiture, the first and only attempt ever made to \nidentify the Association with a political party. \n\nThe ground of this movement of the leaders of the \nAnti-Masonic party was their repugnance to the fact \nthat the ceremony of laying the corner-stone of the \nMonument was performed by the Grand Master of \nFree Masons, and that this fact, and the words \" Alex- \nander Paris, Architect,\" are inscribed on the plate \ndeposited in the foundation of the Monument. They \ndesired to get possession of the Monument to remove \nthis plate, or, if that should be impracticable, to insert \nanother which should correct or supersede it. In \ntheir published ^^ Report,\" they say: — \n\nThey desire a suitable correction of the inscription, so that \nthe truth may be handed down to future ages. This correc- \ntion may be made at a trifling expense, and with no injury to \nthe Monument, simply by inserting a new plate with a true \ninscription on the highest course of stone now laid. \n\nBut, aside from all considerations connected with the \nMasonic character of the inscription, the undersigned put it \nto their fellow-citizens, and especially the members of the \nAssociation, whether the plate deposited in the foundation \nought to bear the name of a person as architect, who had no \nconcern with the design or erection ? \n\nIt is, how^ever, none the less the fact that Mr. Paris \ndid personate the Architect on that great historic \noccasion, being duly authorized, and did perform the \npart assigned to the architect, which is deemed \nessential in the Masonic ceremony of laying a corner- \n\n\n248 HISTORY OF THE \n\nStone. It is recorded that, on receiving the imple- \nments with the usual injunction from the Grand \nMaster, he made the following modest and exceed- \ningly felicitous reply: — \n\nMost Worshipful Grand Master, — I receive from your \nhands these implements of science and labor belonging to my \ncraft and profession with feelings of great personal diflBdence, \nbut still in the strongest confidence and faith that such is \nthe triumphant spirit of the age, and such the numbers, ability, \nand power of those who have ordered the craftsmen to com- \nmence building, that the work will go bravely on, and the \nfathera who have this day come up, resting each upon his \nstaff, to see you lay the corner-stone, will live long enough \nto witness the dedication at the completion of the structure. \n\nMr. Paris had on request furnished designs to the \nCommittee, and also estimates of the comparative cost \nof a column and an obelisk, and these corresponded \nvery closely with those made by Mr. Willard. He \nwas well known as a skilful architect, and had been \nemployed with Colonel Baldwin upon the public works \nof the United States, and he had then a fair prospect \nof being the permanent architect of the Monument. \nHe superintended the laying of the foundation and \nthe preparing of the corner-stone, both of which were \nexecuted in a workmanlike manner by Gridley Bryant, \nand were deemed sufficient for the structure then con- \ntemplated. The fact that subsequently a deeper \nfoundation was laid for a weightier structure, and a \nmore massive stone substituted, is as immaterial as \nthe fact that the members of the Building Committee \nand most of the officers of the Association were \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 249 \n\nchanged during the progress of the work. The great \nobject of the public ceremony is to commemorate the \nbeginning of a great enterprise, and the inscription on \nthe phite deposited in the foundation should properly \nbear the names of those persons who took part or \nwere officers on that day. Another ceremony upon a \nchange of plan, and another great public occasion with \nan oration upon the substitution of a larger stone, \nwould have been most absurd. It would have been \nalike injudicious to deposit, as proposed, a plate with \nanother inscription in the Monument forty feet from \nthe ground. \n\nIt was charged also that the Masonic ceremony was \nattended with great disproportionate expense, whereas \nit did not cost the Association a dollar. The whole \nexpense of that imposing celebration was $4,720.85, \nwhich included the excavation and foundation, then \ndeemed adequate for the proposed structure, and all \nthe arrangements for the seating of the audience, the \nescort, music, and the entertainment of invited guests. \nTheir Report says: — \n\nThe public entertained no doubt that the nation's guest, \nGeneral Lafayette, was to lay the corner-stone of the struc- \nture. For the performance of such a ceremony by so august \na personage, no reasonable expenditure of the funds of the \nAssociation would have probably been deemed extravagant \nor useless. \n\nA great attempt was made to cast odium upon the \n\n!Masonic fraternity, as though they had contrived \n\nthrough Mr. Oliver, a Director and Past Grand Mas- \n\na2 \n\n\n250 HISTORY OF THE \n\nter, to wrest from General Laftiyette this honor. But \nit has been shown that the question was not whether \nLafayette or the Grand Master should perform the \nceremony, for it had been before determined that it \nwould have been otherwise performed by Mr. Webster, \nas President of the Association. When Mr. Oliver \nand Judge Prescott conferred with him upon the \npropriety of inviting the Grand Master to ojfficiate, \nthey undoubtedly satisfied him, from the fact that \nGeneral Joseph Warren died on the field while \nholding that office, and that the Lodge of Masons in \nCharlestown had so early erected a conspicuous monu- \nment to his memory, that this form of ceremony — \noften solicited from its traditional authority and nat- \nural fitness in the erection of public structures, when \nthere was no special reason — was peculiarly appro- \npriate to this occasion, would be also perfectly satis- \nfactory to General Lafayette, known to be a devoted \nmember of the order, and, more than all, would greatly \nadd to the eclat of the celebration. \n\nThe other complaint made by the new men in the \nBoard was the purchase of fifteen acres of land in- \nstead of only the five acres which the Association was \nauthorized to take by the right of eminent domain. \nIt was on account of these alleged objections coming \nto the public ear that the new by-laws were passed, \ntying the hands of the objectors, so that not a stone \nshould be laid, nor the land sold, nor any thing else \ndone upon it without the vote of the Association at a \nmeeting to be specially convened. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 251 \n\nIt is proper to state that Dr. Abner Phelps was \nelected President in his absence without any instru- \nmentality of his own, and that he accepted the posi- \ntion— so disagreeable under the circumstances — in \ndeference to the judgment of his political associates. \nHe was a graduate of Williams College of the class \nof 1806. He was an affable gentleman, and was well \nestablished in this city as a physician of good repute. \nHe took at this time a leading part in the promotion \nof the Western Railroad, and in this direction he was \nmore successful, and made himself more useful to the \ncommunity. \n\nOne result of this unfortunate controversy was \nanother able and eloquent Address from the ever- \nready pen of Mr. Everett. It was a plea against sell- \ning any of the land. It stated that those who had \nadvanced money upon it were in no haste to enforce \ntheir claim; that in a few years, in one generation at \nthe farthest, Boston and Charlestown might be con- \nstituted one municipality, the bridges between them \nwould be free avenues, and as in former times Charles- \ntown was the abode of the Russells and Dexters, and \nmen of that class, to whom expense was no object in \nthe selection of a residence, so it would again be re- \nsorted to by such men; and in the mean while let this \nfield be planted with trees, and it would become as \nattractive a spot for a promenade as any in the world, \nand then the idea of selling any portion of it would \nno more be tolerated than would now be the proposal \nto sell a part of Boston Common, to which this land \n\n\n252 HISTORY OF THE \n\non Bunker Hill was in many respects. superior. The \naddress then forcibly stated the historic reasons why \nthe Avhole land acquired by the Association should be \npreserved for posterity, and concluded with the fol- \nlowing strong statement of the author's faith in the \nfinishing of the Monument: — \n\nMany of the original subscribers, it is known, were and \nare ready to double their subscriptions ; and we have no \nreason to doubt that the Commonwealth will yet, from \nits ample funds, contribute eflVctively to the object, or, at \nleast, that it will purchase and for ever secure the field of \nbattle. \n\nThe Monument will he cowpJctnL What has already been \ndone is as substantial as the Pyramids of Egypt. It will stand \nuninjured to the end of time. If this veneration cannot or \nwill not finish it, the next will. It would be pleasant to those \nwho witnessed the commencement to l)ehold the completion \nof the work. But, if we prefer waiting, the work can wait. \nIt is a work which will last, unless an earthquake shall shake \nit down, while the earth lasts. Let us proceed in it with an \nelevation of feeling worthy of its character and destiny, and \ntake no step under temporary excitements. Our brave fathers \nwho encountered the {)erils of the 17th June, 1775, many of \nthem realized but few of the blessinixs for which thev staked \ntheir lives. How few of them have survived to witness such \nof the happy consequences of the Revolution as have been \nunfolded within our experience ! We trust in the providence \nof God, that, long after we have followed our fathers to the \ndust, still richer blessings will fiow to our children, and our \nchildren's children, from those sacrifices and sufferini^s whicli \nwe would now piously commemorate. It may be even so as \nregards the Monument. If the enthusiasm which, seven or \neight years ago, was awakened on the subject of a Monument \non Bunker Hill, is for. the present extinct, be it so : it will \nrevive again. The next generation, the next jubilee, will see \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 253 \n\nit rekindled warmer, more affectionate, more ardent for the \ndelay. In the interval, the massy granite already laid will \nnot soften ; and, if we do not rashly alienate the soil, the \nsmooth green sod that now surrounds the rising obelisk will \nremain unchanged, to be trodden by the grateful and enthusi- \nastic multitudes, who will then press forward to complete our \nunfinished work. If we sell the land, we shall, without rais- \ning a dollar to carry on the structure, take a step at once \nirreparable, and the best calculated to discourage all further \neffort on the part of those who have hitherto had it at heart \nto prevent the desecration of Bunker Hill. \n\nLet us beware, then, of selling that famous field, rendered \nsacred by the deeds and hallowed by the relics of our ances- \ntoi-s ; and let those who set their names to such an act pre- \npare to have those names covered with the execrations of the \nlatest posterity, who will never cease to lament their avarice \nand stand amazed at their want of patriotism. \n\nThis pathetic appeal was virtually lost upon the \npeople. It might have awakened their patriotic emo- \ntions for the moment, but it did not serve to induce \nthem to make the trifling pecuniary sacrifice required \nto preserve entire the memorable field on which their \nfathers fought to give them Liberty and Indepen- \ndence. If only Mr. Everett's timely warning had \nbeen heeded, with what added gratitude and joy \nwould not the wealthy and enlarged metropolis of \nBoston now hail her newly acquired possession of the \nhistoric Charlestownl \n\nThe unfinished structure had now stood for four \nyears, covered in by a temporary roof, with its hoist- \ning mast lowered as if in defeat, and looking, as it \nstood suri'ounded by the massive stones prepared for \n\n\n254 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nthe upper coui-ses, and lying promiscuously at its base, \nlike a sublime ruin, the shock indeed of a great con- \nvulsion of nature. The winds of the wintry storm \nexpended their fury upon it, the mast waved, the clat- \ntering boards moaned piteously to their rage, but it \nstood as firm as the everlasting rock. The sun and \nthe moon in turn cast their lingering beams upon it, \nand then silently passed on, as if expecting each new \nrevolution to greet its promised summit. But wait, \nand see what may come of the impending cloud \nthreatening the country I If the Union, for which \nthe fathers fought, be not, indeed, to last; if Presi- \ndent Jackson, with his patriotic firmness, aided by \n\"Webster in the Senate, do not now succeed in \ndemolishing the Hydra doctrine of nullification, the \nMonument had better never be completed, but it \nshould remain always unfinished, like a broken col- \numn, emblematic of a Republic of magnificent prom- \nise in its i-ise, but prematurely dismembered, and \ninglorious in its fall. \n\n\n^^^^^ \n\n\n'4..' \n\n\n> \n\n\n^' \n\n\nv-c,fl \n\n\n^'•J \n\n\n■•V- \n\n\n.i^' \n\n\nCHAPTER XII. \n\nThe proofs of true munifick.nck must be drawn from the uses to \nwhich a man of wealth applies hia fortune. \n\nA MOS LAWRENCE was of the highest type of \n-^*- manhood. He was born in Grotou, Middlesex \nCounty, April 22, 1786. His father, Samuel Law- \nI'ence, was one of the minute-men of his town; and it \nis related of him that on the morning of the 19th \nApril, 1775, when Colonel Prescott rode rapidly to \nliis house from the neighboring town of Pepperell, and \nsaid to him, \" Samuel, notify your men, the British are \ncoming,\" he rode seven miles in forty minutes, noti- \nfied every one, and on the next day he reached Cam- \nbridge with them after a rapid march of thirty miles; \nthat he was in the Battle of Bunker Jlill, and received \na bullet through his cap which cut olf some of his \nhair, and a grape-shot which grazed his arm. He \nlived to see the fiftieth anniversary of that event; he \nbecame a magistrate of the county, and held several \noffices in his town. \n\nAmos Lawrence, though always in delicate health, \nand frequently detained at home by sickness, received \nan excellent education at the Grotou Academy, which \nhas since been so liberally endowed by him and his \nfamily, that their name has been given to it. After an \n\n\n256 HISTORY OF THE \n\napprenticeship in a country store, he came to Boston \nupon being of age, and shortly established himself in \nbusiness on his own account. He received his brother \nAbbott Lawrence as a clerk at the age of fifteen, and \nas a partner on his majority. The co-partnership thus \nformed was dissolved onlj'^ by death. The house was \nknown to be as successful and as highly respected \nas any in the city, or in the whole country. From the \ngreat wealth which Amos Lawrence acquired he made \nmany liberal endowments in his lifetime. His con- \nstant charity was bounded neither by sectarian nor \nby narrow local lines. In the latter part of his life, \nhe was not satisfied with conforming to the Christian \nstandard of bestowing one tenth of his income, but, \nreversing it, he kept only the tenth part, and gave \nnine-tenths away. He derived so much pure enjoy- \nment from becoming his own executor, that he im- \nparted this secret of true happiness, where he thought \nit would avail, to some of his friends also blessed with \nwealth, and in several instances induced them to make \nspecific gratuities where greatly needed; but the \ngenerous deed and its promoter were carefully kept \nfrom the public eye. He delighted in the silent flow \nof his own beneficence, and rejoiced in living a quiet, \nunostentatious Christian life. A man of large brain \nand a big heart, of keen sagacity and undeviating \nrectitude, he needed only confirmed health, so that he \nmight continually go about, to make him the greatest \nphilanthropist of the age. \n\nIt was to be expected from his heritage and his \nown character that he would embrace the plan of the \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 257 \n\nAssociation with enthusiasm, and that, supposing the \npubHc generally participated with him in the same \nfeeling, he would have faith in its ultimate success, — \na faith which he subsequently intended should be re- \nalized by his works, even if unaided. In the begin- \nning of his labors, he had the following correspond- \nence with Dr. Warren : — \n\nDear Sir, — The contributions to the Monument are going \non well. I have now no anxiety that the amount will fall be- \nlow twenty-five thousand dollars. I have seen a number of \nthe Committee, and they say there is an almost universally \ngood spirit prevailing toward it. Almost every man gives \nsomething ; but the best contributions, and the most liberal, \nare from the young men and those in the middling walks of \nlife. \n\nI have not been so successful as I had hoped in the section \nof Ward No. 10, — embracing Colonnade Row round through \nBoylston Street, down to West Street, embracing that small \nsquare ; but it will not fall short of a thousand dollars, includ- \ning Mr. LowelFs, Mr. Rice's, and my own subscription, which \nmakes one half that sum. \n\nOur Row ought to have given that at least, but some of the \ngentlemen who are very rich profess to care nothing about \nit, and give little, less even than some of the industrious \nyoung carpenters and masons. To-morrow another Com- \nmittee takes it into another section of the ward : the ward is \ndivided into five sections. \n\nI would by no means publish the names of contributors \nat present ; some of the large subscriptions have been made \nunder an express pledge that they shall not be neivspapered. \nI think it was a sad mistake your Committee made in publish- \ning single subscriptions in the first place : it has well-nigh \nruined you. When your subscriptions are through, it may \nthen be a matter to be well considered whether to give them \na newspaper publicity. \n\n83 \n\n\n258 HISTORY OF THE \n\nIt will be well, however, to take notice now of the progress \nthe subscriptions are making, as many people like to hear it \nis going on well. \n\nYours truly, \n\nAmos Lawrence. \n\nDr. Warren. \n\nIf I had some blank certificates, I could get some more \nmoney with them. \n\n\nBoston, Nov. 23, 1824. \n\nDeab Sm, — Agreeably to your suggestion, I send you \ntwenty blanks, and shall be happy to send more, if you find \nthem useful to the execution of your plans. \n\nIn regard to the publication of the subscriptions, I believe \nyou and your friends differ from the general opinion. There \nmay be a few individuals who are sufficiently disinterested \nand patriotic to give their money from a sentiment of public \ngood ; but nine out of ten are influenced in their donations \nby the consideration of the opinion which the public will \nhave in regard to them ; and, if it were once understood that \ntheir names and contributions were to remain unpublished \nand unknown, I fancy the subscription would not be a very \ngreat one. In regard to the publication of the first subscrip- \ntions, it is possible that one or two might have been advan- \ntageously omitted ; but, even with the unfavorable impression \nmade by these, I have no hesitation in saying, that not one \ncircumstance has more powerfully operated to excite the true \nfeeling than the publication of those subscriptions. I do not» \ntherefore, admit it to be a sad mistake, but a most fortunate \noccurrence. \n\nIn a word, my dear sir, it is much more easy to find fault \nthan to improve ; and I doubt whether so great an object \ncould have gone on with more success than this has done \nthus far, under any management. 'Howevery I believe the \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 259 \n\neffect of the first publication to be sufficient for the present \npurpose, as it leads every one to expect their names to appear \nfirst or last ; and therefore I shall not press the point, especi- \nally as I have no doubt that your influence and assiduity will \nmore than compensate for any deficiency on other grounds. \n\nI remain, very faithfully, yours, \n\nJohn C. Warren. \n\nIt appears by the following letter that he foresaw \nthe awkwardness of the situation, — in which indeed \nmany honorable persons find themselves placed, but \nfeel conscious of being able to meet, — that of being \nobliged in one capacity to negotiate with himself in \nanother. Nevertheless, he determined for his own \npart not to be put in such a position: — \n\nBoston, Feb. 28, 1827. \n\nMy dear Sir, — I held five shares in the Quincy Railway \nCompany, which I subscribed for originally, solely to aid the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, and have held them to \nthis time for the same purpose ; but the time has now come \nwhen I am required to act in the double capacity of Com- \nmittee-man for the Bunker Hill Monument Association and \nproprietor in the railway, in a matter of bargain between the \ntwo. Although I feel that my bias is strongly toward the \nMonument, I do not wish to be placed in a situation that any \none can say hereafter that I bargained with myself^ and, \nwhether with justice or not, that the railway made money \nout of the Monument. I some time since had an application \nfor my stock, which I declined selling, but shall offer it for \nsale immediately at cost and interest. If I sell it, I will serve \non the committee to which I was appointed at the last meet- \ning of the Building Committee ; if I do not sell it, shall \ndecline serving on that committee, and nominate yourself in \nmy place. \n\n\n260 HISTORY OF THE \n\nI hope the Railway Company may be induced to contract \nto perform the work for a less sum than the sub-committee \nwere authorized to pay. \n\nVery truly yours, \n\nAmos Lawrence. \n\nDr. J. C. Warren, \n\nChairman of Building Committee B. H. M. A. \n\nAs soon as he saw his way clear to take the office \nof member of the Building Committee, he made him- \nself thoroughly acquainted with every detail of the \nwork, with the cost of every part, and the means of \npayment. Acting as Secretary of the Committee, and \nkeeping all the papers, he soon came to admire Mr. \nWillard's admirable methods, and the wonderful skill \nand economy with which he managed every thing. \nlie felt the great loss which Mr. Willard's withdrawal \nwould be to the Association, and he earnestly strove \nto prevent it, as the following letters will show: — \n\nBoston, June 20, 1827. \n\nDear Sir, — I am truly sorry for your determination in \ngiving up the superintendence of the Monument. The meas- \nure will be a serious injury to it^ progress the present season. \nAt any rate, I most anxiously desire that you will continue \nyour judicious care for a few days, until we can look about \nus ; and in tlie mean time, perhaps, some arrangements can be \nmade that will be satisfactory to you. I have been at your \nlodgings and shop this morning, in hopes of seeing you. If \nyou will name any time and place when and where I can see \nyou, I will do it. You have too imich regard for the object of \nyour long continued labor to be willing to see it put in jeop- \nardy by any feelings of a private nature. Again I most ear- \nnestly desire you to continue for a few days. \n\nTruly yours, A. L. \n\nS. WiLLARD, Esq. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 261 \n\nJune 22. \n\nMy dear Sir, — Since I saw you, I have seen Mr. Willard, \nand among the reasons he gives for resigning his place as \nsuperintendent of the Monument (none being given in the \nnote I showed you from him) are that the Chairman of the \nBuilding Committee has never felt an interest in the success of \nthe plan, and that he will not be likely to help it along ; but, \non the contrary, will retard it. He has strong prejudices, \nand it is difficult to remedy them. I have obtained from the \nhead quarryman and Mr, Savage an outside estimate of the \ncost of laying ten courses (26| feet), which they make $9,938. \nThis, I have no doubt, is an outside estimate. \n\nI promised to inform you when I should learn the reasons \nWillard gives for leaving the work. Had I better send Wil- \nlard's note to the Chairman ? I have had strong hopes the \nthing might blow over, and the Colonel not know it, but \n\nWillard, I think, does not intend to return. \n\nA. L. \nGen. Sullivan. \n\nGeneral Dearborn wrote him an earnest letter, \ndesiring him to withdraw his opposition to a lottery, \nand intimating that, by his influence in favor, the \ngrant could be obtained, and that in no other way \ncould the desired means be raised at that time. But \nhe was firm in his opposition. He had the opinion \nthat, when the Monument should be carried up to \nthe height of forty feet, it would plead its own \ncause, and the money could easily be procured. He \ninduced his associates to join with him in obtaining \na loan upon the pledge of the land outside the \nreserved square, and General Sullivan, Dr. Warren, \nColonel Perkins, General Dearborn, and himself gave \ntheir personal obligations to the Suffolk Bank for \n$22,000. \n\n\n262 HISTORY OF THE \n\nAs a last resort, when other measures had failed, \nhe appealed to the Massachusetts Charitable Me- \nchanics Association in the following letter: — \n\nBoston, April 24, 1833. \n\nGentlemen, — Being myself earnestly desirous that the \nBunker Hill Monument should be completed according to the \noriginal plan, and that that^ together with the whole of the \nland now owned by the Bunker Hill Monument Association \nin Charlestown, being the famous battle-field, be dedicated \nand preserved to the public as a perpetual memorial to future \ngenerations of the ardent love of liberty and the pure princi- \nples of patriotism, of the hardy virtues which influenced \ntheir ancestors to attempt, and enabled them to achieve, our \nnational independence, I present this proposition to you, \nbelieving that any object which powerfully approves itself to \nyour Association is sure to find favor with the public. It is \nunnecessary to look back for errors in the management of the \nBunker Hill Monument Association, as such restrospect will \ndo nothing in aid of our present plan. It is sufficient to state \nthat the Association is in debt twenty-eight thousand dollars, \nand that two-thirds of this famous field is liable to be sold for \nthe payment of this debt. If saved from desecration^ at no \nvery distant time the whole field will be estimated as above \nprice. Sixty thousand dollars will finish the Monument, \nsecure the whole field, and do something towards fencing \nand ornamenting it. To collect this sum requires a strong \nmovement, but it can be done. The present is the most \nfavorable time to do it there has been for some years. My \nbrothers will give their influence, labor, and money in aid of \nit, and I will pay five thousand dollai-s, provided fifty thou- \nsand dollars be paid, or secured to be paid, within three \nmonths from all sources, or ten per cent on any less sum \nthan fifty thousand dollars. Your Association had it in con- \ntemplation to purchase or build a suitable edifice for your \nown occasions a few years since, and I believe were pre- \nvented by considerations of prudence in regard to the state \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 263 \n\nof your funds. I shall esteem it a privilege to contribute the \nsame amount to this object, if you still have it in view, that \n1 do to the Bunker Hill Monument Association, if the plan \nsucceeds of saving the land by your aid, or I will apply the \namount in such other way as will be most useful that you \nmay point out for the benefit of your Association. \n\nVery respectfully yours, \n\n(Signed) Amos Lawkence. \n\nHon. S. T. Armstromg, \n\n\nHon. Ch. Wells, \n\nJ. T. Buckingham, and \n\nJ. P. Thorndike, Esq., \n\n\nMembers of the Mass, Charitable \nMechanic Association, \n\n\nThis society was established in Boston in 1795, \nunder the influence of Paul Revere, the patriot leader \nof the people during the Revolution, and afterwards \nthe conspicuous supporter of the adoption of the Con- \nstitution of the United States. It was incorporated \nten years afterwards, and had grown up to be one \nof the most flourishing societies in the country. Its \nmembership had always included the leading mechan- \nics and manufacturers of the State. Its objects have \nbeen improvement in arts and manufactures, a chari- \ntable care for fellow-members overtaken by misfortune, \nand the promotion of social intercourse. By the \nshrewd management of its fund, its means of doing \ngood have become great, and its high character has \nlong been established. Its roll of active members in- \ncludes many of the leading men in the city and the \nCommonwealth, and it has conferred honorary mem- \nbership upon distinguished statesmen and scholars, \ncommencing with the elder Adams, the second Presi- \ndent of the United States. For orators it has had \n\n\n264 HISTORY OF THE \n\nWebster, Everett, and \"Winthrop. Its triennial fairs \nand festivals have become celebrated. \n\nIt was a happy thought of Mr. Lawrence to address \nthe leading gentlemen of this society, and they could \nnot overlook the terms of his proposition. It was \ndeemed of such importance that a special meeting of \nthe society was called, at which the letter was read, \nand Joseph T. Buckingham, the President, Samuel T. \nArmstrong, Charles \"Wells, and John P. Thorndike \nwere appointed a Committee to confer with the Di- \nrectors of the Monument Association, and to report \nmeasures for action. The Directors cordially as- \nsented to a new popular eflfort to be made in the \nname of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic \nAssociation, and appointed General Sullivan, Amos \nLawrence, and Thomas J. Goodwin a Committee to \nconfer with them respecting the officers to be elected \nat the next annual meeting, in order that they might \nmore fully be represented in the government of the \nMonument Association. \n\nA meeting of the Mechanic Association was called \nat Faneuil Hall on Tuesday, May 28, 1833, at four \no'clock in the afternoon, in aid of the Bunker Hill \nMonument. The whole public were invited. The \nDirectors of the Monument Association voted to at- \ntend in a body, published notices inviting the mem- \nbers of the Association also to attend, and furnished \nthe speakers for the occasion. \n\nFaneuil Hall was crowded and densely packed as \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 265 \n\nnever before. President Buckingham called the meet- \ning to order, and read the resolutions adopted by the \nTrustees, and an address to the people of the Com- \nmonwealth, signed by all the members of the gov- \nernment of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic \nAssociation. George Blake introduced appropriate \nresolutions, which he enforced in a concise, senten- \ntious speech. Colonel Charles G. Greene followed \nto second the resolutions in a brief speech, pertinent \nand well delivered. He declared that ^^ Every one who \nvalues the name of an American, and the high char- \nacter his country has assumed among the nations of \nthe earth, must be anxious to have the first step in her \nbrilliant career marked by a memorial worthy of its \nimportance. And, again, it is to the cause of Liberty \nand the Eights of Man that this Monument is to be \nerected; and who that values these blessings but will \nwish to see this splendid token of their existence, \npointing in the perfection of its grandeur to the Great \nSource from whence they emanated.\" \n\nThe next speaker was Mr. Everett, who seems to \nhave been ever ready to answer to the calls made upon \nhim in behalf of the public, and especially of the \nMonument. He might have well declined at this \ntime, — as most men would have done, — upon the \nground that, if his advice had been - followed, the \nMonument, such as he proposed, would have been \nfinished, and the whole land would have been held, \nand now enjoyed, ornamented, and free of debt, and \nthat he had already devoted as much of his time and \nenergy to the object as he could afford. But no: he \n\n84 \n\n\n266 HISTORY OF THE \n\nfelt that a great public duty was yet to be performed, \nand he was willing to do his part until it was per- \nfoiTiied. \n\n\"Webster, in his eulogy upon Adams and Jeflerson, \ndescribing true eloquence, said, \"It must consist in \nthe mau, in the subject, and in the occasion;\" but \nEverett often himself made the occasion. The Monu- \nment was now a trite theme. He had written several \naddresses upon it, which had been everywhere circu- \nlated, and had been thoroughly read. What more \ncould he say ? As he stepped forward upon the plat- \nform hearty cheers welcomed him. It was his first \nspeech in Faneuil Hall. In his graceful presence, his \nkindled eye, and earnest expressibn, there was a \nmagic magnetism which won rather than commanded \nattention. He addressed the Society as brethren, \nbeing an honorary member. He alluded to the re- \nproaches cast upon the management of the Directors \nof the Bunker Hill Monument Association, and he \nstood ready to take his full share from any one who \nhad given as much time as he had, or even, from any \none who would agree to give as much in future, he \nwould be willing to receive what he considered un- \nmerited censure. But the Monument unfinished for \nso many years had come to be a public reproach, and \na disgrace to this generation. He knew that they all \nfelt it was time that it was completed, and yet they \nwould not do it from the feeling that they were about \nto take off the reproach, but from the conviction that \na Monument should be built, even if one had not been \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUxMEJ^T ASSOCIATION. 267 \n\ncommenced. He then demonstrated at length with \ncopions illustration the utility of the Monument, prov- \ning that, after all, taking in view the aims and pur- \nposes of life, the greater gratification one derives from \nthe higher moral sentiments, and the immense advan- \ntage to the public from their inculcation by so proud \na memorial, it was really the best and most useful \nthing they could do for the public good. He next \ncarried them back to the times when the fathers of the \nKevolution spoke to the people in this very Hall; he \nreminded them of the self-denial, the devoted heroism \nof Warren, of his conspicuous courage and devotion in \nthe Battle of Bunker Hill, and he closed with repeat- \ning in thrilling accents, and as if in application to \nthem at this very moment, the well-known words which \nhad before echoed within these walls: ^^The voice of \nyour Fathers' blood cries to you from the ground.\" \n\nThe eflfect was unexampled. The shortened address \nof Judge Story which followed, though highly appro- \npriate and impressive, seemed, in comparison, like the \nbenediction pronounced by another clergyman after \nthe entrancing sermon of an eloquent divine. Every \none said, as the assembly broke up, \" The Monument \nIS completed,\" so thoroughly persuaded were they all \nthat this grand appeal would be followed by instan- \ntaneous action, needing no other prompter. \n\nMr. Lawrence felt great chagrin that the favorable \nopportunity was not immediately improved. If he \nhad been well, he said, he would have obtained the \nwhole amount in forty-eight hours. If Mr. Bucking- \nham, who presided, had, before the adjournment. \n\n\n268 HISTORY OF THE \n\ncalled from the chair for subscriptions, he might have \nobtained all the money needed on the spot. But they \nwaited until the address of the Committee should be \nsent to all the towns in the State, as if they would be \naccompanied by the persuasive presence and voice of \nthe great orator. \n\nAt the ensuing annual meeting of the Monument \nAssociation, the Directors reported some new by-laws \nwhich were adopted. By these the Government was \nvested in a Boai'd consisting of the President, five \nVice-Presidents, fifty Directors, the Treasurer and \nSecretary; it was also recommended to choose the \nPresident of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic \nAssociation for the time being in this and all future \nelections the first Yice-President of the Bunker Hill \nMonument Association, which arrangement has al- \nways been continued. At this meeting the former \nofliicers of the Monument Association were re-elected; \nand Mr. Buckingham, ex officio, Samuel T. Arm- \nstrong, and Charles Wells were the first three Vice- \nPresidents, leaving Dr. Warren and General Sullivan \nto be the fourth and fifth. The twenty additional \nDirectoi's were officers and leading members of the \nMechanic Association, being at the same time mem- \nbers of the Monument Association. The Board con- \ntinued till 1836, with the single alteration in 1835 of \nJoseph Jenkins, chosen fifth Vice-President in place \nof General Sullivan resigned. A new Diploma was \nauthorized to be engraved at the expense of the \nMonument Association, and a very large number of \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 269 \n\ncopies were struck off and placed in the hands of the \nMechanic Association, to be given to the subscribers \nthey might obtain. \n\nMr. Everett wrote the following letter to General \nSullivan in relation to the style of the Diploma, and a \nnew mode of raising money: — \n\nCharlestown, 8th July, 1833. \n\nDear Sir, — I have yours of the 5th. I deeply regret that \nmy engagements are such as again to put it out of my power \nto attend the meeting of the Directors. \n\nI like your sketch of a certificate very much. As at pres- \nent advised, I should think there would be a propriety in \nhaving each certificate signed Qnot facsimiled) by the Presi- \ndent and Secretary. Their oflBces point them out as the \nproper signers, and their relation to Colonel Prescott would \ngive a peculiar fitness to their signing. There are other \nnames entitled, by services rendered to the undertaking, to \nbe connected with this memorial of it ; but I do not know on \nwhat principle of selection you could proceed, by which you \ncould get their names upon the certificate, without including \nothers. \n\nBut I am myself strongly inclined to think that, on the \nscore of economy, it would be better to issue, at present, \nmerely a printed paper to each new subscriber, certifying that \nhe is one, and stating it to be the purpose of the Directors, \nwhen the work is completed, to deliver to each member \nan engraved certificate. The paper might set forth some \nreasons for this course. \n\nYou observe that the half of the tolls of the old bridge for \nJune, amounting to nearly $700, has been paid. Unfor- \ntunately the sensitive jealousy of some of the friends of the \nnew bridge went far in impairing the effect of the arrange- \nment made by the Directors of the old bridge. Others, how- \never, of the new bridge people (as John Skinner and Eben \n\n\n270 HISTORY OF THE \n\nBreed), fell in cordially. But for the unhappy jealousy al- \nluded to, the moiety of the tolls would have been at least \n$1,000, and in that event the arrangement would have been \ncontinued, and would of itself have been nearly adequate to \nraise what we yet want. Now I want you, in your practical \nwisdom and tact, to devise the means of setting this going \nagain, under kindlier auspices. Get the Directors of the old \nbridge to renew the arrangement, with possibly some modifi- \ncation ; and get round General Austin, of Charlestown, and \npersuade him to take a diflerent view of the subject. \n\nPerhaps the old bridge would consent to give us the entire \nnet increase of toll over the average of their former receipts. \nI know it is expecting them to be kindly disposed ; but as by \n7iet increase^ I understand the excess over the old average, \nafter a fair deduction for wear and tear of bridge and ex- \npense of collection, I do not know why they should not. It \nwould not be against their interest, and it would conciliate \nsome favor, and promote the end we have at heart. \n\nPerhaps a small, respectable Committee of the Directors \n(and that body could furnish no other), to confer with the \nDirectoi*s of the old bridge and the new, and take measures, \nwould be useful. Such a Committee could have done some- \nthing to make the arrangement more eflfective in June. I \nwrote about twenty communications in newspapers, and letters \nto procure them written ; but the knowledge of the arrange- \nment did not fairly spread into the region of the main East- \nern travel, — did not soak into the countrv. \n\nI think we may yet get $1,000 per month out of the old \nbridge. With great respect, E. Everett. \n\nP. S. The lines from Percival are very pretty, but the idea \nthey inculcate seems at variance with the Monument. \n\nA word from the gentlemen who acted as counsel for the \nnew bridge might do good. \n\nThe new Diploma, however, bore the facsimiled \nsignatures of the fifty-eight ofticers of the Associa- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 271 \n\ntion. It was twice as large as the first Diploma. No \nreport was made to the Momiment Association of the \npersons to whom it was issued. \n\nThe following is the concluding part of one of these \ncommunications written for the newspapers by Mr. \nEverett for the purpose of drawing the travel over \nCharles River Bridge, in order to help on the Monu- \nment. This appeared in the Boston \" Advertiser: \" — \n\nWe trust our friends on all hands, who drive out on parties \nof pleasure during the month, will take this direction, and \npass Charles River Bridge. It is a very favorable time to see \nthe Dry Dock in the Navy Yard, especially if Old Ironsides \nshould, as is anticipated, be taken into it this month. Chelsea \nBeach is one of the finest drives on the coast. The Nahant \nHotel is opened. The range of country through Maiden, the \nupper part of Charlestown, Medford, and West Cambridge, \nfurnishes a delightful excursion. For a shorter excursion, \nbesides the Navy Yard, Charlestown itself furnishes much \nattraction. The State Prison is now a perfect specimen of \nthe improved system of prison discipline, and well worth ex- \namination by intelligent strangers. The simple monument \nto Harvard on Burying Hill is a very pleasing object ; and \nold Bunker Hill itself is worth a pilgrimage to every one \nwho has not, or who has already, visited it. In short, we \ndo not well see how a man could get so much good out of \nhis toll as by paying it at the old bridge during the month \nof June. \n\nGeneral Nathaniel Austin, to whom Mr. Everett's \nletter refers, was the brother of William Anstin, \nthe author and lawyer before mentioned, and was the \nchampion of the Free Bridge doctrine, by which the \nWarren Bridge was built. It was claimed by many \nthat after the subscribers, who built that bridge, had \n\n\n272 HISTORY OF THE \n\nbeen reimbursed from the tolls, and had surrendered \nit to the State, according to the terma of their charter, \nit would be lawful and expedient to continue the tolls \nfor the general benefit of the State,, and further that \nthe State was bound so to do, as long as the extended \ncharter of the Charles River Bridge was in force, as \nthis would be of no value if the new bridge were free. \nGeneral Austin insisted that the toll on the bridge \nwas like a tax upon a highway, and that it was not \nlawful to tax a highway, except for its own support. \nHe feared the precedent of applying any portion of \nthe tolls even to building the Monument. So Mr. \nEverett and General Sullivan were again disappointed \nin their expectations. \n\nThe Directors of the Monument Association acceded \nto the suggestion of the Trustees of the Mechanic \nAssociation that the latter should have the charge of \ncontinuing the building of the Monument under a \nBuilding Committee by them appointed, but also \nunder the supervision of an Executive Committee on \nthe part of the Monument Association. Mr. Buck- \ningham, General Sullivan, John Skinner, Ebenezer \nBreed, George Darracott, I^Tathaniel Hammond, Wil- \nliam W. Stone, Joseph Jenkins, and John P. Thorn- \ndike were made this Committee. They immediately \nappointed a sub-committee of three to make examina- \ntions and estimates as to the work done and to be \ndone, — who expended a vast amount of time and \nlabor, for which they received the thanks of the whole \nBoard. Their report is as follows: — \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 273 \n\nThe Committee appointed to ascertain what proportion of \nthe Bunker Hill Monument had already been completed, the \nquantity of material now on hand ready for use, the amount \nof stone required to complete the structure according to the \noriginal plan, and the probable cost of the same, have at- \ntended the duty assigned them, and herewith subjoin their \nreport : — \n\nThat, after a very careful and minute examination and \ninvestigation, they employed Mr. Perez Loring, an able and \nexperienced measurer, who with great care has gone over the \nwhole ground, and has also compared his own actual ad- \nmeasurements with the original plans, and with the advice \nand assistance of Mr. Solomon Willard, the able and original \narchitect, has given a tabular statement, not only of the whole \namount required, but the quantity in each course, thus en- \nabling your Committee to calculate with some degree of cer- \ntainty the cost of erection to any given height, should it be \nthought advisable to vary the original plan ; and they find, as \nwill be shown by schedule A, that the whole amount of stone \nrequired to build the Monument to the original height of \n220 feet is 87,032 cubic feet. Of this amount, 35,876 feet have \nalready been laid in the Monument, leaving 51,156 feet re- \nquired to complete the structure. Your Committee also find \nthat there is now on the hill, quarried and dressed, and ready \nto go into the work, 6,910 feet, and leaves the amount re- \nquired to complete the work 45,256 feet ; and this amount is \nfurtlier reduced by a quantity of stone quarried, but not \ndressed, amounting to 16,016 feet, which leaves to be quar- \nried 29,230 feet. By reference to the aforementioned sched- \nule A, it will be seen at a single glance the quantity of coarse \nand fine hammering required to fit this stone and prepare it \nfor use in the work. Thus far your Committee have but \nlittle difficulty in completing the task .assigned them ; but a \nstill further duty devolved upon them, and one which your \nCommittee have found more laborious, and attended with \nmore difficulty than had been anticipated. They allude to \nthe more important part of estimating the probable expense \n\n85 \n\n\n274 HISTORY OF THE \n\nof completing the structure ; and your Committee would here \npremise that, this work being unique in its kind, no possible \ndiligence on their part could enable them to do more than \napproximate towards the truth in any estimate which they \nmight hazai*d. If, on the one hand, they measured this work \nby the standard of works approximating in a very small \ndegree towards this in magnitude, and based their estimates \nupon prices paid for heavy masses of granite, which had been \nused upon public and private buildings in the vicinity, the \nestimates would so far outrun the extent of any means which \nwould probably ever be within the control of the Association \nthat the enterprise would probably be abandoned in despair ; \nand if, on the other hand, they were willing to take the esti- \nmates of the very able and intelligent engineer who has here- \ntofore superintended and directed the work, they should have \ngone directly in opposition to the opinion of every practical \nman with whom they advised, and were fearful they should \nhave made a report which would have led to error, and the \nsum raised would have been found insufficient to complete \nthe work, and consequently another appeal would have been \nnecessary to the liberality and patriotism of the public. They \nhave therefore adopted that course which, upon the whole, \nappeared most advisable and most safe to your Committee ; \nviz., to base their report upon this as they should upon that \nof any other public or private work which they were called to \nestimate upon, — viz., the opinions of practical men actively \nengaged in business of a similar character, and of their own \njudgment. \n\nBy reference to schedule B, it will be seen that your Com- \nmittee estimate the expense of completing the Monument \naccording to the original plan to the height of 220 feet, in \naddition to the sums already expended, at the sum of $55,- \n576.40 ; if the Monument is carried to the height of 159 feet \n6 inches, then the sum required, in addition to that already \nlaid out, will be $42,922.40 ; and if only 121 feet, in addition \nto that already laid out, will be required $28,967.36. \n\nBy a reference to the same schedule, it will also appear that \nthe estimates are the cost per foot of quarrying, dressing, \ntransporting, laying, &c., and a sum for contingent expenses. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 275 \n\nThe amount of the estimate, divided by the number of square \nfeet required, will give for the cost of each cubic foot laid in \nthe work, including every contingent expense, not far from \n$1.30 per cubic foot. It will also be seen by reference \nto the printed statement of Mr. Willard, published in 1830, \nthat according to the estimates made by him that the expense \nper cubic foot is but 89J cents for the stone laid in the work. \nIt will also be seen that if the amount of the work completed, \nsay the number of cubic feet laid, divided into the amount of \nmoneys expended, will leave a sum much larger than in the \npresent estimate for contingencies, which contingencies in the \nopinion of your Committee is very satisfactorily accounted for ; \nand the greatest discrepancy of opinion between your Com- \nmittee and Mr. Willard is whether these or similar contingen- \ncies will again accrue. It is with extreme reluctance your \nCommittee find themselves obliged to differ in opinion with \none who has had so much better opportunity than themselves \nto form a correct judgment, than it is possible for them to \nhave done of the nature of a work of this magnitude, and from \none too who has done more than any other individual to for- \nward this great work, and who by his professional skill and \ngreat assiduity has accomplished more with the same amount \nof money than any other individual could probably have done ; \nbut for the reasons before stated your Committee felt them- \nselves bound to make such an estimate as in their opinion will \n\ncover the whole expense. \n\nGeorge Darracott. \n\nJohn P. Thorndike. \n\nNath. Hammond. \nBoston, January 15, 183 1. \n\nMr. Willard was naturally exceedingly vexed that \nthe Committee should have added nearly fifty per \ncent to his own estimate : he thought that no better \ntest could be given than the actual results of what \nhad been done. Mr. Darracott, however, made what \namends he could at the annual meeting in 1834, by \nstating ^^ That for beauty of material, accuracy of \n\n\n276 HISTORY OF THE \n\narchitectural design, and excellence of workmanship, \nno work in the world can be considered superior to \nthis Monument, so far as it has gone on ; and that the \nwork has been done for less money than it could again \nbe done for, and that no credit is due to the sugges- \ntion that the work has cost more money than it ought \nto have cost; and also that the doing of this work so \nwell, and for so little money, is to be attributed almost \nexclusively to Mr. Willard, who has not only devoted \nhis time and eminent ability, but has actually contrib- \nuted one thousand dollars in money to building the \nMonument.\" \n\nMr. Buckingham presented at the same meeting \nthe following repoit of the Executive Committee, \ndrawn up in his own concise and vigorous style: — \n\nAnnual Report to the Members of the Bunker Hill Monument Association^ \nat their Meeting, on the Annicer^ary of June 17, 18^34. \n\nSince the last anniversary, the Board of Directors have \nmade every exertion in their power to advance the purposes \nof tlie Association. The general depression, arising from the \nstate of the country, has been unfavorable to these exertions : \nthere is little reason to doubt that, in the ordinary state of \nprosperity, the full amount of the subscriptions desired would \nhave been obtained. Public occurrences have, however, had \nthis beneficial effect, — they have turned the attention of the \nwhole people to the principles of the American Revolution ; \nand in this view Bunker Hill Monument holds a higher rank \nin the public esteem than ever. \n\nThe Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association have \npersevered in their labors, and expect to raise a suflBcientsum \nto complete the Monument to the elevation which the Di- \nrectors have agreed on. The cost of doing this has been \nascertained by an intelligent and careful Committee. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 277 \n\nThe only obstacle to going on with the work immediately, \nand finishing the Monument as soon as the work can be done, \nis the debt incurred for buying the battle-ground, in the hope \nthat this ground might be kept open and sacred for ever. \nThe Board of Directors have reluctantly come to the con- \nclusion that the ground must be sold, reserving a square of \nfour hundred feet, with streets of fifty feet wide on the sides \nthereof. It was hoped that the land around the square, and \nthe 127,000 feet not on the square, divided into shares of five \nhundred dollars, would sell for the sum of twenty-five thou- \nsand dollars. Such sale has not yet been effected, but it is \nhoped it will be. \n\nThe land is supposed to be worth the money for which it \nis offered, and the interest upon that money, if the power \nto redeem should arise ; and if no redemption should occur, \nthat the purchasers would be fully repaid in the land itself. \nThere is another resource : if the Monument be completed, \nthe annual visitors may be computed at ten thousand in num- \nber ; and, if each visitor (as is customary elsewhere, as to pub- \nlic works) should pay fifty cents, the Monument might pay \nfor the land. \n\nOn the whole, the Association and the public may be en- \ncouraged that the Monument will be completed ; that, when \ncompleted, it will be an object of such proud exultation to \nthis age, and to the whole country, that all who have aided \nto raise it will derive the highest gratification in that the \nwork is done. It may hereafter be said of this Monument, \nwith more propriety and more feeling than the Greeks were \naccustomed to speak of their statue of Olympian Jupiter, \nthat \" to have livedo and to have died^ without having seen it, tvaa \nto have lived in vain.^^ \n\nJoseph T. Buckingham, \n\nWm. Sullivan, \n\nJohn Skinner, \n\nEbenr. Breed, ^ ,- j^ •.. y. \n\n^ _ Executive Committee of \n\nGeorge Darracott, r .i r, tt i^r \n\n^. __ the B. n. Monument. \nNathaniel Hammond, \n\nWm. W. Stone, \n\nJoseph Jenkins, \n\nJohn P. Thorndike, \n\n\n278 HISTORY OF THE \n\nIt was determined that the Monument should be \ndeemed completed as to any effort at the present \ntime, when raised to the height of one hundred \nand fifty-nine feet and six inches. The work was \nrecommenced under the direction of Mr. Willard as \narchitect, of Charles Welles, George Darracott, John \nP. Thorndike, the Building Committee, on June \n17, 1834, and was continued till November, 1835, \nwhen it was again suspended for want of funds. \nThe amount expended during this period was $20,- \n421.77, of which about $16,000 was raised by sub- \nscription by the Mechanic Association, and the balance \nwas the Ladies' Fund, and other money from the \nTreasury of the Monument Association. \n\nIn 1836, Judge Prescott resigned his office as Presi- \ndent, and Mr. Edward G. Prescott as Secretary. Mr. \nBuckingham was elected President, Francis O. Watts \nSecretary, and G. Washington Warren was elected \nDirector in the place of Nathan Tufts, deceased. \n\nThe anniversary this year was marked by a very \nsuccessful local celebration, under the auspices of the \nyoung men of Charlestown. Mr. Everett was then \nGovernor of the Commonwealth, and resided in \nCharlestown, in the elegant mansion built and for- \nmerly occupied by Mr. Seth Knowles, in Harvard \nStreet. His official co-operation gave eclat to the \noccasion. His brother Alexander H. Everett was the \norator, whose oration was afterwards extended, and \npublished in the series of Sparks's Biogi'aphy, under \nthe title of the Life of Warren. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 279 \n\nAt the dinner which followed, reference was made \nby Colonels Robert C. Winthrop and John H. Clif- \nford, of the Governor's staff, in their speeches, to the \nunfinished Monument;- and it was suggested that the \nyoung men who had got up so fine a celebration should \nmake an organized effort for its completion. In \nresponse to this suggestion, it was then arranged that \na public meetuig should be called in a week from \nthat day. \n\nAt the meeting held June 24, in the Town Hall in \nCharlestown, Robert C. Winthrop, Albert Fearing, \nCharles H. Parker, Thomas J. Shelton, Charles G. \nGreene, Seth J. Thomas, Joshua Bates, James Dana, \nG. Washington Warren, and William Sawyer were \nappointed a joint Committee, on the part of Boston \nand Charlestown, to communicate with other towns. \nSpeeches were made by the four last named, and by \nWilliam W. Wheildon. This Committee had several \nmeetings, and prepared and forwarded their circulars \nto every postmaster in the State. No response was \nreturned. Possibly some seed was scattered where it \nafterwards produced fruit. \n\nThe money that was hired in 1827 and 1828, under \nthe authority given by the Directors, to carry up the \nMonument to a respectable altitude, the principal sum \nbeing $22,000, had in 1834 reached by the accumulation \nof interest to over $30,000. For this the five gentle- \nmen who were jointly and severally responsible to the \nSuffolk Bank were notified that the Bank would look \nto them personally for immediate payment. Some of \n\n\n280 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthem declared that it would be a great inconvenience \nand hardship to them to advance the money, and wait \nfor repayment until the land could be sold. Dr. War- \nren offered to give f 500 to the Monument, to be re- \nleased from his liability. \n\nIt was found necessary to make the land marketable, \nto reduce the reserved square in the northerly direc- \ntion from 600 to 417 feet. When this w^as duly au- \nthorized, a company of twenty-five gentlemen was \nformed, after a great effort, who together took, in differ- \nent proportions, fifty shares at $500 a share, making \n$25,000, and all the land except the diminished square \nand the streets, to be made fifty feet wide, bounding \nupon it, was conveyed to Thomas B. Wales, William I. \nBowditch, and William W. Stone, as trustees for the \nsubscribers, with the condition that the Association \nshould receive a reconveyance, at any time on or \nbefore June 17, 1837, on repaying the principal and \ninterest, and all the taxes that might be levied. Mr. \nLawrence paid to the Bank the difference between the \nsura raised and the debt due, which was over $5,000; \nhe was not repaid until six years afterwards. \n\nA year before the term of redemption expired, the \ncountry had fallen into the lowest state of financial \ndepression it had ever witnessed. This disastrous \ncondition of affairs continued from the fall of 1836 to \nthe spring of 1840. An attempt to obtain subscrip- \ntion for any public object, not demanding absolute \nand immediate relief, would have been utterly vain. \nThe trustees, after waiting a year from the time that \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 281 \n\nthe right of redemption had expired, gave notice that \nthey should proceed to put the land in condition for \npublic sale, unless it was at once redeemed. Hearing \nnothing in reply, they authorized Samuel M. Felton \nand George A. Parker, skilful engineers who had \nbeen trained in the office of Colonel Baldwin, to make \nthe necessary contracts to grade the land. As soon \nas the contractors appeared on the old battle-field in \nforce, and with their numerous workmen and teams \ncommenced to strip the sod, and cart away the earth, \na public pang was felt. It seemed as though the oft- \nrepeated appeals of the Directors would now be \nlistened to. In this stir of temi^orary emotion, the \nDirectors, September 15, 1838, appointed Nathan \nHale, George C. Shattuck, Samuel T. Armstrong, \nGeorge Darracott, Francis J. Oliver, Ebenezer Breed, \nand Thomas Edmands a Committee to consider what \ncould be done ; they arranged with the trustees \nfor still another chance to redeem the land, by paying \nto the contractors $250 for the cost of 8usj)ension of \nwork for thirty days. The Committee, by Mr. Hale, \nSeptember 26, reported that, though the repurchase \nof the land would be desirable, if practicable con- \nsistently with a prospect of an early completion of the \nMonument, the attempt now to raise the $33,000 \nasked would retard the more important object. Thus \nthe effort to save so large a part of the battle-field \nwas abandoned for ever. The ground east and west \nof the square was cut down from eight to twelve feet, \nand a portion of the earth was used to fill up the \nnorthern declivity. \n\n36 \n\n\n282 HISTORY OF THE \n\nIt is now well known that during all this time there \nwas concealed in the will of Amos Lawrence a pro- \nvision to the amount of $50,000, for the redeeming of \nall the land from debt and the completion of the \nMonument. Fortunately for the credit of the country \nand for his own gratification, he lived several years \nafter the Monument was finished by the work of many \nhands. It was a provision that he could not have \nexecuted in his lifetime on account of that dislike of \neven the appearance of ostentation in his deeds of \nmunificence. To be ])ointed at as the man who finished \nthe Bunker Hill Monument would have been too \nmuch honor for so modest a man to bear. Of a kin- \ndred spirit was General Tiikodoue Lyman, one of \nthe original associates and Directors. The delicate \nstate of his health required him to withdraw in 1829; \nbut, while seeking health, he was studying how best \nto promote one of the grandest works of beneficence. \nNot until his death, July 17, 1849, was it known that \nhe was the giver, who kept even pace with the State, \nbestowing equal sums on the establishment and sup- \nport of the State Reform School. \n\nThe only legacy that was ever realized w^as the \nhandsome sum of $1,000, bequeathed by Nathan \nTufts, of Charlestown, who had been a Director. \nThe great London banker, Joshua Bates, a native \nof Massachusetts, sent $500 for the Monument. Mr. \nA. L. FoRESTiEK, of Batavia, sent nearly $1,000, \nthrough his correspondent, Benjamin T. Reed. \n\nIt was confidentially communicated to the Directors \nby Mr. William Appleton that, whenever the Associa- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 283 \n\ntion, in addition to a like offer of Mr. Lawrence, should \nhave money enough within $10,000 to finish their \nwork, Mr. Touro would give that sum. It was a \nnoble offer, and coming from a resident of a distant \nState, curiosity was excited. \n\nJuDAii Touro was born in Newport, Rhode Island, \nin the year 1776, the year from which the birth of the \ncountry is dated. His father, Isaac Touro, was a \nnative of Holland, but came to Newport to live, and \nmarried there. He was priest of the Synagogue, \nand for many years conducted the Jewish service there. \nIn 1802, Judah Touro established himself in New \nOrleans, when it was a Spanish town of less than ten \nthousand inhabitants, having brought in the vessel in \nwhich he sailed from Boston an assortment of New \nEngland commodities, in the disposal of which he was \nquite successful. He continued to receive consign- \nments from correspondents; and by an undeviating \ncourse of strict attention to business, engaging in no \noutside affairs, he soon acquired an honorable mercan- \ntile nauie and a competent fortune. His most intimate \nfriend was Kczin D. Shepherd, a native of Virginia, \nwho settled in New Orleans about the same time, and \nbecame also a distinguished and a wealthy merchant. \nThey were both engaged in the military defence of \nNew Orleans in January, 1815, when attacked by the \nBritish army; and when Touro was wounded, and \nthe surgeon had given him up for dead. Shepherd, \nforegoing at the time all other duties, gave his whole \nattention to restoring him to life, and did not leave \nhim until he was removed to his home, and placed \nunder the care of faithful nurses. \n\n\n284 BUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\nShepherd and Toiiro became inseparable friends. \nFor a long time they occupied the same dwelling. \nThey became millionnaires together. \n\nTouro died on the 18th January, 1854, after lead- \ning a long life of strict integrity and noble generosity. \nMore than half of his great fortune he bequeathed to \ndiflferent charitable objects; he made his ^^dear, old, \nand devoted friend, Rezin Davis Shepherd,\" one of \nhis executors and residuary legatee. His last injunc- \ntion was, \" When I am dead, carry me to the spot of \nmy biith, and bury me by the side of my mother.\" \n\nA devoted friend, who knew and loved him well, \nconcludes a just tribute to his memory in the follow- \ning words: ^^ He was one of that smallest of all the \nclasses into which mankind can be divided, — of men \nwho accumulate wealth without even doing a wrong, \ntaking an advantage, or making an enemy; who be- \ncome rich without being avaricious; who deny them- \nselves the comforts and enjoyments of life, that they \nmay acquire the means of promoting the comfort and \nelevating the condition of their fellow-men.\" \n\nThat so many rich donations should at last flow so \nunexpectedly as the spontaneous offerings of noble \nand ingenuous hearts seemed almost to compensate \nfor the long delay of the great work. But the Monu- \nment must still pause in its course, and, as it were, \nhug the ground, until the inspiring influence and \ndelicate hands of the gentler sex shall help to raise it \nto the skies, whither Heaven-ward their purer spirits \nlead the way. \n\n\n^a-^^^>^^. Z^^.^^-. \n\n\nFRpM/ PHOTOGiyiPhl -\\/!*^^J» \n\nA. 11. Everett, \n\n»» \n\nJohn Pierpont, \n\n»» \n\nJ. B. Davis, \n\ni» \n\nS. L. Blake, \n\n»i \n\nDavid L. Child, \n\nn \n\nSarah J. Hale, \n\nj» \n\nNathan Hale, \n\nCommittee of CoiTespondence, \nMrs. E. Tuckerman, Treasurer, \n\nThe following card appeared in the city papers : — \n\nA Card. — To the Ladies of Boston. \n\nIn consequence of repeated suggestions, from ladies whose \nopinions we think judicious, that there should be, in the city, \nplaces of deposit, where offerings for the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment may be left, — the Committee of Correspondence would \nrespectfully state that donations and subscriptions will be re- \nceived by \n\nMrs. E. Tuckerman, Beacon Street, and \n\nMiss Pltman, 14 Summer Street. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONU^IENT ASSOCIATION. 293 \n\nThe Committee of Ladies trust that the approval of the \nDirectors of the Bunker Hill Monument Association, and the \ncordial co-operation which the ladies in the countr)- seem \nwilling to give the plan, will induce every lady of Boston, \nwho has it in her power, to contribute. It is calculated that \nsixteen thousand dollars will finish the Monument. \n\nPrinters in this city will confer a favor by inserting this \ncard in their respective papers. \n\nAlthough the sum collected in 1830, in answer to \nthe admirable circular address written by Mrs. Hale, \nwas, in one sense, insignificant, considering the high \nmark aimed at; yet the oflferings came from more \nthan three thousand women and children, who opened \ntheir hearts to the appeal. The public imi^ression \nthen made told ten years after. \n\nMrs. Hale in her last article thus reviewed the \nresult : — \n\nEven the few and feeble efforts we have been able to make, \nto engage our sex and the public in the completion of the \nMonument, will have a salutary effect : the community will, \nat least, call these things to mind ; and we do not believe \nthat, to an American heart, the battle of Bunker Hill can be \nan uninteresting subject, unless that heart is trifling or self- \nish, blinded by sophistry, or narrowed by prejudice. \n\nWere the Monument completed, and the ground beautified, \nas might easily be done, would it not be a privilege to go from \nthe dust and din of the city, and breathe the free air of that \nglorious elevation, and look abroad on the sublime and lovely \nprospect ? Would not every Christian feel his gratitude to \nHeaven more deep and fervent, while reflecting how God \nblessed the small beginnings of our people, till they had \nbecome a mighty nation ? Would not the patriot be incited \nto more disinterested exertions for his country, while stand- \ning on the spot where WaiTen fell ? The obelisk will not be \n\n\n294 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe trophy of a victory ; — for our troops were defeated. It \nwill not excite the soldier to battle ; but it will nerve the \ngood man to perform his duty, even unto death. Such is the \nonly lesson the Monument will teach. \n\nAt the annual meeting, held June 17, 1839, Leverett \nSaltonstall was elected a Vice-President in place of \nSamuel T. Armstrong, and G. Washington Warren \nwas elected Secretary in place of Francis O. Watts. \nThis meeting was adjourned for further action to the \nevening of July 1, when, on motion of William W. \nStone, it was \n\nVoted^ That the Directors be requested to take measures to \nraise funds sufficient to complete the Monument, pay off the \ndebt, and to grade and enclose the square with a suitable \nfence ; it being the opinion of this meeting that, with proper \nefforts, the necessary means for these objects may be raised at \nthe present time. \n\nA meeting of the Directors was held July 9, at \nwhich a committee was appointed in pursuance of the \nrequest of the Corporation. As to their doings, Presi- \ndent Buckingham presented a desponding report at \nthe annual meeting, June 17, 1840. He stated that \nthe Directors under the preceding vote appointed the \nPresident, Thomas B. Curtis, Kobert G. Shaw, Wil- \nliam W. Stone, and such other gentlemen as they \nmight ask to join them, to raise funds for completing \nthe Monument; that they invited thirty gentlemen to \nunite with them, to whom it was stated that two \ngentlemen were willing to contribute ten thousand \ndollars each ; and that only twenty thousand dollars \nmore was wanted. It was suggested at the time of \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 295 \n\ntheir meeting that the season of the year was unpro- \npitious, that many of our most wealthy citizens were \nabsent, — the same old story as now, — and it was \nvoted to postpone action till the autumn. In the \nautumn, some of the Committee suggested that a Fair \nmight produce a very considerable sum in aid of the \nfunds; but for various reasons it was thought impracti- \ncable at that time. That it was extremely difficult to \nfind gentlemen willing to engage in the irksome and \nunpleasant employment of soliciting subscriptions. \n^^ Under all these circumstances,\" the report dolefully \nconcludes, ^^ it must be confessed that it is extremely \ndoubtful whether the present generation will have the \npleasure to see the Monument completed.\" But the \ngloom which overhung the Association was like the \nlast thick cloud before the clearing up of the sky. \n\nA meeting of the Directors was held eight daj^s \nafterwards at their usual place, the Room of the \nAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences, No. 50 \nState Street. The Secretary proposed the following \nvote : ^^ That the President and Secretary, with such \nother members of the Corporation as may be willing to \nco-operate with them in the effort, be authorized and \nrequested to solicit and receive subscriptions, and \nobtain sums by Fairs or other projects in aid of the \ncompletion of the great object of the Corporation, and \nthat these gentlemen have power to adopt such meas- \nures as they may deem expedient in making this final \nAPPEAL to the people.\" \n\nThe Secretary stated, in support of his motion, that \n\n\n298 HISTORY OF THE \n\nwhere they could be used as a basis of credit for the \ntrading and speculating classes. To this, and to the \nlow tariff, was attributed the depressed condition of \nall business enterprises. But party lines then happily \nran through every State, and each State gave its vote \nsometimes to one party and sometimes to another; \nthus, nearly even balanced in all the States, the parties \nand the people composing them knew no sectional \nlines of division. \n\nThe Fair opened in Quincy Hall, which is opposite \nto Faneuil Hall, on Tuesday, the eiglith day of the \nmonth, and lasted seven days. The Hall was 382 \nfeet long, and 47 feet wide. For the entrance a \ntemporai-y staii*-way was erected in the street, where \nwas also built a ticket-office; the passage out being \nby the usual enti-ance at the other end. The tables \nwere tastefully arranged along the sides; and in the \nspace called the Rotunda, which is two feet wider, \nthere were circular tables, arranged in the centre \naround an exact model of the completed Monument \nbuilt on the scale of one inch to the foot, which were \nfurnished by the ladies of Charlestown. There were \nforty-three tables, stoi-ed with a great abundance and \nvai-iety of things to please the eye, to adoi-n the house \nor person, oi- to supply the common wants of life. \nThe coujy (Tceil at the entrance was enchanting, not \nalone in the display of objects evincing great skill and \nindustry, and in the tasteful ornamentation of the \nwalls and tables, but in that indescribable grace and \nattractiveness of the active forms and sparkling coun- \n\n\nrrrrr \n\n\nmi \n\n\nHi ! \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 299 \n\ntenances of those attending them, — their comely per- \nsons not gandily overdressed, their nngloved hands \nshowing winningly the desired articles, and with \nevery divei'slty of form, featnre, and carriage, still \nthe same uniform expression beaming from every \nface, of patriotic feeling and of sympathy with the \ncause which brought them all together. \n\nThe excellent order, and the smooth and pleasant \nworking of the Fair, were entirely owing to the high \nand honorable character of the ladies who managed \nand conducted it, and to the right start they took at \nthe opening. They had the wisdom to adopt, and \nseasonably promulgate, the following: — \n\nRegulations of the Bunker Hill Monument Fair. \n\nAs complaints had often been made of the manner in which sales at \nFairs were effected, the ladies who have the care of the tables at this Fair \nagreed to observe the following regulations : — \n\n1st. Each lady will endeavor that the articles on her table \nshall be good of their kind, and at fair prices. \n\n2cl. Change shall be given to purchasers as readily as \nthough we were literally hehind the counter ; nor shall our \ndesire for the completion of the Monument induce us to use im- \nportunity, or any other means of increasing our funds incon- \nsistent with the respect we owe ourselves, and the cause in \nwhich we are en 1 \n\n\n1 . V', ' . \n\n\n«• \n\n\n« ; . \n\n\n• t liV ». \n\n\n..II \n\n\n, ■ • \n\n\n1 ., . \n. ■ J \n\n\n) I N.\\ \n\n\n' l» \n\n\nM . : 1 . \n\n\n!: a \n\n\n1 • I \n\n\nM■<^ : \n\n\n• !>.! \n\n\n« \n\nI '/: rite I'rc.-j ! .1 vv:t^^ \n\n. . • . .• ■».\\^-» i.i'i nn:l« ■■'i. \n\n. r.\" ! ha-l .- • \n\n\n• 'M.-: \n\n\nV '* ... \n\n\nCHAPTER XV. \n\nIt is when the hour of conflict ia over, that History comes to a right \nunderstanding of the strife, aiid is ready to exclaim, \" Lo, God is here, and \nwe knew it not.\" \n\nA LBERT EDWARD, Prince of Wales, and \n■^*- Heir Apparent of the British throne, made \na visit to Bniiker Hill, with his fnll accompanj'ing \nsuite, October 19, 1860, the seventy-ninth anniversary \nof the surrender of Cornwallis to AVashington at \nYorlttown, which was the termination of the struggle \nof separation from the Mother Country. This coinci- \ndence, entirely accidental, might yet almost be said to \nhave been Providential; at least it might be regarded \nas an auspicious omen of permanent peace between \nEngland and America, \n\nAn invitation from the President was forwarded to \nthe Prince by Mr. Everett, and it was arranged that \nafter visiting Cambridge the Royal party should go \nto Bunker Hill. The reception was informal and \nwithout ceremony, as the Duke of Newcastle on be- \nhalf of His Royal Highness had uniformly insisted \nshould be the case during the whole American tour. \nAfter the Prince and his suite had each written his \nname in the Visitors' Book, and had seen the statue \nof General AVarren, the President conducted his \n\n\n354 HISTORY OF THE \n\nRoyal Highness to the interior of the Monument, \nwhere he explained its construction, and also the \nreason for the placing of the model of the Masonic \nMonument where it stands, and then passed outside \nupon the walk within the inner enclosure. As the \nPrince, apart from the rest, was viewing the objects \nof interest as pointed out, and was shown the British \nensign flying for the first time from the top by the \nside of the American flag, he observed, ^^ This Monu- \nment was not erected to our glory.\" ^^True, your \nHighness,\" replied the President, ^^ but it marks the \nbirth of a kindred nation, which will ever own its \naffection for the mother-country, and as an ally will \nprove as valuable as though she were still a part of \nher.\" To this remark his Royal Highness, in appro- \npriate words, gave his cordial assent. After the visit \nwas over, the Prince, in passing through the great \ncrowd of spectators, was loudly cheered. \n\nFrom Bunker Hill the party proceeded to the rooms \nof the Massachusetts Historical Society, where its \nPresident, Mr. Winthrop, showed to his Royal High- \nness the various works and memorials of historic \ninterest, and called his special attention to the two \nswords which were worn on the day of the Battle of \nBunker Hill, — the one by Colonel Prescott, and the \nother by Captain Linzee, who commanded the \" Falcon,\" \none of the British ships of war that fired upon the \nAmerican redoubt, and which the marriage of the \ntwo grandchildren — William H. Prescott, the his- \ntorian, and a grand-daughter of Captain Linzee — had \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 355 \n\nbrought together, and crossed in perpetual union. No \nmore fitting iUustration could have been furnished to \nthis most distinguished party of the genuine feeling \nof friendship and good-will which the x^merican people \ndesired to manifest; and, following the visit to Bunker \nHill, it was most timely and felicitous. \n\nIt is said that his Royal Highness and suite were \nparticularly pleased with their reception in Boston, \nand with the courteous and cordial attentions extended \non her behalf by her Mayor, Hon. Frederic W. Lin- \ncoln, a Director of the Association, who made them \nfeel quite at home, as if they were in an English town. \nAt any rate, the sending to the Prince, after his return \nhome, of a suitable memento of his remarkable visit \nto Bunker Hill, was the occasion of eliciting an \nexpression of reciprocal regard in high quarters pecu- \nliarly welcome at the time, as the following corre- \nspondence will show : — \n\n7 Monument Square, \nCharlestown, Mass., Dec. 10, 1860. \n\nHis Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, — \n\nI most respectfully beg leave to present to your Royal \nHighness the accompanying Parchment, to testify the ap- \npreciation by the Government of the Bunker Hill Monument \nAssociation of the memorable visit to Bunker Hill on the \n19th of October last. The original, of which this is an ex- \nact copy, — the autographs of your Royal Highness and suite \nbeing taken from the Register and placed thereon, — is kept \nfor public inspection in the oflSce of the Monument, there to \nbe carefully preserved in perpetuam memoriam rei^ and in \ncordial commemoration of the noble sentiment uttered by \nyour Royal Highness on this celebrated spot. \n\n\n356 ursTORY of the \n\nIt has been thought that a facsimile of this memorial \nwould not be unacceptable to Your Royal Highness, and ac- \ncordingly, at the suggestion of the Honorable Edward Everett, \nand of the Honorable Robert C. Winthrop, Vice-Presidents \nof the Association, and many others, I do herewith tender it, \nwith sentiments of my most profound respect, and with the \nmost hearty congratulations of us all upon the welcome visit \nwith which our country has been honored, and the happy \nreturn of your Royal Highness to our Fatherland. \n\nG. Washington Warren, \n\n] 'resident of the Bunker Hill Monument AssocLttion. \n\nThe foregoing was forwarded by Mr. Everett, with \nthe accompanying parcel and a letter fi-ora himself, \nto his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and subsequently \nthe following letters weie received from his Grace and \nfrom General Bruce: — \n\nDowning St., Feb. 8, 1861. \n\nMy dear Mil. Everett, — About ten days ago, I re- \nceived from you a roll of paper, which, with an enclosure for \nthe Prince of Wales, from the Hon. G. Washington Warren, \ncontained a letter to myself from you of date 10th December. \n\nYou probably sent it by a i)rivate hand, and I only mention \nthe interval between the date of your letter and my receipt \nof it, that you may not suppose I neglected the parcel. I \nsent it to the Prince at Cambridge without delay. \n\nI assure you the Queen and Prince Consort have felt very \ndeeply all the kindness — may I not say affection? — which \nwas sho\\vn to the Prince of Wales during his late most inter- \nesting and remarkable visit to the United States, and I find \nthat I by no means overrated, in my conversations with you \nand others, tlie effect which that kindness would produce in \nthis country. \n\nThat effect has been very remarkably shown in the feelings \nwhich the sad events now occurring in your country have \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 357 \n\nelicited. Time was, and that not long past, when you might \nhave heard in every society jeers at the supposed failure of \nyour institutions, and even exultation at the prospect of your \npride being humbled and your greatness lowered. Now every \naccount is looked for with the greatest anxiety, and I believe \nthe desire that you may ride through the storm unharmed is \nall but universal. I have heard a Frenchman express his \nutter inability to comprehend \" such foolish generosity and \nblindness to our own interests,\" as not to wish the utter dis- \nruption of the States. \n\nIf I may be allowed to speak of my own sentiments, I can \nassure you that all I saw during tlie few weeks spent in \nAmerica has created an interest in my mind for the welfare \nof the country that I read your newspapers with a pain \nwhich could only be exceeded by the news of disasters to \nmy own dear land. I sadly fear you have great troubles \nyet to come ; but to learn from you (if you will ever spare \nme a few lines) that you have better hopes would be a great \nrelief. \n\nBelieve me always, my dear Mr. Everett, \n\nYours very sincerely, \n\nNewcastle. \n\n\nWadingley Hall, Cambridge. \n\nMy dear Mr. Everett, — I am desired by the Prince of \nWales to thank you and the members of the Bunker's Hill \nCommittee for the document you kindly forwarded at their \ninstance for his acceptance, commemorative of His Royal \nHighncss's visit to the Monument erected there. Of all \nthe many agreeable recollections connected with his grati- \nfying tour in the United States, none are more cherished \nthan those attaching to his sojourn in your interesting city, \nand all such memorials of it possess a peculiar value in his \neyes. \n\nWe liave had the gratification of making the acquaintance \nof your son at the University, who bids fair I believe to tread \n\n\n358 HISTORY OF THE \n\nin the footsteps of his distinguished father, and to prove him- \nself not unworthy of his descent. \n\nI say nothing about your politics, except that I most un- \nfeignedly hope that the present dissensions between dififerent \nsections of the country may speedily disappear. \n\nBelieve me, my dear Mr. Everett, \n\nVery faithfully youi*s, \n\nR. Bruce. \n\n\nUpon the publication of the proceedings of the \nAssociation, at the annual meeting in 1861, a hand- \nsomely bound copy was presented to the Prince \nthrough the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United \nStates, Mr. Adams, who subsequently transmitted \na copy of the letter received by him in acknowledg- \nment, as follows: — \n\nBuckingham Palace, \nSeptember 29, 1861. \n\nSir, — Absence from England has prevented me from \nhaving the honor of acknowledging at an earlier period the \nreceipt of Your Excellency's letter of the 11th inst. The \nPrince of Wales, who returned last night from the Continent, \ndesires me to thank you for the communication in question, \nand to request that Your Excellency will have the goodness \nto express to the Bunker's Hill Monument Association of \nBoston His Royal Highnesses sense of the obligation conferred \nupon him by the transmission for his acceptance of the volume \nwhich accompanied your letter. \n\nI have the honor to be, Sir, \n\nYour most obedient, humble servant, \n\nR. Bruce, Major- General, \n\nTo Ilis Excellency the Hon. C. F. AdaKis, &c., Legation of the United \nStates, \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 359 \n\nIt is gratifying to reflect that the Association were \nthe means of eliciting by this correspondence, before \nthe outbreak of the civil war, so hearty an expression \nof good-will and sympathy from the distinguished \npersonages so near the British Throne. However \ncredulously some of the leading Statesmen and poli- \nticians of England might have listened to the sugges- \ntions referred to in the Duke's letter, it is now well \nknown that the Queen and the people of England \nfavored the cause of the United States. They were \ntrue to the instincts of Humanity. \n\nThe error of the Seceding States in seeking to \nabsolve themselves from allegfance to the National \nGovernment, and to form a new confederation upon \nthe basis of slavery as the corner-stone, was owing to \nthe false education and enforced public sentiment \nwhich had been sedulously promoted by the aspiring \npoliticians of the South for a generation. The more \nperfect Union formed by the people of the United \nStates by the adoption of their Constitution was in- \nvariably spoken of by them as a Confederacy j the \nNational Government they called the Federal Gov- \nernment; they spoke of the Sovereign States; but \nthey did not own they had a Country. This studied \neflPort to de-nationalize their own section produced \nat last its baneful consequences. \n\nThus they claimed that any of the States had the \nright to leave the ^^ Confederacy \" at pleasure, and \nwhenever the sectional power of the Slave States as \na unit should cease to be predominant in all the \n\n\n360 HISTORY OF THE \n\nbranches of the General Government, they declared \ntheir purpose of secession. On the accession of \nPresident Lincoln, they deemed the time had come, \nand they undertook to execute their long-cherished \ndesign. \n\nIn looking back upon the course of public opinion \nin those States, in the light of the pernicious doctrines \ninculcated for a thii'd of a century, it cannot be denied \nthat these men were sincere in their views; their \nbi'avery and self-denial showed how earnest they \nwere in defending them. Still the imion sentiment \nand love of the whole country were fondly cherished \nb}^ many heaits in the discontented States, and yielded \nonly to the coercive spirit of the madness which ruled \nthe hour. The excited leaders, in order to change \nthe almost irrepressible feeling of loyalty into aversion, \ncaused the flag of the nation to be trampled under \nfoot, or to be torn in pieces before the people, — an \nindignity which, if it had been offered or attempted \nin a foreign land, or at home by a foreign power, \nwould have roused their own indignation and resent- \nment. \n\nIt was a fitting time therefore for the Association \non its first anniversary, in 1861, after the attempted \nsecession had assumed the formidable appearance of \nwar, to uplift the flag of the nation from above the \nsummit of the Monument erected to its glory. This \nwas done with the most imposing ceremony possible, \nin order to rendei' it an inspiring occasion during \nthe dubious time. A mast seventy feet long, sur- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 361 \n\nmounted by a g\\{t ball, had been prepared and bolted \nto the upper courses of the Monument, so that a flag \nof the largest size might clear its apex. \n\nA great concourse of people, enthusiastic in their \nloj'alty, gathered around the base of the Monument at \nnine o'clock in the morning of that glorious day. An \nappropriate prayer for the occasion was made by Rev. \nJames B. Miles. A select choir, organized by Wil- \nliam H. Kent, sung a concerted piece, entitled ^^ The \nRock of Libei'ty.\" The President made a short open- \ning address to His Excellency John A. Andrew, Gov- \nernor of Massachusetts, in which he predicted the \nfailure of the Rebellion in the following language: \n\" Belief in a beneficent Providence assures to us the \nultimate success of the issue. Order is Heaven's first \nlaw. If, in the old countries, forms of government, in \nthemselves objectionable, are patiently submitted to \nby intelligent populations for the blessings of peace, \nHERE, where the best form is established which reason \nand experience can contrive, the reflecting judgment, \nthe incalculable interests, and the restored afiections \nof the people will at last unite to preserve it for the \ngood of the whole country. Surely our substantial \nfabric of society, this system of law, of order, of cult- \nure, of progress and happiness, — the growth of a cen- \ntury, — the associations of what to us is America, \nwill not be destroyed for the wanton purpose of at- \ntempting new combinations. As well might one pro- \npose to batter down this Monument to its base, with \nthe view of rearing from its disjointed materials a \nsti'ucture more firm, more appropriate, and more \n\n4G \n\n\n362 HISTORY OF THE \n\nmajestic, as to think of dissolving the Union for the \npurpose of constructing one or more Confederations \nthat would not last long enough to claim the respect \nof the world, or even their own.\" At the close of his \naddress, the President requested the Governor to un- \nfurl the flag. \n\nGovernor Andrew commenced his reply as fol- \nlows: — \n\n** Mr. Prksident and Gentlemen of the Bunker Hill Monu- \nment Association, — \n\n'* The request of your patriotic society, which with pious \nand loyal devotion has preserved this silent granite to stand \nfor ever in this Mecca of the returning American Patriot, \nand the approbation of the people of this historic town, is \nmore than command, on the seventeenth of June, to the \nChief Executive of Massachusetts. \n\n\" Obedient to your request, I am here to-day, present as \nthe humble but official representative of this venerable and \nrenowned Commonwealth, attended by the gentlemen of the \nCouncil and by the representatives of our military arm, \nproud also to be surrounded by gentlemen of the army and \nnavy, whose presence adds greater significance of the day, \nwhose valor has illustrated the American name upon all seas, \nand who have followed that starry flag which shall stand for \never while time shall endure, as a sign of the pious love of \nman and God which distinguished the fathers of the Ameri- \ncan Republic.\" \n\nAfler recalling the scenes of the Revolution, and \nreferring to the then impending civil strife, he closed \nhis eloquent address as follows: — \n\n** If this Monument needed a voice, if it does not now speak \nwith silent but most mysterious and most eloquent organ, \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 363 \n\nthen let our country's flag, as it crowns the pinnacle of its \nloftiest height, speak for it. Obedient, therefore, to the re- \nquest of this Association, and to the impulse of my own heart, \nI spread aloft the blazing ensign of the Republic, testifying \nfor ever, to the last generation of men, of the rights of man- \nkind, and of constitutional liberty and law. Let it rise, until \nit sh^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m \n\nB^ \n\nCHAPTER XVI. \n\nEarth has not ony thing to show more fair ; \nDoll would he be of soul to pass hy \nA sight so touching in its majesty. \n\nTHE Bunker Hill Monumknt is a fit type \nof the national unity. Built in the form of \na monolithic structure, but of such large propor- \ntions, and of such unique interioi\" arrangement, as to \ncompel tlie use of many separate blocks, it aptly illus- \ntrates, in its grandeur as a single object, and in the \nbeautiful adaptation and harmony of its several parts, \nthe national motto, \" E pluribus unum;\" signifying \nthat out of many States there has sprung up, by a sort \nof natural growth, our glorious Union. \n\nIt is not to be doubted that Mr. \"Webster, in his \nmasterly speeches defending the Union and the Consti- \ntution, drew a sort of inspiration from the ardor with \nwhich, from the very first, he advocated the design of \nthe Monument. Not only in the Senate and in the \npopulai- assembly, but before the Supreme Court of \nthe United States also, as the important leading cases \narose, his eloquence kindled as he had occasion to \ndevelop the latent powers of the Constitution, show- \ning that this ably drawn instrument, adopted by the \npeople, was eminently national in its scope and au- \n\n\n37G HISTORY OF THE \n\nthority, was susceptible of adaptation to every con- \ntingency, and was potent to nullify any State act \nwhich was inconsistent with any of its provisions. In \nhis later years, he clearly demonstrated the physical \nand the moral impossibility of a peaceable secession \nof any of the States; and, though the Union has not \ncontinued under the temporary compromises which he \nassisted in framing, it has been carried through the \nemergencies of a stupendous war, in a great degree, \nby the beacon light which shines resplendent from his \npatriotic orations and forensic arguments. It re- \nmained for him, a few years before his lamented \ndecease, to take the lead in the settlement of an \nimpoitant question with regard to the Monument. \n\nIn the first letter issued by the Committee of Cor- \nrespondence in 1823, it was suggested that the pro- \nposed Monument should contain the names and dates \nof the distinguished characters and events which \noiiginated the independence of the country. In 1841, \na committee of eminent men was appointed to prepare \nan inscription for a tablet to be placed in the Monu- \nment. Though the individual members were notified \nevery year of their appointment, nothing was done by \nthem. At the meeting of the Directors held June \n17, 1848, the matter was called up by Mr. Robert G. \nShaw; and, upon his motion, the President was re- \nquested to fill the vacancies in the Committee caused \nby the death of Judge Story and Hon. John Quincy \nAdams; and the Committee was further authorized \nto provide the tablet and inscription agreeably to the \noriginal vote. The President appointed Dr. John C. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. \n\n\n377 \n\n\n\"Warren and Mr. William Appleton; the other mem- \nbers of the Committee being Daniel Webster, Edward \nEverett, and Franklin Dexter. Mr. Everett, in the \nabsence of Mr. Webster, acted as chairman, and con- \nvened several meetings, at which the President was \npresent by invitation. Mr. Francis C. Gray and Mr. \nTicknor were invited to send in their suggestions. \nAt last Mr. Everett was requested to prepare the in- \nscriptions from those submitted to him, with such \nalterations as he might suggest. \n\nAs a matter of curiosity, some of the sketches or \nstudies submitted are here given. The following are \nby Mr. Gi'ay, with Mr. Ticknor's api)roval : — \n\n\n(1) \n\n(2) \n\nHere \n\nHonor \n\nwas the centre \n\nto \n\nof the works thrown up \n\nthe men \n\nand so long defended \n\nof \n\nby the Americans \n\nMassachusetts \n\nunder \n\nConnecticut \n\nCol. Prescott \n\nand \n\nJune 17 \n\nNew Hampshire \n\n1775. \n\nwho fell here \n\nfulfilling their duty \n\nto \n\ntheir country \n\n- \n\nand \n\nmankind. \n\n(3) \n\n(4) \n\nThe names \n\nNear this spot \n\nof those who fought here \n\nGeneral Warren \n\nbelong to history \n\nand other men of New England \n\nand \n\nfell \n\nwill outlast \n\nin the cause \n\nthis stone. \n\nof their Country \n\nand of \n\nFreedom. \n\n48 \n\n\n37S HISTORY OF THE \n\nMr. Gray's letter accompanying the foregoing\", \nwritten in an enthusiastic style, is worthy of preser- \nvation : — \n\nFriday Evkxing, 2d March, 1849. \n\nMy DKAfi Sir, — In compliance with your request, I have \nconferred witli iMr. Ticknor, and enclose, as the result, two \nsketclics. \n\nNo. 1 is designed to state the precise spot and date in the \nsimplest words possible ; No. 2, as a tribute to the dead, with- \nout distinction of rank, for death knows none: all gave their \nlives, and no one could give more. It is stated that about \none hundred were killed of Massachusetts, fifteen from Con- \nnecticut, and fifteen from New Hampshire ; and it seems due \nto the States who aided the former as auxiliaries that day to \nmention their names with hers. The last words were sug- \ngested by a sentiment frequently expressed in Europe, — \nthat this was the first battle ever fought solely for the main- \ntenance of popular rights ; and who knows but that centuries \nhence it may be deemed the Thermopylae not only of American \nliberty, but of freedom, wherever it shall be found? \n\nNeither of us can devise an inscription with names likely \nto be at all satisfactory : that must be done by somebody else, \nif necessary. But is it necessary? Is there not a just and \nproper pride in assuming that the names of those distin- \nguished there and the leading events of the day must be \nknown to all who can read the inscriptions? \n\nIf a reason is needed for omitting names, it might perhaps \nbe something like No. 3. \n\nShould any thing be put on the site of the old Monument, \n\nthe following, suggested by Mr. \\V. A., would be simple and \n\nappropriate : — \n\nOn \n\nthis spot \n\nWarren \n\nfell. \n\n\nleaving the rest to history. \n\nVery truly yours, \n\n\nF. C. Gray. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 379 \n\nThe following were furnished by Franklin Dex- \nter: — \n\nThe corner-stone \n\nof this Monument \n\nwas laid on the 17th June, 1825, by the \n\nhands of Major- General Lafayette, and \n\nin the presence of the survivors of the \n\nBattle, and on the 17th June, 1813, it \n\n^vas finished, and dedicated with the \n\nprayers of an assembled multitude for the \n\nPerpetuity of the American \n\nUnion. \n\nBattle of Bunker Hill, \nJune 17th, \n\nm \n\nli iO, \n\nFrom the Redoubt \n\nin this direction extended the \n\nEntrenchment \n\nwhere the presence and example of \n\nMajok-Gexkral Israel Putnam- \n\nanimated his countrymen to a \n\nnoble resistance in the cause of \n\nLiberty. \n\nThis Monument \nstands on the site of the Redoubt \nwhich was raised and bravely \ndefended by a patriotic militia \n\nunder the command of \n\nColonel William Prkscott, \n\nand within which was slain \n\nMajor-Gkxkral Joseph Wakrex, \n\none of the earliest and most \n\nillustrious of the martyrs who \n\nfell in the contest for American \n\nLiberty. \n\n\n380 HISTORY OF THE \n\nOn the 17th of May, 1849, Mr. Everett submitted \nthe following Report to the Committee: — \n\nIt appeared to be the unanimous sense of the Committee, \nat the former meeting, that the inscription or inscriptions, \nwhich mi^^ht be prepared for the face of the Monument, should \nbe in the English language, and of the simplest character ; con- \nfined to a brief indication of the object of the work. It \nseemed to be the opinion of the Committee that such facts \nas it may be necessary to state, in reference to the construc- \ntion of the work, — in consequence of the pledges given in \nthe course of the erection, — might with propriety be reserved \nfor a tablet to be placed in the interior of the Monument; or \nin an apartment over an arched gate-way, at the entrance of \nthe Monument Square, should the Association ever have the \nmeans of erecting such a building, and deem it expedient to \ndo so. Suggestions were also made at the last meeting of the \nCommittee, in favor of placing a stone to identify, with a suit- \nable brief inscription, the remains of the intrenchment run- \nning north-eastwardly from the redoubt down the hill; and \nalso of placing a monumental tablet, to mark the spot where \nGeneral Warren fell ; but the Committee came to no order on \nthese points. \n\nShortly after the meeting of the 23d of February, the under- \nsigned was favored with a sketch of inscriptions for the sev- \neral faces of the Monument, kindly ofiFered for consideration \nby Hon. Franklin Dexter, a member of the Committee. Five \ndrafts of inscriptions were also sent him by Dr. Warren, \ndrawn up with great skill by Hon. F. C. Gray, in consulta- \ntion with Mr. William Appleton, a member of the Committee, \nand with Mr. George Ticknor. The undersigned has derived \nimportant aid from these sources. \n\nShould it be decided by the Committee to adopt the plan \nof identifying the important localities in the immediate \nneighborhood of the Monument, there will be no need of \nmore than one inscription on the face of the obelisk itself, \nthe object of which, of course, would be to set forth the fact \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 381 \n\nthat it is erected on the site of the redoubt. As Colonel \nPrescott stands in a peculiar relation to that work, as the \nofficer detached for its erection and defence, there is nothing \ninvidious, but an obvious propriety, in introducing his name \ninto this inscription. \n\nThere were three Generals present on the field, not in com- \nmand, but a^ volunteers, aiding by their counsel and example \nthe operations of the day ; viz., Pomeroy, Putnam, and War- \nren. Less has been said of Pomeroy's participation in the \nbattle than might perhaps with propriety. The anecdote of \nhis dismounting when he came to Charlestown Neck, because \nhe did not like to ride General Ward's horse through the \nraking fire of the British vessels, deserves for him the honor \nof being mentioned by name. Putnam's presence and activity \nare undoubted, though unfortunately subject to controversy. \nWith respect to the conspicuous place due to the name of \nWarren, in any permanent memorial of the battle, there can \nbe but one opinion. \n\nUpon the whole, the undersigned is disposed to recommend \nthat an inscription of the character mentioned above should \nbe placed on the south side of the Monument ; that a stone \nshould be placed at the commencement of the still remaining \nridge of earth which belongs to the intrenchment ; and that \nthe names of Pomeroy and Putnam should be mentioned in \nthe inscription which announces its object ; and that a monu- \nmental tablet be placed on the spot, near which General \nWarren is known to have fallen, on the western side of \nthe obelisk. In connection with this last suggestion, it has \nbeen thought by several persons interested in these memorials, \nthat the remains of General Warren, which were identified a \nfew years since, might be placed witH proprietj^ beneath the \ntable. \n\nWith respect to those facts connected with the progress of \nthe work which the Association is pledged to record upon the \nMonument, it would seem in better taste to introduce them \nupon a tablet to be placed within the structure ; and the \nchamber at its summit afiFords a convenient and appropriate \n\n\n382 HISTORY OF the \n\nplace. There are other interesting purposes which might \nlead the Directors of the Association, at some future period, \nshould they possess the means, to erect an arch over the front \nentrance to the square, containing a room for the meetings of \nthe Association and the Directors, and a place of deposit for \nthe archives, and for relics and memorials of the battle. The \nwalls of this room would be a very suitable place for com- \nmemorative tablets recording the origin and progress of the \nwork. But, in want of any present means to erect such a \nstructure, it would seem useless, on this occasion, to enter \nfarther into detail. \n\nWith respect to the mode of executing the inscription upon \nthe face of the Monument, the undersigned is disposed, though \nwith considerable hesitation, to recommend that it should be \nplaced upon a large marble tablet, — the lai-gest that can be \nconveniently jnocured of one slab of white marble, — to be \nlet into the face of the obelisk. The granite is of too coarse \na grain for letters cut in the stone itself, like those on the \nEgyptian obelisks, and on the face of many marble structures \nof ancient Greece and Italy. Bronze letters in relief were \nmade use of by the ancients ; and the choice would lie on the \npresent occasion — in the opinion of the undersigned — be- \ntween them and a marble slab to be let into the work. \nShould the latter be adopted, the letters could be made dis- \ntinct by gold-leaf, to be renewed from time to time if neces- \nsary. \n\nThe undei^signed, with these introductory remarks, submits \nthe following sketches for the consideration of the Com- \nmittee : — \n\nFor the Soulh Sitla nf the Monument, \n\nTliis Momnneut \n\nstands on the site of the redoubt, \n\nwliich was raised on tlie eve of the 17th Juno, 177.'), \n\nand bravely defended through that eventful day, \n\nby a detaehnient of the militia of \n\nNew Hampshire, Connecticut, and Mjissachusetts, \n\nunder tiio command of \n\nCoi.ONEL WlLMAM PhESCOTT. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 383 \n\n\nTo mark the Remains of the Breast-work. \n\nThis stone marks the still remaining traces of the breast-work, where \nthe repeated charges of veteran troops were bravely, and for a long time \nsuccessfully, resisted by the citizen soldiery of New England, animated by \nthe presence and example of Major-Geuerals Pomeroy and Putnam, and \ntheir gallant associates of every rank. \n\nTo indicate the Spot where Warren felL \n\nNear this spot \nMajor-Gkneral Joseph Warren, \n\na volunteer on the 17th June, 1775, \n\nfell at the close of the battle. \n\nHis remains are deposited \n\nbeneath this stone. \n\n[NoTB. — As it 1h now well known that this 8i)ot Ih in tbe streot west of Monument \nS-P ^ ^tc A^ \n\n\n7 \n\n\n/ \n\n\nYy^i^ Jt^^*^^ ^'^'/-^ \n\n\n4^*-^ \n\n\n^x-/ \n\n\n\\ \n\n\n1/ \n\n\n^ ^ Urw^^OO/f'-^ ^ \n\n\nl^ \n\n\nicTiui \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 385 \n\nauthorized to provide a tablet for it, the better way \nwould be to report back to the Directors a resohition \nto that effect. He thought that it would be well to \nhave at some future time a brief statement engrossed \nupon parchment, and placed in soirie depository on \nwhich should be inscribed a pi'oper title. Thereupon \nhe took up a pen, and wrote upon a scrap of paper \nsuch a title as he would have, and also the vote for \nthe Committee to pass. Upon reading what he had \nwritten and putting the question, the Committee \nadopted his suggestions without objection. Mr. \nEverett preserved this paper, having made an in- \ndorsement thereon. \n\nAt the meeting of Directors held June 18, 1849, \nMr. Everett made an entii'cly different report fi'om \nthe one presented to the Committee, concluding with \nthe following resolution in relation to an inscription, \nwhich was unanimously passed: — \n\nResolved^ as the sense of this Board, that the great object \nfor which the obelisk was erected on Bunker Hill is monu- \nmental, and not historical, and that it is not expedient that \nany record of names, dates, or events connected with the \nbattle should be inscribed upon it. \n\nIn thus settling the question of an inscription, the \nBoard undoubtedly carried out the prevailing idea of \nthe original projectors, that the Monument should \ncommemorate an EiiA, to which the Battle of Bunker \nHill led the way, rather than that mere event, how- \never conspicuous in history. Towards this satisfac- \ntory result Mr. Webster chiefly contributed. \n\n49 \n\n\n386 HISTORY OF THE \n\nThe construction of a Granite Lodge as a com- \nponent part of the Monument has been under consid- \neration since 1843. The principal difficulty in the \nway has been the want of agreement upon the plan \nof the building. The late Mr. George M. Dexter \nfurnished a sketch of an arch, to be placed at the \nprincipal entrance for a gate-way, — having on one \nside a keeper's office, and on the other a large room \nwhich would serve for meetings of Directors, and for \nthe deposit of relics and memorials. He had promised \nto furnish a complete working plan, but he did not \nlive to finish his design. Mr. William S. Park, a \nyoung architect of great promise, who has since died, \nfurnished to the Committee, having the matter in \ncharge, complete drawings in detail, with estimates, for \na granite structure, containing an office and a statue \nroom or Memorial Hall, to be placed within the en- \nclosure. A fund had been set apart, by vote of the \nDirectors, specially appropriated for the erection of \nsuch an edifice; but the vote was afterwards rescinded, \nit being thought necessary to expend the money ac- \ncumulated, amounting then to about $20,000, in the \nreconstruction of the fence, and other improvements \nupon the Monument and grounds. These were done \nunder the supervision of a sub-Committee of the \nStanding Committee, consisting of Richard Frothing- \nham, F. W. Lincoln, John H. Thorndike, Edward \nLawrence, George B. Neal, Franklin Darracott, and \nOsmyn Brewster. \n\nGeoi-ge Peabody contributed in his lifetime $500 to \nbe set apart for this object; and, whenever a proper \n\n\nBUNKER 'HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 387 \n\nplan and location can be determined npon, the means \ncan readily be obtained. When this shall be accom- \nplished, a collection of memorials and relics, and also \nof commemorative works of art, can be made, to which \neach generation will furnish its contribution. It will \nbe in the power of the Association to establish in time \none of the most interesting depositories of historical \nmemorials in the country. \n\nThe only llevolutionary Relics that are kept within \nthe Monument are the two cannon, called the Han- \ncock and Adams, which were granted to the Associa- \ntion by the act passed February 26, 1825. The \nhistory of these field-pieces is quite interesting. They \nare the only remains of the field artillery belonging \nto the British American Colonies at the beginning of \nthe Revolutionary war. There were originally four of \nthem, and they were deposited in the Arsenal (or \nLaboratory, as it was then called), at the corner of \nWest Street, in Boston. The town being in possession \nof the British Army, it was daily expected they wouLl \nbe seized; and how they might be rescued from this \ndanger was a .subject of anxious consideration among \nthe patriots. A plan was contrived, and boldly exe- \ncuted. At the time of changing the evening guard, \nthe British sentinel was taken ojff for a short time to \nthe Common, where the guard paraded. This moment \nwas seized by the townsmen to enter the Laboratory, \nand remove the four field-pieces to the adjoining \nschool-house of Master Holbrook, where they were \ndeposited under his writing-desk all the day following, \n\n\n388 HISTORY OF THE \n\nand escaped the search which was made for thera by \nthe British oflScers. At evening, they were placed in \nan oflal cart going into the country, and were soon \nbi'ought into active service. Two of the pieces were \nsent to Canada, and fell into the power of the British. \nThe others were christened the Hancock and Adams, \nafter the two leading patriots, and have found on \nBunker Hill an appropriate resting-place. The in- \nscription placed upon them by order of the Continental \nCongress is as follows: — \n\nADAMS (or) HANCOCK. \n\nSacred to Liberty. \n\nThis is one of the four cannon which constituted the whole train of \nield artillery possessed by the British Colonies of North America at the \ncommencement of the war, on the 10th of April, 1775. \n\nThis cannon and its fellow belonged to a number of citizens of Boston ; \nwere used in many engagements during the war. The other two, the \nproperty of the govemment-of Massachusetts, were taken by the enemy. \n\nBy order of tlie United States, in Congress assembled, May 17, 1788. \n\nThe Legislature, in the same act, authorized the Gov- \nernor and Council to deliver over to the Association \ntwo other cannon that had been used in the Revolu- \ntionary war. It was pi'obably contemplated that four \nwould be wanted to be placed at the corners of the \nplatform of the Monument. All the plans for an \nobelisk showed a platform. That of Colonel Bald- \nwin, which stands on the records adopted by a \nvote of the Directors, showed a platform twenty \nfeet wide on each side of the Monument, with \nthree steps, of the whole length, leading thereto. The \nobelisk, it is thought by many, cannot be deemed to \nbe completed without such a base, which will give to \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 389 \n\n■ \n\nit a more elevated and majestic appearance, and will \nalso afford a very convenient reserved space for public \noccasions. \n\nThe importance of having wide avenues leading to \nthe obelisk has occupied the attention of the Associa- \ntion for the past thirty years. Before selling the two- \nthirds of the original purchase of the land, streets \nwere reserved, fifty feet wide, facing the three sides \nof the Monument. Nearly one acre of land was dedi- \ncated to public use as highways, with the expectation \nthat these would be extended by the town. On the \nnorth side, the city of Charlestown has extended the \nstreet to Mystic River. On the south side, border- \ning on High Street, and looking towards the most \nsettled part of the town, the Association owned no \nland, except the reserved square. \n\nIn 1847, the Committee upon the grounds, consist- \ning of the President, Joseph T. Buckingham, Robert \nG. Shaw, and G. Washington Warren, recommended \nthat application be made to the then cit}' of Charles- \ntown to lay out a street, not less than forty-five feet \nwide, from High Street, in front of the Monument, to \nMain Street, with an offer of an annual payment from \nthe income of the Association for a term of fifteen \nyears. The recommendation was adopted ; and nego- \ntiations were made with the city government each \nyear until 1850, when, upon a modification, made at \nthe request of the then mayor, Hon. Richard Froth- \ningham, a street, forty feet wide, was laid out from \nHigh Street to Warren Street. Afterwards, in 1866, \nby a protracted and laborious negotiation, made with \n\n\n390 HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe city government, under Hon. Charles Robinson, \nJr., the Mayor, the street was continued to Main \nStreet. Unfortunately, the original location of \nthe street was made by the city with reference to \nthe convenience of the landholders rather than to the \nMonument as a permanent object of observation. \nIn the reduction of the width asked for by the \nMayor to forty feet, the street is thrown too far to \nthe west, so that the Monument is not in the centre. \n\nSubsequently, a vigorous effort was made by the \nAssociation to induce the city to lay out a new avenue \nfrom City Square, sixty feet wide, to Monument \nSquare, having the centre of the Monument in a line \nwith the centre of the street. A strong petition of \nthe citizens came in aid. A hearing was had before \nthe whole board of Mayor and Aldermen, who had \nexclusive jurisdiction, at which the Association was \nrepi-esented by the President, Mr. Wheildon, and \nSamuel S. Willson, Esq. There was a great weight \nof ev idence in favor of the petition. The committee \nof the Board reported in favor of laying out the \navenue as prayed for, and as the proper continuation \nof Warren Avenue, leading from Warren Bridge. \nThe measure failed by a small majoi'ity. It has \nbeen thought that Governor Winthrgp's statue \nmight some time adorn the Avenue near where he \nfirst set up the Colonial Government. \n\nThis avenue would give a very fine view of the \nobelisk from a great distance, presenting, from its \nangular position to the street, two of its sides, so \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 391 \n\nthat the effect upon the beholder would be much \ngreater than though only one side were shown. \nThere are now very few points from which this \nmajestic obelisk can be seen entire, and consequently, \nas a consummate work of art, its effect is to a great \ndegree lost. The Washington Monument in Balti- \nmore is far better placed, in relation to the broad \navenues leading to it. For the same reason, the \nNapoleon Monument in Place Vendome, Paris, \nhas a more imposing appearance. But, let this \navenue be laid out by the Park Commissioners as \na Park avenue, connecting two squares, or by the \nStreet Commissioners, as an avenue really required \nfor the public convenience, and the Bunker Hill \nMonument will show itself, when thus uncovered, as \nthe finest monumental work in the world. The Asso- \nciation having done so much for the new Boston, \nin crowning her with this matchless work, may well \nrequire that she shall open up this desirable avenue \nto it. \n\nAnother consideration ought to incline the city \ngovernment to make this improvement. By an ex- \namination of the assessors' valuation for the year \n1876, made by Samuel S. Willson, Esq., one of the \nassistant assessors, it appears that the ten acres \nof land, which the Association disposed of for the \ninsignificant sum of $25,000, to relieve itself from \ndebt, after deducting the streets, are now appraised \nat $608,800, and the buildings now erected thereon \nare valued at $418,000, — the whole valuation of the \nland and buildings amounting to $1,026,800. An \n\n\n392 HISTORY OF THE \n\nannual tax of $12,000 is received by the city, which \nit would not have received, had the Association been \nable to retain for the public benefit the whole of its \noriginal purchase. \n\nIn 1860, Joseph H. Buckingham, Esq., having re- \nmoved from the State, resigned the office of Secre- \ntary. A Resolution of thanks to him for his long \nand valuable services was unanimously passed. Sam- \nuel F. McCleary, Esq., was elected to the office, which \nhe filled to the entire satisfaction of the Association, \nuntil 1871, when Albert C. Fearing, the present in- \ncumbent, was elected, upon whom has devolved an \nunusual amount of arduous duty. By a recent vote, \nthe Secretary of the Association is Secretary of the \nStanding Committee, and a member ex officio. Mr. \nMcCleary, after his resignation as Secretary, was \nelected a Dii-ector. The Standing Committee, includ- \ning the Secretary, now consists of sixteen members. \n\nIn 1862, a new diploma of membership was author- \nized; and a by-law was passed providing that new \nmembers might be admitted by vote of the Associa- \ntion, upon the nomination of the Directors or of the \nStanding Committee and the payment of five dollars. \nSince that time new members have been elected every \nyear. The Diploma recites : — \n\nBe it made known by us, the President, Treasurer, and \nSecretary of the Bunkeu Hill Monument AssocrATiON, in- \nstituted in 1823, for the purpose of commemorating the early \nevents of the American Revolution by the erection of a \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 393 \n\nmonument on the ground where the action of Bunker Hill \nwas fought, and by the appropriate commemoration of the \n\nglorious annivei'sary of the 17th op June, 1775, that \n\nhas been admitted to be a member of this Associa- \n\n\ntion. \n\nIn witness whereof we have signed our names to this \nDiploma on this day of , in the year of our Lord \n\n, and of the Independence of the United States of \nAmerica the \n\nAn examination of the Roll of OflBccrs of the As- \nsociation, with their terms of service, will show how \nmany of the leading citizens of Boston, several of \nwhom were conspicuous in public life, have given \ntheir aid and counsel at the call of this commemora- \ntive society. Mr. Everett, whether in the diflferent \nexalted offices he successively held, or in private \nstation, which he equally adorned, served in one \nway or another the Association from its formation \nto his death, an unbroken period of forty-two years. \nThe Russells, father and son, have furnished a signal \nexample of the faithful and long-continued dis- \ncharge of a high official trust. William Tudor died \nabroad a few years after the enterprise, which he was \nthe first to suggest, had been commenced. General \nH. A. S. Dearborn, also, after filling the office of \nAdjutant-General of the State, and of Mayor of \nRoxbury, severed at a later period his connection. \nHe died in Portland, Maine, July 29, 1851. \n\nOf those now living it may be proper to refer to \ntwo: Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, the senior Vice- \nPresident, who has always evinced the deepest inter- \nest in the proper administration of the affiiirs of the \n\n50 \n\n\n394 HISTORY OF THE \n\nAssociation, and of the right direction of its aims. \nHe has most acceptably graced one pnblic celebra- \ntion with his eloquence, and is still depended upon \nfor future occasions. Uriel Crocker, Esq., has been \nin the government for forty-four years, the long'est \nperiod of service attained by any, with the single ex- \nception of Mr. Theophilus R. Marvin, who was elected \nthe same year with him, 1833. Mr. Crocker, as an \nofficer of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic As- \nsociation, disbursed all the moneys in the building of \nthe Monument while in charge of that patriotic ally. \nSince that period, he has rendered important service \nas a Director, Vice-President, and a member of the \nStanding Committee, while at the same time he has \ndischarged many high trusts, and has filled a pro- \ntracted life with good deeds. Others have shown \nequal intei'est during their terms. In several instances, \nthe sons have been chosen to succeed to their fathers, \nand in some cases even to the third generation. \n\nHonorary members have also been elected from \nthe most distinguished men in the country, not resi- \ndents of Massachusetts. By these means, and by \nits traditional influence, the Association has assured \nits perpetuity. \n\nThe annual meeting for the year 1875, in conse- \nquence of the great Centennial Celebration, was, by \nspecial vote, postponed to June 23, when the Presi- \ndent, in his address, declined re-election, having \nfilled the office for twenty-eight years, and after \n\n\nI \n\n\n^l<-*-zJ»-^ -^'<-6/-z''^c^-<.i;^ \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 395 \n\neleven years' previous service as Director and Secre- \ntary. His place was filled by the choice of Richard \nFrothingham, who had been a Director since 1840, \nand for several years a member of the Standing \nCommittee. The late President was elected a Direc- \ntor, and was continued upon the Standing Committee. \nOn motion of Rev. Dr Samuel K. Lothrop, seconded \nby Hon. Joseph M. AVightman, a Resolution was \npassed, extending to him \" the thanks of the Associa- \ntion for his long, faithful, and devoted services as its \nPresident.\" \n\nAt the same meeting, the newly elected President, \nAbbott Lawrence, Henry Walker, Charles F. Fair- \nbanks, and J. Collins AVarren were appointed a \ncommittee to procure subscriptions for a statue in \nhonor of Colonel William Prescott, to be placed, \nunder the direction of the Standing Committee, on \nBunker Hill. Mr. AVinthrop had also, in a letter \nwritten when abroad, suggested that the Association \nshould, at some future time, undertake to provide a \nstatue of Lafayette. An original portrait of the \nGeneral was purchased lately by Mr. Russell, the \npresent Treasurer, while in Paris, in 1875, which \nnow adorns the statue room of the Association. \n\nEnough work has been laid out, as herein indi- \ncated, and as set forth in the published ^^ Proceedings \" \nfor the last fifteen years, to occupy the attention of \nthe Association for the future; nor, indeed, will \nits mission as a commemorative society be ended as \nlong as this great Republic shall continue to revere \n\n\n396 . HISTORY OF THE \n\nthe memory of its noble founders, and shall desire \nto hold up conspicuous examples of patriotism and \nillustrious service to the admiration of mankind. \n\nIn no better way can this imperfect history of the \nAssociation be concluded than by giving a brief \naccount of the important Pendulum experiment \nmade at the Monument in 1850, under the direc- \ntion of Professors Ebcn Norton Horsford and \nWilliam C. Bond, then connected with Harvard \nUniversity. \n\nM. L^on Foucault, a distinguished natural phi- \nlosopher, born in Paris in 1819, had found out that \nthe diurnal rotation of the earth upon its axis could \nbe demonstrated by the swing of a long pendulum, \nand had perfectly succeeded in its illustration. These \nprofessors desired to test this experiment in the \nnewel or well of the Monument. The Massachusetts \nCharitable Mechanic Association joined in the re- \nquest, appointed Mr. Frederic H. Stimpson and Hon. \nJoseph M. AVightman, who were also Directors of \nthe Monument Association, a committee, and oflTered \nto pay all the expenses of the necessaiy arrange- \nments. Upon motion of Mr. Everett, the request \nwas granted. The assent of King Solomon's Lodge \nwas readily obtained for the temporary removal of \ntheir mai'ble monument, which stood in the way of \nthe trial, to a position in the Monument on the right \nof the entrance. \n\nAs if to signalize the place of the experiment, the \nball used for the pendulum was one of those Revolu- \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 397 \n\ntionary balls which had been fired from one of the \nBritish ships of war, — probably the \"Lively,\" — on the \n17th June, 1775. It weighed about thirty-one pounds \n— originally thirty-two, — having lost something by \nabrasion and the rust of time. It was supported in \na brass meridian, to which was attached an equatorial \nring, with adjusting screws for bringing the centre \nof gravity directly in line with the pointer below and \nthe point of suspension above, and was suspended by \nan annealed wire two hundred and ten feet long, the \nlower end of which was secured to the brass meridian, \nand the upper end to a staple in the roof of the \nchamber at the top of the Monument. \n\nTo prevent currents of air from affecting the motion \nof the pendulum, the grating above was replaced by \na plank floor; and the wire passing through the \nchamber was encased in a square wooden trunk, with \npanes of glass on opposite sides for observing the \nvery small arc described by the pendulum wire at this \nheight. It was also found necessary, in order to pre- \nserve the quiet of the air, to close the ventilating port- \nholes opening into the well along the cours6 of the \ncircular stairway, and replace the iron-lattice gate at \nthe bottom with plate-glass doors. \n\nA smooth wooden floor was laid at the bottom of \nthe shaft, from the centre of which, directly beneath \nthe point of isuspension, three broad circles were \ndescribed, and painted white. These circles were \ngraduated into 360 degrees, which were figured, for \nconvenience of observation, counting from the right. \nFor more careful observation, a flat wooden ring was \n\n\n398 HISTORY OF THE \n\nerected about four feet above the floor, with a brass \nsight on the farther side, and a corresponding sight \nat the extremity of an arm on the nearer side, which \nwas so arranged as to revolve around the axis of the \nplane of oscillation. This ring rested upon marbles, \nand could be adjusted by movable friction wheels \nplaced outside the ring upon the inner wall of the \nMonument. With the aid of these compass sights, \nthe rotation of the plane of oscillation became ap- \nparent in less time than if the point at the bottom of \nthe ball were observed, for the reason that the view \nwas confined to a fine definite line, and also that the \ndistance of the nearer sight from the centre was five \nfeet, while the radius of the graduated arc on the \nfloor was rather less than three and a half feet. The \nsight through which the observation was made \nwas moved by a small geared wheel upon a \ngraduated arc of brass placed in the door-way; and \nsuch was the nicety of the adjustment that the prog- \nress of the plane of oscillation could be noticed in a \nsingle vibration of the pendulum. \n\nThe mode of starting the pendulum was that \nadopted by Foucault. The ball being drawn to the \nmargin of the circle, and secured by a thread, was \npermitted to come entirely to rest. When this was \nattained, which required but a minute or two, the \nthread was burned and the pendulum launched. \n\nWhen the pendulum was put m motion in the \nmanner above described, the progress of the plane \nof oscillation soon became quite apparent, moving \nsteadily from the right toward the left of the observer. \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 399 \n\nAs the progress made was about one degree in six \nminutes, in half an hour it would traverse over about \nfive degrees of the graduated circle. The pendulum \nwould continue to vibrate an hour or more from the \ntime of starting. An entire revolution of the plane \nof oscillation, in this latitude, would be accomplished, \nif the motion were uniform and could be kept up, in \nabout thirty-five and a half hours, according to the \ncalculation of Professor Horsford. \n\nThe whole experiment was eminently successful, \nand highly interesting to the great numbers who \nwitnessed it. Professor Horsford devised and super- \nintended all these arrangements, and made frequent \nand careful observations. In doing this, he noticed a \nnew phenomenon, of which he has, by request, fur- \nnished the following interesting account for this \npublication : — \n\nSoon after the pendulum was in place, it was observed from \ntiuie to time that the spindle below the bob, instead of resting \ndirectly over the centre of the floor of the well, to which \npoint it was first adjusted, was found on one side or the other \nuf this point. Upon observing more closely, it was found that \nthe spindle was to the north of the centre soon after mid-day, \nand to the east of the centre at evening. While engaged just \nafter noon, on one very bright warm day, in accurately mark- \ning the position of the spindle, it happened that a sudden \nshower of rain struck the south side of the Monument, and at \nthe same instant the spindle moved southward through a \nspace of about a quarter of an inch. It was obvious at a \nglance that the shower striking the more heated side of the \nMonument had cooled it, and of course contracted it. The \neffect of the previous heat held been to expand, the more ex- \nposed side of the Monument, and so carry the point of sus- \n\n\n400 HISTORY OF THE \n\npension of the pendulum near the summit to the north. The \nboh and spindle took position vertically below. The eCFect \nof the shower and evaporation following was to cool the \nsoutherly side of the Monument and shorten it, and so carry \nthe point of suspension of the pendulum toward the south. \n\nThis movement of the shaft may be thus illustrated : If \ntwo iron rods of equal length, uniting at the top, and but a \nshort distance apart at the bottom, be arranged to represent \nthe north and south sides of the Monument, and a pendulum \nbe suspended from the point of union, and the rod represent- \ning the north side be incased in a wrapper of non-conducting \nmaterial throughout its length, to protect it from the sun, \nwhile that representing the south side is exposed to the sun, \nthe latter will be heated and expand, and become longer \nwhile the former will remain unchanged, and so the top be \ncarried over to the north, and with it the pendulum, so that \nthe spindle at the bottom will sweep in the same direction. \nOne can readily imagine the expansion of the southerly rod so \ngreat as to cause the northerly rod to incline to the north, in \nwhich case the pendulum would no longer swing between the \ntwo rods, but outside and to the north of them. \n\nThe cliaiiging positions of the spindle found a ready ex- \nplanation in the unequal heating of the sides of the Monu- \nment. The morning sun expanded the easterly side of the \nMonument, increasing its length as compared with the westerly \nside, and so tipping the shaft a little to the west. The bob \nand spindle took position immediately below the point of sus- \npension. At noon, under the influence of the mid-day sun, \nthe Monument inclined to the north, and the spindle moved \nin accordance with it ; and at evening the movement was to \nthe east. During the night, in the absence of the sun, the \nmore heated sides of the Monument cooled to the temperature \nof the surrounding air, and assumed what may be considered \ntheir normal relations. \n\nA pencil attached to the bob was made for some days to \ntrace, on paper fixed to the floor, the rotation *of the summit \nof the Monument. The orbits were what may perhaps be \n\n\nBUNKER HILL MONUMENT ASSOCIATION. 401 \n\ncalled irregularly elliptical, as might have been expected from \nthe conditions. The base of the shaft was square, and pre- \nsenting no face to the meridian. It was heated during sun- \nshine on each of three sides more than on the fourth. The \ngreatest diameter of the orbit as described by the pencil but \nlittle exceeded half an inch. The mark made during the \nnight was almost a straight line, somewhat like the chord to \nthree-fourths of a circle. \n\nIt was a good thought of Professor Horsford to \nborrow from his friend and neighbor, Dr. Morrill \nWyman, that hostile missile of the olden time and \nemploy it in aid of scientific experiments. No better \nplace on which to demonstrate that the earth moves \nthan Bunker Hill, whose Monument is one of its land- \nmarks from which a great movement in the political \nand moral world may be dated. AVhat would not \nGalileo have given, and what would not the world \nhave gained, if he could only have pursued his philo- \nsophical investigations unmolested under the freedom \nand inspiration which that hallowed name assures I \n\nAs the solid Monument, obedient to a natural law, \nsways to the sun in his daily course, and resumes its \nperfect position in the cool of the night, so may the \nnational heart, whether in prosperous or adverse \ntimes, beat in unison with the Monument in every \nvicissitude, and may future historians have the happi- \nness to record abundant instances of the continual \nprogress and honorable example of the Republic in \nthe succeeding centuries. \n\n\n51 \n\n\nTo \n\n\nALL TIIOMt \n\nC(M)D \n\nCITIZBXS \n\nOF \n\nChaHestown \n\nA.NIJ \n\nBoston, \n\nWHO, TRl-LY \n\nA^PRFCMT- \n\nING THK \n\n^onQDirRt \n\nA^ THK riT \n\niMRMoRi \\L OF \n\nI THK COI'NTHV \n\nAND OF TI:k \n\n|W'»RI D TO TUB \n\nClORIoi's \n\nRKSL'I TS or \n\nTKE \n\nAMERICAN \n[REVOLI'TION ; \n\nAS AN \n\nORNAMENT \n\nTO BOTH CITIES \nAND AN \n\nINsTRlXTOR OF \n\n[KACII MCCEKDINO \n\nr.KNFRATIGN, — \n\nIM\\E ASKKD \n\nTIIAP THIb \n\n[ipicionsTlbtttnc \n\nTO IT MAY \nBR rON-TRlCTEP. \n\nAND IN THE \n»I«'PB THAT TIIF.Y \nWII L PF R^EVERR \nINTIL IT BE \nACCOMPLISHED, \nSO TH\\T \nJTIIU IMPERlsHXBLK \nJODELISK MAY MOnr \nJ«;BNERALLV 1MPRI.SS \n[TMK POPULAR MIND. \nAND MORE FULLY \n\nMEET THK \n\nEXPECTATIONS OF \n\nITS BlIIDERS, \n\nTHIS PUBLICATION, \n\nIN AID THhRFOF, \nI ; t;u\\TEFliLLY \n\nDEDICATED \n\nBV THE PRP<;iDEVT, \nON HEHAI.F OF \n\nThe Bunker Hill \nMonument Association. \n\n\nTliis Dedication was inserted in tlie publication upon the Avenae and in \nthe « rrocecdings \" of subsequent years. ' \" \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\n• I \n\n\nA \n\n\nt\\ \n\n\n\\ I \n\n\nI. \n\n\nIN MEMORIAM. \n\n\nT^HE first great loss brought liome to the Association \n•^ occurred in the decease of Nathaniel Popk Russell, \nits faithful Treasurer from the beginning. At the Annual \nMeeting held June 18, 1849, on motion of Mr. Everett, it \nwas \n\nResolved^ That the President of the Association be requested to \naddress a letter to the family of the late Hon. N. P. Russell, Treasurer \nof the Association from its first organization, expressive of the grateful \nsense entertained by its officere and members of the value of his long \nand important services, and of their high respect for his memory. \n\nA special meeting of the Directors was called, on October \n27, 1832, to express the sentiments of the Board on the \nbereavement which had been experienced in the death of \nDaniel Webster. The President presented for their con- \nsideration the following Resolutions: — \n\nResolved, That the Directors of the Bunker Hill Monument Asso- \nciation do most sincerely sympathize in the general grief which has \noverwhelmed the country in the national loss which it has so unex- \npectedly been called upon to bear, by which sad event one of the \nfounders and progenitors of the great work of the Association hixs \nbeen removed from earth ; the memory of whose undying eloquence, \nuttered before a vast multitude on Bunker Hill, at the laying of the \ncorner-stone of the Monument, and also at its completion, will be for \never identified with that imperishable memorial to the cause of Repub- \nlican Liberty. \n\nResolved, That the eminent public services of the illustrious deceased, \nrendered throughout his whole life, constantly, in full measure, and with \nthe most cordial readiness, at the sacrifice of his personal interest, fur- \nnish the best example of that high aim which he so eloquently set forth \n\n\n406 MEMORABILIA. \n\nto his couDtrymen ; for liis whole life was to his country, his whole \ncountry, and nothing but his country. \n\nResolved^ That, in re8[>ect to the memory of Daniel Webster, the \nMonument be dresseil with appropriate badges of mourning, for the \nspace of thirty days ; and that it be recommended to the officers and \nmembers of the Association to wear the usual badge of mourning upon \nthe left arm, for the same term. \n\nThese Resolutions were unanimously adopted ; and the \nPresident, Secretary, and Treasurer, with Hon. Stephen \nFairbanks, Hon. Nathan Hale, Hon. Albert Fearing, Joseph \nTilden, Henry Foi'ster, and Henry A. Peirce, were appointed \na delegation to attend the funeral of the deceased at Mai-sh- \nfield. For the fii'st and only time, the Monument was dressed \nin mourning; and the individual members of the Association, \ngenerally, joined in a like manifestation of sorrow. \n\nAt the Annual Meeting in 1858, the President referred, \nin his Address, to the decease of Amos Lawrence, Robert \nG. Shaw, Thomas B. Wales, David Francis, and Benja- \nmin Thompson, in the following terms: — \n\nAmos Lawuenck, another of the founders and of the early friends \nof the Association, has since been removed frona this stage of being. He \nwill always deserve to be remembered as one who has appropriated \nmore of his means and of his time to the forwarding of the great work \nof the Association than perhaps any other individual. At a period \nwhen its affairs seemed desperate, when the erection of the Monument \nwas suspended for the want of means and none seemed to be in pros- \npect, he did not turn his back upon the enterprise, nor slacken in his \nefforts. He was determined that the Monument should be finished ; \nand he had provided the means which would have insured it, had it \nnot been erected in his lifetime. \n\nHe made the Monument his adopted child ; and his name should \nalways be associated with it as one of the foremost of its builders. \n\nDuring the last year, four of the Directors chosen at the last An- \nnual Meeting have also died : Robert G. Shaw, Thomas B. Wales, \nDavid Francis, and Benjamin Thompson. \n\nMr. Shaw, for a great number of years, was an efficient and active \nmember of the Board. He was a constant attendant at the meetings, \nand has been a liberal contributor to the Association, lie was on many \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. 407 \n\nimportant committees, and rendered valuable service. He was on the \ncommittee fur opening the new street, — an object in whicli he ex- \npressed the warmest interest, and which he did much to promote. \n\nMr. Wales, who has lately deceased, was also a liberal contributor, \nand for many years a Director. He kept up his interest in the pros- \nperity of the Association to the last, and was always ready to render \nhis aid and assistance. \n\nMr. Francis has been a Director for many years, and an efficient \nco-operator in the objects of the Association. \n\nMr. Tliompson, who, although one of the earliest members of the \nAssociation, was recently elected one of the Board of Directors, was \nprevented by his public duties in Congress from attending any of \n\nits meetings. \n\nIt is, however, a gratifying reflection, that, while all who designed \nthis undertaking, and who from time to time contributed their means \nand their time and efforts to its accomplishment, must await the final \ndoom of mortality, this great work, which so much engaged their inter- \nest, will endure, and be a perpetual memorial of the patriotism of those \nwho reared it, as well as of the glorious event it will ever commemorate. \n\nAt the Annual Meeting in 1854, on motion of Hon. Rich- \nard Frothingbam, the following was adopted : — \n\nWhereas, since the last meeting of this Association, one of the \nearliest and most liberal contributors to the objects for which it was \nestablished has deceavsed, \n\nJiesolred, That in the death of Judah Touro, of New Orleans, the \nBunker Hill Monument Association has lost an early, liberal, and \ndevoted friend, whose memory will ever be held in high esteem, and \nwhose noble contributions to charitable and patriotic purposes will \nnever be forgotten. \n\nAt the Annual Meeting in 1856, Mr. Everett, being un- \nable to attend, sent the following letter and Resolution, \nupon the death of Dr. John Collins Warren. On motion \nof Isaac Harris, the Resolution was unanimously adopted. \n\nBoston, 16th Jane, 1856. \n\nDear Sir, — I much regret that it is not in my power to attend \n\nthe meeting of the Bunker Hill Monument Association this morning. \n\nI was particularly desirous of being present, that I might join in giving \n\nutterance to that deep regret which we all feel at the loss, since our \n\n\n408 MEMORABILIA. \n\nlast Annual Meeting, of one of the earliest, most persevering, and most \nefficient members and Directors of the Association. I allude, of course, \nsir, to the late Dr. John C. Warren ; of whom I think it is but justice \nto say, that to him, more than to any other individual, the Bunker Hill \nMonument owes its existence. He was one of the very first that \nengaged in the undertaking, Occupied, as he was, with the duties of a \nmost laborious profession, he gave his time and his unremitted attention \nto the work. No detail of business, however humble, was beneath him, \nand he shunned no res|>onsibility. Many difficulties were overcome \nby his patience and judicious management. He never allowed the \nobstacles which retarded the progress of the work — and they were \nnumerous and great — to discourage him; and he devoted his time \nand thouglits to it, when it stood one-fourth part only built, burdened \nwith a debt which there were no visible means to pay, — a premature \nruin rather than a structure hopefully advancing to its completion, — \nas cheerfully as he did in the freshness of its early popularity. With- \nout underrating the zeal of others or the value of their services, it \nseemed to me, on more than one occasion, that, but for the firmness \nand resolution of Dr. Warren, it would have remained for the next \ngeneration to carry on and finish the Monument. \n\nUndoubtedly, he had an interest in the structure which no one else \ncould feel, in consequence of his relationship with the patriot martyr \nof the day, his uncle. General Joseph Warren. If this circumstance \naugmented the zeal with which he exerted himself for the promotion of \nthe great work, no one will think it a matter of wonder or blame. If \nit increased his interest in the Monument, it imposed no little restraint \nupon him. I can truly say, that, intimately as I was associated with \nhim, in the early period of the undertaking, as a member of the Executive \nCommittee, I never saw in him the slightest attempt to make the Monu- \nment in any way minister to family feeling. I am sure that he was \nthe member of the Committee by whom the name of General Warren \nwas least frequently mentioned. He ever appeared to me, in this \nrespect, to be influenced by the most scrupulous delicacy. He took a \npatriotic interest in the work, and was evidently desirous that it should \nbe a memorial of all the honored names which history has associated \nwith the 17th of June; and, as far as possible, of the brave men who \nfell in the ranks, and whose devotion to the country was not the less \nmeritorious because they are not prominently recorded in its annals. \n\nDr. Warren had investigated the localities of Bunker Hill, and the \nvestiges of the battle, with greater care and pains than any other per- \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. 409 \n\nSOD ; and it was owing to his attention that some of them have been \nidentified, and marked by permanent memorials. \n\nI feel, sir, a melancholy satisfaction in paying this last tribute to \nthe memory of one with whom, for a period of nearly fifty years, in \nthe most confidential relations, — those of \"beloved physician\" and \nconstant friend, — I have to my great happiness been intimately asso- \nciated. I regret only that the state of my health has not permitted me \nto be present at the meeting, and do better justice to the subject and \nto my feelings. \n\nI remain, dear sir, with much regard, sincerely yours, \n\nKdward Everktt. \nHon. G. Wasiiinqtow Warren. \n\nJiesolved, That the members of the Bunker Hill Monument Associ- \nation deeply lament the loss sustained by them, since their last Annual \nMeeting, in the decease of one of the earliest members and Directors of \nthe Association, the late Dr. Warren ; that they recognize him as one \nof the most efiicient, judicious, and liberal promoters and benefactors of \nthe undertaking; and they desire to place on their records the most \nemphatic attestation to the value of his services, from the commence- \nment to the completion of the Monument. \n\nThere were also passed at the same meeting the following \nResolutions : — \n\nResolved (on motion of Hon. Richard Frothingham), That the \nMembers of this Association lament the decease of Hon. Abbott \nLawrence, who was, from the first, a warm friend and liberal con- \ntributor to the enterprise of building the Bunker Hill Monument ; and \nthat they will hold in grateful memory the services he has rendered in \nthis work. • \n\nResolved (on motion of Amos A. Lawrence), That this Association \ndeeply lament the decease of David Dkvens, for many years a \nrespected and valued member, and one of its Directors. \n\nThe lives and services of these three were also dwelt upon \nat length in the President's address. \n\nOn August 14, 1857, Hon. Franklin Dexter died. He was \nborn in Charlestown, Nov. 5, 1793, and was the son of Hon. \nSamuel Dexter, who had been Senator of the United States, \nSecretary of War, and afterwards of the Treasury, under the \nfirst President Adams, and was the foremost lawyer of his \n\n52 \n\n\n410 MEMORABILIA. \n\ntime. Mr. Franklin Dexter succeeded William Tudor as \nSecretary, and his name as such is borne on the first diploma. \nHe was an eminent lawyer; and, when Mr. Webster was \nSecretary of State, he was appointed United States District \nAttorney for Massachusetts. He was much devoted to art, \nand his opinion as a connoisseur was considered authority. \nWhen Benjamin Stevens, the popular Serjeant-at-Arms of \nthe Legislature, was directed to cause the exterior of the \nState House to be painted, he left the determination of the \ncolor to Mr. Dexter, as the first man of taste ; who took great \npains in the selection, mixing the paints himself, and con- \ntrasting different shades by moonlight, until he got the \nexact hue which satisfied him. In his later years, he warmly \nespoused the liberal side in the embittered controversy of \nthat time, and he published several very valuable articles \non political subjects and upon matters of art. At the Annual \nMeeting in 18r)8, the President referred to his valuable ser- \nvices to the Association ; and, on motion of Hon. Robert C. \nWinthrop, it was \n\nResolved^ That the Bunker Hill Monument Association cordially \nrespond to the just tribute which has been paid, in the report of the \nPresident, to the character and accomplishments of our late Associate \nand friend, the Hon. Franklin Dkxtkr; and that we will ever cherish \nan affectionate res[)ect for his memory. \n\nAt the same meeting, on motion of Hon. Joseph M. \nWightman, President of the Massachusetts Charitable Me- \nchanic Association, it was \n\nBesolved, Tliat the Bunker Hill Monument Association regret to \nrecord the decease, since the last Annual Meeting, of Gkorge W. \nOtis, Esq., a faithful and useful member of the Board of Directors \nfor many years. \n\nAt the Annual Meeting in 1860, the President announced \nthe decease, during the preceding year, of Col. Benjamin \nLoRiNG and James Clark, Esq., two of the Directora, who \nwere univei'sally esteemed for their patriotism, integrity% \nand general philanthropy. \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. 411 \n\nSince 1860, the Proceedings of the Annual Meetings have \nbeen published in a durable form, and may be referred to for \nextended notices of the officers of the Association who have \ndied since that year. Resolutions were oflFered, in 1861, by \nHon F. W. Lincoln, Jr., to the memory of Ex-President Jo- \nseph T. Buckingham ; in 1862, by Hon. Stephen Fairbanks, \nfor Hon. Nathan Appleton and Hon. William Appleton, \nand by Dr. J. Mason Warren, for Dr. Luther V. Bell; in \n1863, by William W. Wheildon, Esq., seconded by Hon. \nRichard Frothingham, fur Hon. Nathan Hale; in 1864, \nby Mr. Frothingham, for Asa Swallow, Esq. \n\nIn 1865, an elegant and appropriate tribute was paid to \nthe memory of Edward Everett, by Mr. Winthrop ; and a \nKesolution was offered by Dr. Henry Lyon, on the decease \nof James K. Frothingham. In 1866, Resolutions were \noffered by Mr. Winthrop, for Hon. Charles Wells; by Mr. \nLincoln, for George Darracott and for Henry N. Hooper ; \nby Uriel Crocker, Esq., for John P. Thorndike ; and by \nDr. J. Mason Warren, for Dr. Abraham R. Thompson ; in \n\n1867, by Mr. Lincoln, for Hon. Stephen Fairbanks; and \nby John H. Thorndike, Esq., for G. Howland Shaw: in \n\n1868, by Dr. Winslow Lewis, for Dr. John Homans ; by \nBenjamin T. Reed, for James W. Paige ; by Mr. Wheildon, \nfor Eben Barker ; by Hon. Nathaniel B. Shurtleflf, for Dr. \nJ. Mason Warren. \n\nResolutions were reported by a committee, consisting of \nCol. Thomas Aspinwall, Mr. Lincoln, and Col. James W. \nSever, to the memory of Ex-President Hon. Levi Lincoln. \n\nIn 1869, Resolutions were offered by Mr. Lincoln, on the \ndeath of Isaac Harris : in 1870, by Mr. Henry K. Froth- \ningham, on Lynde A. Huntington: in 1871, by Mr. Lin- \ncoln, on Hon. David Sears and Col. James W. Sever ; by \nMr. Winthrop, on George Ticknor; and by Dr. Lyon, on \nPeter Hubbell: in 1872, by Mr. Lincoln, on Thomas B. \nCurtis: in 1873, by Mr. Lincoln, on Nathaniel Hammond \nand Col. Isaac H. Harris ; by Mr. Wheildon, a tribute to \nMi-s. Harrison Gray Otis ; and by Hon. Charles Devens, \n\n\n412 MEMORABILIA. \n\nJr., upon Gen. George G. Meade, an Honorary Member : \nin 1874, by Mr. Wheildon, on Charles Whitlock Moore ; \nby Mr. Lincoln, on Frederick H. Stimpson ; by Mr. Rus- \nsell, the Treasurer, on Benjamin Tyler Reed ; and by Col. \nHenry Walker, on Rear-Admiral John A. Winslow, an \nHonorary Member. \n\nIn 1875, Hon. Thomas C. Amory presented Resolutions on \nthe decease of Hon. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff ; Hon. Otis \nNorcross, upon Charles Leighton ; Hon. F. W. Lincoln, \nupon Albert Fearing ; and Dr. C. D. Homans, upon \nJames Lawrence. \n\nIn 1876, Mr. Warren paid a tribute to the memory of Dr. \nWiNSLOW Lewis, who had the merited honor of wearing, in \nthe grand procession and celebration of the First Centennial \nAnniversary, the very same Masonic apron which Lafayette \nhad worn at the firet celebration, fifty years before. \n\nSince the last meeting. Col. Thomas Aspinwall, the \nveteran hero, the scholar, and the gentleman of the old \nschool, has died ; whose name will be affectionately remem- \nbered, and associated with the celebration of 1857, as its \nGrand Marshal. \n\nHonorable mention was also made at the time, by the \nPresident, in his addresses, of the important services ren- \ndered by those deceased. All which, with the Resolutions, \nappears in the printed Proceedings of the Association. \n\n\nROLL OF OFFICERS \n\n\nElected at the Annual Meetings in June, with their \n\nTerms of Continuous Service. \n\n\nN.B. The names of those who died in office are denoted by an asterisk (*) \nplaced against the year of their decease. Those against whose names there \nis — , instead of the date of a year, in the last column, are still in office. \n\n\nJOHN BROOKS 1823-25* \n\nDANIEL WEBSTER 1825-27 \n\nTHOMAS H. PERKINS 1827-29 \n\nLEVI LINCOLN 1829-30 \n\nWILLIAM PRESCOTT 1830-31 \n\nABNER PHELPS 1831-32 \n\nWILLIAM PRESCOTT 1832-36 \n\nJOSEPH T. BUCKINGHAM 1836-47 \n\nG. WASHINGTON WARREN 1847-75 \n\nRICHARD FROTHINGHAM 1875 — \n\nUtce#re0{limt0* \n\nTHOMAS H. PERKINS 1823-27 \n\nJOSEPH STORY 1823-29 \n\nWILLIAM PRESCOTT 1827-29 \n\nAMOS LAWRENCE 1829-30 \n\nJOHN C. WARREN 1829-31 \n\nJOHN C. WARREN 1832-51* \n\nWILLIAM SULLIVAN 1830-31 \n\n\n414 MEMORABILIA. \n\nJOHN D. WILLIAMS 1831-32 \n\nGEORGE ODIORNE 1831-32 \n\nWILLIAM SULLIVAN 1832-35 \n\nPRESIDENT MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE \n\nMECHANIC ASSOCIATION, ex officio . . , 1833 — \n\nSAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG 1833-39 \n\nCHARLES WELLS 1833-6G* \n\nJOSEPH JENKINS 1835-40 \n\nLEVERETT SALTONSTALL 1839-45* \n\nGEORGE C. SHATTUCK 1840-54* \n\nABBOTT LAWRENCE 1845-56* \n\nJOSEPH T. BUCKINGEIAM 1855-61* \n\nEDWARD EVERETT 1856-65* \n\nROBERT C. WINTHROP 185G— \n\nSTEPHEN FAIRBANKS 18C1-C6* \n\nTHOMAS ASPINWALL 18G5-7G* \n\nCHARLES LEIGHTON 1866-75* \n\nISAAC HARRIS 1867-69* \n\nURIEL CROCKER 1869 — \n\nCHARLES DEVENS, Jr 1875 — \n\n£ecTetar{e0. \n\nWILLIAM TUDOR 1823-24 \n\nFRANKLIN DEXTER 1824-25 \n\nEDWARD P:VERETT 1825-29 \n\nHENRY A. S. DEARBORN 1829-30 \n\nEDWARD G. PRESCOTT 1830-31 \n\nWILLIAM MARSTON 1831-32 \n\nEDWARD G. PRESCOTT 1832-36 \n\nFRANCIS O. WATTS 1836-39 \n\nG. WASHINGTON WARREN 1839-47 \n\nJOSEPH H. BUCKINGHAM 1847-60 \n\nSAMUEL F. McCLEARY 1860-71 \n\nANDREW C. FEARING, Jr 1871 — \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\n415 \n\n\n^Treasurers. \n\nNATHANIEL P. RUSSELL 1823-43* \n\nSAMUEL IL RUSSELL 1849 — \n\nStantihtfl (Committee, 1876-77. \n\nRICHARD FROTHINGHAM, President. \n\nG. WASHINGTON WARREN. \n\nWILLIAM W. WHEILDON. \n\nFREDERIC W. LINCOLN. \n\nROBERT C. WINTHROP. \n\nSAMUEL H. RUSSELL. \n\nFRANKLIN DARRACOTT, \n\nJOHN H. THORNDIKE. \n\nHENRY LYON. \n\nURIEL CROCKER. \n\nCHARLES DEVENS, Jr. \n\nGEORGE B. NEAL. \n\nOSMYN BREWSTER. \n\nEDWARD LAWRENCE. \n\nHENRY WALKER. \n\nALBERT C. FEARING, Jr., Secretary ex officio. \n\nUice^Presftients, ex officio. \n\nAS PBESIDENT3 OF TUB MASSACHUSETTS CHARITABLE MECHANIC ASSOCIATIOX. \n\n\nJoseph T. Buckingham \n\n1833-35 \n\nStephen Fairbanks \n\n. 1835-38 \n\nGeorge Darracott \n\n. 1838-40 \n\nJoseph Lewis . . . . \n\n. 1840-43 \n\nJames Clark . . . \n\n. 1843-45 \n\nGeorge G. Smith . . \n\n. 1845-48 \n\nHenry N. Hooper . . \n\n. 1848-51 \n\nJonas Cuickering . . \n\n1851-5t \n\nJoseph \n\nF. Paul \n\nFrederic W. Lincoln \nJoseph M. Wightman \nPklham Bonney . . \nFrederic H. Stimpson \nJoseph T. Bailey . . \nJonas Fitch .... \nAlbert J. Wright \nNathaniel Adams . . \n1876 — \n\n\n1851-57 \n\n1857-60 \n\n1860-61* \n\n1861-64 \n\n1864-67 \n\n1867-70 \n\n1870-73 \n\n1873-76 \n\n\nSirectottf. \n\n\nWITH THEIR TKRMS OF SERVICE. \n\n\nThe names of the Directors, Honorary Mkmbers. and Associate Mem- \nbers are, for convenience, arranged in tlie alphabetical order of their Christian \nnames ; the surnames being arranged under their initial letters. \n\n\nA., \n\nDaniel Wells Alvord \nJonathan Adams . \nJames S. Amory . \nNathan Appleton \nNathan Applkton \nSamuel T. Armstrong \nThomas G. Appleton \nThomas Aspinwall \nWilliam Appleton \nWilliam Appleton \nWilliam Austin . \nWilliam Austin . \n\nB. \n\nAmos Binney . . \nAmos Binney . . \nDaniel C. Baker . \nEbenezer Breed . \nEben Barker . . \nEben F. Barker . \nEdward T. Barker \nEdward Brooks . \nEdward Brooks . \nGeorge Blakr . . \nGeorge W. Brimmer \nJohn B. Brown . \nJoseph P. Bradlee \n\n\n18.33-57 \n\n1831-32 \n\n1840 — \n\n18-25-29 \n\n1831-62* \n\n1830-31 \n\n1862 — \n\n1857-65 \n\n1840-62* \n\n1862 — \n\n1829-30 \n\n1831-32 \n\n\n1829-30 \n\n1840-47* \n\n1854-58 \n\n1829-51* \n\n1838-68* \n\n1868-75 \n\n1875 — \n\n1828-29 \n\n1840 — \n\n1823-29 \n\n1827-29 \n\n1832-40 \n\n1833-36 \n\n\nJosiAH Bradlee . . . \nJoseph T. Buckingham \nJoseph T. Buckingham \nLoAMMi Baldwin . \nLoAMMi Baldwin . \nLuther V. Bell . \nNathaniel J. Bradlee \nNathan Bridge \nOsMYN Brewster . \nPeter C. Brooks . \nT. QuiNCY Browne \nWilliam Blake . \nWilliam B. Breed \n\nC. \n\nCharles R. Codman \nHenry H. Child . \nJames Clark . . \nJohn Cotton . . \nSamuel Chandler \nSamuel C. Cobb . \nThomas B. Curtis \nUriel Crocker \n\nD. \n\nCharles Devens, Jr. \nDavid Devens . . . \nEzra Dyer .... \n\n\n1832-55* \n\n1832-36 \n\n1847-55 \n\n1824-29 \n\n1830-32 \n\n1856-62* \n\n1875 — \n\n1829-30 \n\n18G0 — \n\n1824-25 \n\n1874 — \n\n1840-62 \n\n1831-32 \n\n\n1873 — \n\n1823-24 \n\n1836-60* \n\n1833-38 \n\n1843-49 \n\n1869 — \n\n1832-72* \n\n1833-69 \n\n\n1868-75 \n\n1829-55* \n\n1833-40 \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\n417 \n\n\nFranklin Darracott \nFranklin Dkxtkr \nFranklin Dextkr \nF. Gordon Dexter \nGeorge Darracott \nGeorge Darkacott \nH. A. S. Dearborn \nIsaac P. Davis \nIsaac P. Davis \nJames Dana . . \nJohn B. Davir \nJohn B. Davis \n\nE. \n\nEdward Everett \nEdward Everett \nHenry H. Edes \nSamuel A. Eliot . \nThomas Edmands \nWilliam II. Eliot \n\n\nF. \n\nAlbert Fearincj . . . \nAmos Farnsworth . . \nBenjamin V. French \nCharles F. Faikbanks . \nDavid Francis . . . \nHenry K. Frothing ham \nHenuy p. Fairbanks \nHenry Forster . . . \nJames K. Frotiiingham \nJames K. Frotiiingham \nJonathan French . . \nJohn Fokr ester . . . \nRichard Fletcher . . \nRichard Frothinoham . \nStephen Faihbanks . . \nTimothy Fuller . . . \n\nG. \n\nBenjamin Gleason . . \n\nBenjamin Gorham . . \n\nCharles G. Greene . . \n\nHarrison Gray . . . \n\n\n1866 — \n\n18'i:3-24 \n\n1819-57* \n\n1858 — \n\n18-29-32 \n\n183:3-65* \n\n1823-40 \n\n1 823-28 \n\n1830-40 \n\n1870 — \n\n1828-20 \n\n1830-31 \n\n\nHenry Gassett \nJohn C. Gray . . \nNathaniel Greene \nThomas J. Goodwin \n\n\n1831-32 \n1839-40 \n1833-49 \n1828-35 \n\n\n1823-25 \n1 830-56 \n1875 — \n1840-41 \n1833-40 \n1830-32 \n\n\n1840-75* \n\n1831-32 \n\n1 820-32 \n\n1867 — \n\n1833-53* \n\n18')5 — \n\n1819-51* \n\n1840-55 \n\n1830-40 \n\n1811-64* \n\n1831-32 \n\n1832-40 \n\n1810-41 \n\n1840-75 \n\n1833-61 \n\n1831-32 \n\n\n1829-30 \n1823-28 \n1838-50 \n1833-40 \n\n\nII. \n\nCharles Hale .... 1863 — \n\nCharles D. IIomans 1868 — \n\nDavid Henshaw . . . 1829-30 \n\nEphraim Harrington . 1838-40 \n\nHenry N. Hooper . . 1861-65* \n\nIsaac Harris .... 1833-67 \n\nIsaac H. Hooper . . . 1866-73* \n\nJacob Hale .... 1831-32 \n\nJohn Harris .... 1830-40 \n\nJohn Harris .... 1846-54* \n\nJohn IIomans .... 1862-68* \n\nJohn T. Heard . . . 1876 — \n\nJoseph Hurd . . . . 1823-21 \n\nJoseph Hurd .... 1829-30 \n\nLynde a. Huntington . 1854-69* \n\nNathan Hale .... 1830-03* \n\nNathaniel Hammond .' 1830-73* \n\nPeter Hubbell . . . 1847-71* \n\nRichard Haughton . . 1810-41 \n\nSamuel D. Harris . . 1823-29 \n\n\nJ. \n\nFrancis Jackson \nWilliam Jackson \nWilliam Jackson \nJoseph Jenkins \n\n\nK. \n\n\nSeth Knowles . . \n\nL. \n\nAbbott Lawrence \nAbbott Lawrence \nAbbott Lawrence \nAbbott Lawrence \nAmos Lawrence . \nAmos Lawrence . \nAmos A. Lawrence \nBenjamin Loring \n\n\n1833-35 \n1829-30 \n1831-32 \n183:3-^5 \n\n\n1823-29 \n\n\n1829-30 \n1832-43 \n1844-45 \n1875 — \n1 825-29 \n1831-32 \n1810 — \n1839-58* \n\n\n58 \n\n\n418 \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\nClIARLRS Lf.IGHTON . . \n\n18:53-66 \n\nCharles Lyman . . . \n\n1853 — \n\nEdward Lawrence . \n\n. 1858 \n\nFrederick W. Lincol> \n\nr 1856 — \n\nHenry Lee .... \n\n. 1839-40 \n\nHenry Lyon . . . \n\n. 1866 — \n\nIsaac Livermore . . . \n\n1840 \n\nJames Lawrence . . . \n\nl85r)-75* \n\nJames Lee, Jr. . . . \n\n1854 \n\nJohn J. Low . . . . \n\n1810-41 \n\nLevi Lincoln . . . . \n\n182.3-24 \n\nSamuel Lawrence . . \n\n1823-:J2 \n\nSamuel K. Lothrop. . \n\n1864 \n\nTheodore Lyman, Jr. . \n\n1823-29 \n\nWilliam R.' Lawrenci \n\n: 1 855 \n\nWiNSLow Lewis . . . \n\n1862-76* \n\nM. \n\nCharles Merriam . . \n\n1866 \n\nClIAHLKS W. MoORE . . \n\n1854-73* \n\nDaniel Messenger . . \n\n1833-40 \n\nDavid L. Morrill . . \n\n1824-27 \n\nKphraim Marsh . . . \n\nl829-;]0 \n\nEzra Mudoe . . . . \n\n1 829-;30 \n\nJames McAllister . . \n\n1831-36 \n\nSamuel F. McCleary . \n\n1871 \n\nTheoi'hilus R. Marvi> \n\n' 1 833 \n\nThomas Motley . . . \n\n183<)-40 \n\nWilliam P. Mason . . \n\n1828-29 \n\nWilliam P. Mason . . \n\n1830-32 \n\nX. \n\nGeorge B. Neal . \nOtis Norcross . . \n\n(3. \n\nFrancis J. Oliver \nFrancis J, Oliver \nGeorge W. Otis . \n\nP. \n\nDaniel Putnam . \nFrancis Peabody . \nGeorge Peabody . \n\n\n1859 — \n1867 — \n\n\nl82.'>-29 \n1830-40 \n1833-57* \n\n\nHenry A. Peirce \nJames W. Paige . \nJesse Putnam . . \nJonathan Phillips \nJoseph Peabody . \nStephen C. Phillips \nThomas H. Perkins \nThomas H. Perkins \nWilliam Perkins . \nWilliam Prescott \nWilliam Prescott \n\nR. \n\nBenjamin T. Reed \nEdward H. Robbins \nJohn H. Reed . . \nJohn Raynor . . \n\n\n1 8 49-74 \n1841-6S< \n1 823-28 \n1 82e-29 \n1 827-28 \n1 8:32-57* \n1 884-39 \n18r>C — \n1872 — \n1 824-27 \n18:31-4J2 \n\n\n1840-74^ \n1828-29 \n1874 — \nlS;33-40 \n\n\n1 825-29 \n1729-17 \n1828-29 \n\n\nAsa Swallow .... \nDavid Sears .... \nFrederick H. Stimpsox \nGardiner Howland Shaw \nGeorge C. Shattuck \nHiram Shurtleff \nJoseph E. Sprague \nJames W. Sever . \nJohn K. Simpson . \nJohn Skinner . . \nL. Miles Standish \nLeveret Saltoxstall . \nLeveret Saltonstall . \nNathaniel Silsbee . . \nNathaniel B. Shurtleff \nRobert G. Shaw . . . \nSamuel Swett .... \nTimothy T. Sawyer \nWilliam Sullivan . . \nWilliam Sullivan . . \nWilliam W. Stone . . \n\nT. \n\nAbram R. Thompsox \nAbram R. Thompson \n\n\n1840-64* \n\n1824-28 \n\n1865-73* \n\n1853-67* \n\n18:35-40 \n\n1375 — \n\n1 828-29 \n\n1866-71* \n\n18:33-38 \n\n1829-49* \n\n1873 — \n\n182:3-28 \n\n1829-39 \n\n1 823-24 \n\n1857-74* \n\n1828-53* \n\n1823-29 \n\n1855 — \n\n1823-29 \n\n18:31-:32 \n\n1832-54 \n\n\n1 829-30 \n1853-66* \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\n419 \n\n\nBenjamin Thompson \nGeorge Ticknor . . \nHenry K. Thatcher \nIsrael Thorndike \nJob Turner . . . \n\nJoseph Tilden . . \n\nJohn II. Thorndike \n\nJohn P. Thorndike \n\nNathan Tufts . . \n\nNathan Tufts . . \n\nWilliam Tudor . \n\nJoel Thayer . . \n\nJoseph B. Thomas \n\nV. \n\nSlIADRACK VaRNEY \n\n\nW. \n\nBenjamin Whipple . . \nCharles Wells . . . \nDaniel Webster . . . \nDaniel Weld . . . . \nG. Washington Warren \n\n\n1851-53* \n\n1823-26 \n\n1875 — \n\n1832-33 \n\n1830-51 \n\n1832-53* \n\n1854 — \n\n1833-65* \n\n1828-30 \n\n1832-30* \n\n1825-28 \n\n1831-32 \n\n1871 — \n\n\n1810^9 \n\n\n1829-30 \n1829-33 \n1823-25 \n1831-32 \n1836-39 \n\n\nG. Washington Warren \nI Henry Walker . . . \n; J. Huntington Wolcott \n' John C. Warren . . \nI John Wells . . . \nJohn D. Williams \nI John D. Williams . \nJonathan Mason Warrk \nJonathan Whitney . \nJ. Collins Warren . \nJoseph M. Wightman \nMark Weare . . . \nOliver Wolcott . . \nRobert C. Winthrop \nSamuel H. Walley . \nSimon Wilkinson . . \nThomas B. Wales \nTimothy Walker . . \nWilliam W. Wheildon \nWilliam Wyman . . \n\n\nY. \n\n\nAmmi B. Young \n\n\n1875 — \n1874 — \n1841 — \n1823-29 \n1824-28 \n1829-30 \n1832-48 \nN 1849-67* \n1833-39 \n1867 — \n1800 — \n183:3-34 \n1824-27 \n1855-56 \n1840 — \n1833-40 \n1840-53* \n1829-30 \n1845 — \n1840-43 \n\n\n1848-57 \n\n\nANNIVERSARY CELEBRATIONS. \n\n\n1825. \n\nOrator lion. Daniel Webster. \n\n^ S Rev. Joseph Thaxter. \n\nChaplains < ^ ^ „, ,^ ^ \n\n( Rev. James Walker, D.D. \nChief Marshal of Procession .... Gen. Theodore Lyman, Jr. \n,, ,, ,, Grounds Col. Samuel Jaques. \n\n1843. \n\nOrator Hon. Daniel Webster. \n\nChaplain Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D. \n\nChief Marshal of Procession .... Gen. Samuel Chandler. \n\n,, ,, ,, Grounds Mr. James W. Paige. \n\n\n420 MEMORABILIA. \n\n1850. \n\nOrator Hon. Edward Evkrktt. \n\nChaplain Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D. \n\nChief Marshal Col. Isaac H. Wright. \n\n1857. \n^ 5 Mod- Edward Everett. \n\n( Hon. Robert C. Winthrop. \n\nChaplain Rev. James Walker, D.D. \n\nGrand Marshal of Procession .... Col. Thomas Aspinwall, \nChief ,, ,, Grounds James Lawrence, Esq. \n\n1861. \n\nOrator Gov. John A. Andrew. \n\nChaplain Rev. James B. Miles. \n\nChief Marshal Hon. James Dana. \n\n1875. \n\nOrator Hon. Charles Devens, Jr. \n\n^ (Rev. RuFus Ellis, D.D. \n\nChaplains < ^ ^ _ \n\n( Rev. Phillips Brooks. \n\nChief Marshal of Association .... Col. Hknry Walker. \n\n,, City of Boston . . . Gen. Francis A. Osborn. \n\n\n»» '» \n\n\nCHAPLAINS AT ANNUAL MEETINGS. \n\nIn 186*2 it was voted that in future tlie Annual Meetings be opened by prayer \nand that the President appoint the Chaplain. \n\n18G3 Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop, D.D. \n\n1861 Rev. George E. Ellis, D.D. \n\n1805 Rev. George W. Blagden, D.D. \n\n1866 Rev. James B. Miles. \n\n1867 Rev. Chandler Kobbins, D.D. \n\n1868 Rev. Rufus Ellis. \n\n1870 Rev. Charles E. Grinnell. \n\n1871 Rev. Phillips Brooks. \n\n1872 Rev. Rufus Ellis, D.D. \n\n1873 Rev. John F. W. Ware. \n\n1874 Prof. William Everett. \n\n1875 Rev. Samuel K. Lothrop, D.D. \n\n1876 Rev. Thomas R. Lambert, D.D. \n\n\nlE)onorarp iWemfters. \n\n\nA. \n\nJames Alden. \n♦John Adams. \n♦John Quincy Adams. \n\nB. \n♦Benjamin Bussey. \n\n♦ICHABOD BaRTLETT. \n\n•Peter C. Brooks. \n•Simon Bolivar. \n•William Bainbridge. \n\nC. \n\n•Charles Carroll, of Carroll- \nton. \n•Dewitt Clinton. \nGeorge W. Curtis. \n•Henry Clay. \n•John Carter. \n\nD. \n\nCharles H. Davis. \n•David Daggett. \n•Henry Dearborn. \n•Joseph Desha. \n\nE. \n•William Eustis. \n\nF. \n\n•David G. Farragut. \nHamilton Fish. \n\n\nG. \n\n•A. K. Go VAX. \n•Gardiner Greene. \n•George Gibbs. \n•John Gaillard. \n•Robert Gilmer. \n•Samuel Gore. \nUlysses S. Grant. \n•William Gray. \n\nH. \n\n•John Hoffman. \n•Robert Y. Hayne. \n\nJ. \n\n•Leonard Jarvis. \n•Thomas Jefferson. \n\nK. \n\n•James Kent. \n•John T. Kirkland. \n\nJUDSON KiLPATRICK. \n\nL. \n\n•Lafayette. \n•Charles Lowell. \n•John Lowell. \nOscar Lafayette. \n\nM. \n\n•C. F. Mercer. \n\n•David Lawrence Morrill. \n\n•George McDcffie. \n\n\n422 \n\n\nMEMORABILIA. \n\n\n•George G. Meade. \nIrvin McDowell. \n•James Madison. \n•James Monroe. \n•John Marshall. \n•Jonathan Mason. \n•Marcus Morton. \n•Perez Morton. \n\nN. \n\n•Joseph W. Newcomb. \n•Richard E. Newcomb. \n\nO. \n•Harrison G. Otis. \n\nP. \n\n•Benjamin Pickman. \n•Benjamin Pierce. \n•Bernard Peyton. \n•Daniel Putnam. \nDavid D. Porter. \n•Elijah Paine. \n•George Peabody. \n•Isaac Parker. \n•James Pleasants. \n•William Phillips. \n\n\nS. \n\n•Benjamin Silliman. \n\nCharles Steehman. \n\nCarl Schurz. \n•Joseph Story. \n\nPhilip H. Sheridan. \n•Samuel Southard. \n•William C. Somerville \n\nWilliam T. Sherman. \n\nT. \n\n•George Tucker. \n•Israel Thorndike. \n•Thomas Todd. \n\nV. \n\n•C. P. Y ANN ess. \n\n•William Vance. \n\n•Arnold W^elles. \n•John Wilson. \n•John A. Winslow. \n•Oliver Wolcott. \n•Thomas L. Winthrop. \n\n\nr \n\n\ni \n\n\nDc^/c^ \n\n\n/a^ /U0%.^n^4/t>y \n\n\nayi \n\n\n^*^^^ £u*.*< fc^. i. \n\n\nc/C^'^ \n\n\nz;^-^*^/ iuf'9^'7f^''p^^ ^♦t- \n\n\nt^^r^JKS^^^ /^ /l^'^^.^^ \n\n\nif \n\n\n. I \n\n\n^. \n\n\n^ \n\n\n^ \n\n\nu \n\n\n> \n\n\n/^>^ \n\n\n^•^ \n\n^ \n\n\nf \n\nA \n\\ \n\n\nS \n\n\nr 1 \n\n\ni \n\nt \n\n\nN \n\n\n( \n\n\n\\^ \n\n\n4 \n\n\nV \n\n? \n\n\nNT \n\nI \n\n\nK \n\n\ns- \n\n\nt^ \n\n\n/ \n\n\ni \n\n\n4-I'-- \n\n\nu \n\nI'- \n\n\n^ \n\n\n\\ \n\n\nf I im \n\n\ni 1 1^ \n\n\n^ \n\n\niU \n\n\nJ■^^^ \n\n\n> ^^ \n\n\nr \n\n\n1^ \n\n\nr \n\n\nl:l \n\n\ni. \n\n\nSI \n\n\nr^ \n\n\ni \n\n\ni. \n\n\nV^ I \" >* \n\n\n^ \n\n\n^. \n\n\ny \n\n\nAssociate JHem&ers* \n\nElected by the Association sixcb 18G0. \n\nN. B. — The names of tbe original Members, and of all wJio were ekvtt^d by the \nAssociation before 1800, will be found on pages 44-47. \n\n\nA. \n\n♦Edwin F.. Adams. \n\nFrancis B. Austin. \n\nFrederic Amory. \n\nHenry C. A